THi 

WILLIAM  R.  PERKINS 
LIBRARY 

OF 

DUKE  UNIVERSITY 


Rare  Books 


J./.  *Z~fy 


^sfAlv-64, 


v       V 


THE 


ORDNANCE  MANUAL 


THE  USE  OF  THE  OFFICERS 


D  N  I  T  E  D     S  T  A  'I'  E  S     A  R  M  V 


\I»    EDITION. 


i:i<  HMOND,  v.\. 
-  i     .v    JOHNSTON 

1861. 


I  \  \S       l     -«  M.I      I 

V|  8.  0. 


ORDNANCE  OFFICE, 

Washington.  October  14,  1847. 
Captain  A.  Mordecai, 

Wutkingtun  Arnenal. 
Sir:  The  duly  of  arranging,  preparing  and   publishing  drawings  of  a  uniform 
system  oi    Artillery,  and  of  revising  the  Ordnance  Manual  and  publishing  a  new 
edition,  is   assigned  to  you.  *##*## 

G.  TALCOTT,  Lt.  Col.  of  Ordnance. 


ORDNANCE  BOARD, 

Washington,  November  15,  1849. 
To  Brig.  Gen.  Talcott, 

Col.  of  Ordnance. 
Under  your  instructions  o(  the  27th  ult.,  the  Ordnance  Board  have 
carefully  examined  the  Ordnance  Manual,  as  revised  by  Major  A.  Mordecai  for 
a  new  edition,  in  pursuance  of  your  order  dated  October  14,  1847,  and  have 
made  such  alterations  and  additions  as  appeared  to  be  required  preparatory  to 
the  publication  of  the  work. 

R.  L.  BAKER.  Brevet  Lieut.  Col.        i  u 
J.   W.  RIPLEY,  Brevet  Lieut.  Col.  «  a 

.1.  SYMINGTON,  Major  of  Ordnance.  I  <  % 

A.  MORDECAI,  Brevet  Major.  5J 

B.  HUGER,  Brevet  Col.  J  g" 


ORDNANCE    DEPARTMENT. 

Washington,  Korrml.rr  17.  1849. 
Hon.  '  tea  W.  '  rawfori), 
Secretary  <■/   n' 

It    is    respectfully    recommended    that    the    revised    edition    of  the    Ordnance 
Manual    be  printed   for   the   use   oi   the  Army. 

O.  TALCOTT.  //.■/.  Brig. 

App 

w    CRAWFORD. 


Extracts//-";/!  th*  pre/act  to  flu  first  edition  of  the  Ordnana   Manual. 

"This  work  being  designed  chielly  for  the  use  of  those  charged  with  the 
fabrication  and  care  of  the  materiel,  leaves  untouched  nearly  all  that  relates  to 
the  personal  service  of  Artillery,  either  in  the  field  or  in  garrison."     *     *     * 

M  It  is  earnestly  requested  that  all  oliicers  of  the  Army,  and  especially  those 
of  the  Ordnance  Department,  will  avail  themselves  of  every  opportunity  to 
verify  the  details  and  add  to  the  information  here  given,  and  that  they  will 
OOratnunicate  to  the  Colonel  of  Ordnance  any  corrections  or  amendments 
which    it    may    appear    advisable    to    make    in    a    future   edition    of  the    work." 


TABLE    OF    CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  I— Ordnance   ----.-_  ] 

II — Shot  and  Shells           -  27 

III — Artillery  Carriages     -  37 

IV — Imim.ements   and  Eyi  [PHBNT8                -             -              -  103 

V — Harness     --.....  121 

VI — Mountain  Artillery   -----  131 

VII — Paints,  Lackers,  etc.     -             -             -             .             .  1  jo. 

VIII — Small  Arms  and  Accoutrements      -             -             -  157 

IX — Gunpowdeb            ----..  209 

X — Ammunition   and  Fireworks    -  220 

XI — Bqi  11  mint  of  Batteries  for  Field,  Siege,  and  Oar- 

rison  Service          -  2nd 

X  I  I       .M>  (  it  \\i<   w.    M  Wli  \  i:i;s 
XIII  — Artillery   PRACTICE        - 

XIV — Materials        ------  .",77 

XV — Miscellaneous  [heobeatioh               -           -           -  411 


LIST    OF    PLATES. 


<; i  v - i 

BOH  [Til  M    Uni   MoBTABB        .-..-----.  2 

PtBLD  lirv  CABBIAOB 8 

CaMBOB    LVD  LlMIlKR 4 

•• 

Batti  ai  W  Loon 6 

w 
Bibqb  Ouh  Cabbiasb 7 

IBBIAOl 8 

Casemate  Cabbiagi 9 

Casbmatb  Cabbiagi  fob  24-pdb.  Howitzbb       ------     10 

GtABBIBOE  (Jin 11 

Bi  nra  Caht 12 

II  A  It  M>  s  IS 

Mm    MAIN    AltTII.I.KKV II 

Shall  Aums      ....- 15 

Paoeibci  Boxbi  f"ii  Small  Aims        ........      n> 

Ammimtiiin        ..........  ..-17 

Anni'siii"\  Obbbti       .----------18 

Ksoi 19 


INDEX. 


ACCOUTREMENTS:    Infantry,  201— Rifle,  202- Cavalry,  208— Artillery,   21 
Sappers,   204— Spare    parts    for    repairs,   205— Material*   for   making,   205— 
Weights,  207. 
AIR,  atmospheric  :  Density,  410,  431. 
ALLOYS,  of  vari.ms  metals,  893— Of  coins,  418. 

AMMUNITION:  CiiAPTF.it  X — For  Field  Service :  Preparation,  250  j  dimensi 
and  weights,  20'.):  packing,  260:  quantity  an<l  weight  in  each  ammunition 
chest,  303;  on  each  carriage,  '500:  for  a  field  battery,  330:  for  Held  train, 
329—/'..,  Mountain  Howitzer,  L86  -For  Siege  and  Garrison  Service:  Prepara- 
tion, 2H2  ;  quantity  for  siege  train.  .133  ;  for  armament  of  forts.  337— Storage  of 
ammunition.  296— Breaking  up,  297. 

AMMUNITION  CHEATS:  Fm-  Field  Carriages:  Nomenclature,  39;  hill  of  tim- 
ber,  67;  hill  of  iron,  82;  dimensions  and  weight.  57:  interior  arrangement, 
299,302;  contents,  303 ;  weights,  packed,  306 — For  Mountain  Howitzer:  No- 
menclature and  contents,  139;  materials  for,  146,  148;  dimensions  and  weights, 
145;  contain  700  musket  cartridges,  331  ;  number  for  a  battery,  331. 

LNGLE  "I  SIGHT,  natural  :  Definition,  3— Of  guns,  5— Of  eolumbiads  and 
howitzers,  6. 

WIMAL   POWER,  419. 

ANTHRACITE  COAL.  397. 

\i:r  \s  :  of  plane  and  curved  surfaces.  4:t5— Of  oircles,  148,  152. 

ARITHMETICAL  PROGRESSION,  439. 

A  KM  LMENT  OF  FORTIFICATIONS,  337. 

ARMORERS'  TOOLS:  For  arsenals,  192— For  the  field  park, 

\  I:\IS.  small:  Chaptbh  VIII— Nomenclature,  167 — Dimensioni  and  weight*, 

Inspection  of  new  arms,  164     Browning,  180— Packing,   181     Preservation   in 
..iti. .ii  in  service,  186     Inspection  of  arms  in 
service,  189— Repairs,  190    -Sid*  Arms:    Nomenclature,  198;  dimi 
weights,  L99;   spare  parts  for  repair-.  205. 

UTIl.i.lKY  Carriages,  Chaptbh   III     Proportion  of  artillery 

Bold  train.  train.  332 — Pot  artiianient  of  foftl 

For  mountain  service,  ChAPTI  it  VI. 

LRTLLLER1    l'l:  \<  I  [CE    Chapti  i  Mil. 

B 
BABBIT  -   MIT  IX    composition  of, 
B  \1.  LNCB,  for  weighing,  I 
BALLI81  tC8,  ; 


VIII  IMH   \. 

BALL8 :  Lead:    Diameters  end   ireighU,  2'.»:  manner  <>f  making,  244;   penetra- 
tion, •  from    Diameter   and  might,  27  to   80;   specific  gravn. 
computation  of  weight,  80;  inspection  80;  piling,  -".2:  table  of  piles,  :■)  :  pent 
(ration,  ■ 

r.  LB   [ROM  :  Mannfaoture,  888   -Properties,  884 — Tables  of  weight,  404. 

BARBETTE   CARRIAGES :    Nomenclature,  17— Dimension!   and  mights,  58— 
Kills  of  timber,  71 — Hills  of  iron,  00 — Implements  ami  eqnipmenti 
Mechanical  uiano 

BAROMET1  K:  Measurement  of  heights,  126. 

BARRELS:  Of  small  arms:  dimensions  and  weights,  168;  Inspection,  169 — Pot 
gunpowder,  218. 

BA8KET,  for  mortar  service,  115. 

BATTERY,  "l"  field  artillery:  Composition  of,  S30— Ammunition,  880-  Mountain 
howitzer,  331. 

BATTER'S  WAGON:  Nomenclature,  12 — Dimensions  an  1  might,  67— Bill  of 
timber,  60 — Bill  of  iron,  s5 — Equipment  for  field  battery,  •'•in — Equipment  for 
Oeld  park,  310— Weights,  packed,  328. 

B  LTONBT;  Nomenclature,  157— Length  and  weight,  L63. 

BEAMS:   Strength  of,  400. 

BELI   METAL:  Composition  of,  808. 

BILL  HOOK,  117. 

BILLS:  Of  timber,  for  artillery  carriages,  <i7 — Of  iron,  70. 

BIT1  MINOl  S  COAL,  397. 

BLOCKS  :  For  cartridges,  for  BeH  bowitsers,  252 — For  sea-eoasl  bowiteers,  263 — 

For  mechanical  mano-uvrcs,  344. 
1:1.1   i:    LIGHTS,  295. 
BOARDS  :  Measurement  of,  381. 
BOILING  POINTS,  of  liquids,  124. 

I.  I  -      Classification  and  tabic  of  dimensions,  62,  63. 
BOOKS:  For  siege  equipment,  336— Of  reference,  172. 

BOXES:  For  peeking  small  arms,  181  For  lead  balls,  245 — For  percussion  car- 
tridges, 249 — For  packing  field  ammunition,  260. 

BB  L88  :  Composition  of,  803; 

I'.KONZF.  :   Composition  and  analysis,  3 — Strength,  402. 
BROOM,  for  mortar  I  latteries,  I  1  .'>. 

BROWNING   ARMS:  Distractions  for,  180, 
BUCKSHOT:  Size  of,  243. 
i:i  DGE  i:  LRRBL,  110. 
BURNS  :  Liniment  for,  298. 

C. 

i   LISBON:  Nomenclature,  80 — Dimensions  and  weight,  57 — Bill  of  timber,  8 
I'.ill  of  iron,  82     Equipment  for  Oeld,  30S     Weight,  equipped,  306     Number 

■  if  round-  of  ammunition,  300  — Number,  with  a  field  battery,  380. 
CANI8TEB  SHOT:    Dimensions  and  mights,  20. 
CAS  1STERS  :   For  field  serrioe,  266 — For  siege  and  garrison,  265. 


INDEX.  ix 

'  AXXhN  :  See  OltBWASCE — For  Biege  train,  332. 

I   \n\on  LOCK,  113. 

1   \  PS  :   Percussion,  lor  Bmall  arms,  278—  Paper,  for  cartridges,  257. 

C  \i:i;iM'  i   Hall's,  162,  L6S     Care  of,  177. 

CARCASSES:   Dimensions  and  weights,  28 — Manner  of  loading,  291. 

CARRIAGES:  Chapter  III — Nomenclature:  Field,   37;   siege,  44;  barbette,  47; 

te,  49 — Dimensions  and   Weight  r  :   barbette, 

58;  casemate,  60 — Bill*  of  Timber:   Field,  67;  siege,   70;  barbette,  71 ; 
mate,   73 — Bill*  of  Iron:  Field,   76;   siege,   86;  barbette,   90;  casemate, 
Number  for  a   field   battery,  330— For  a   giege  train,  332— For  armament  of 
forts,  337. 

■  IRRIAGE  MAKERS'  TOOLS:  For  equipment  of  mountain  howitzer,  111— 
For  field  battery  wagon,  311  —  For  park  battery  wagon,  320. 

CARTRIDGES:  For  Small  Amu;  Charges,  243;  making,  2).".:  dimensions  of 
bundles,  248;  manner  of  packing,  249 — For  field  service,  250— For  siege  and 
garrison  service,  262. 

<  ARTRIDGE  BAGS:  Field,  250— Siege  and  garrison,  262— Paper,  263— For  hot 

>h'>:.  26  I.  37  1  —  For  proving  brduam  e,  26  I. 
CARTRIDGE  BLOCKS  :  For  field  howitzers,  252— For  sea-coast  howitzers,  263. 
I   LSEHARDENING,  iron,  390. 
•    IlSEMATE   CARRIAGES:  Nomenclature,  49— Dimensions  and   weights,  60— 

Bills  of  timber,   73 —  Bills  of  iron,  95 — Equipment,  339— Mechani 

\  P  9, 

I  ASK  GAUGING, 

CA8T  IRON:  For  guns,  9— Properties,  385  -Strength,  102. 
CAVALRY:  Musketoon,  160     Sabre,  198     Accoutrements,  203. 
CENTRES  OF  GRAVITY,  138. 

CHAINS  :  Classificatii  ngth  and  weight,  102'. 

CHARGES:   For  proving  ordnance,  17     For  Bmall   arms,  243     I 
250     I  or   si(  g<    and    ; 
7 — For  colm 
i  HAS  larbetti  and  Catematt  Carriag 

<  HOCKS:   For  casemah  115 — For  mechanical  manoeuvres,  344. 
CIRC!                                          'I  cii  enmferences,  1 1 

CIRC1  LAB  SEGMENTS     Tal  '  151. 

COAL:  CI  -Bituminous,  397— Anthracite,  397. 

COAL  TAR,  397     For  lacker,  153. 

HORN  MORTAB     Din  ■  ht,  7     B  d,  51. 

W<  i^'lit  and  alio)  .  1 1 v  -   Oniti  ,  :  i   . 

I  OKI  . 

<  0L1  HB1  i  Proof,  17 

<  OLUMft  -  •"'. 
COMB1  9TIBLES     H 

130. 

<  0NORB1  I.  I 

A* 


COPPER  :  Properties  of,  8 — Tinning,  391— Strength,  399,  102; 

CUBES  :  Tm1.1t  of,  tfi2. 

CYLINDERS:  Strength  of  hollow  iron.  401. 

D. 

DISPART  :    Definition  of,  I  -Of  guns,  5— Of  howitzers,.  6. 

DRAG  ROPE,  117. 

DRAWING  PAPER:   Dimensions  of,  lis. 

E. 

BLECTRICITT:   Conductors  of,  -120. 

EMBRASURE  SHUTTERS,  335. 

BPROUVETTE  :   Dimensions  and  weight,  7— Bed,  51— Use  of,  220. 

EQUIPMENT:  Chapter  XI— Of  field  carriages,  305— Of  forge  for  field  battery, 
307— Of  battery  wagon  for  field  battery.  310— Of  park  forge,  316-  Of  park 
battery  wagon," 319— Of  field  train.  :;29— Of  siege  train,  332— Of  fortress  car- 
riages, .'!:!'.)— Of  mortar  batteries,  339. 

EXPANSION  :  Of  shot,  by  heat,  375— Of  various  bodies,  by  heat,  422. 

BYE  PINS:  Dimensions  of,  66. 


PALLING  BODIES:  Motion  of,  427. 

FASCINES  :   Preparation  of  pitched  fascines,  294. 

FELLING  AXE:  Dimensions,  117— Weight,  118. 

PIELD  CARRIAGES  :  Nomenclature,  37— Dimensions   and   weights,  55— Bills  of 

timber,  67 — Bills  of  iron,  70 — Equipment,  305. 
FIELD  PARK,  331. 
FIELD  TRAIN,  329. 
FILLS,  892. 
FIRE  BALLS,  2!) 2. 
PIRB  STONE.  289. 

FIREWORKS,  Chapter  X— Materials,  236— Storage,  290. 
FIXFD  AMMUNITION  :   For  mountain  howitzer,  138— For  field  service,  250. 
FLINTS.  242— Number  to  100  rounds,  329. 
FORAGE  :  Weight  of  different  kinds,  419. 
FORGE:  For  field  Service:   Nomenclature,  40;  dimensions  and  weight,  57 :  bill 

of  limber,  68;  bill  of  iron,  83;   lor  field   battery,  807 ;   for   Held'  park,  316; 

Weights,  equipped,  328 — For  Mountain  S<  rrice,  140;   weight  of,  145. 
FRACTIONS  :  Table  of  equivalent  vulgar  and  decimal,  407. 
FREEZING  POINTS,  of  liquids,  424. 
FRICTION  :  Laws  of,  434. 

FRICTION   PRIMERS:   .Manner  of  making,  281. 
FRIGOR1  PIC  M  [XTURES,  424. 
FULMINATE,  of  mercury  :  Preparation  of,  279. 


INDEX.  XI 

FUNNEL.  115. 

FURNACES:  For  laboratory,  230— For  heating  Bhot,  374. 

FUZES:   For  mortar  Bervice,   271  — For  field  service,  276— For  columbiadi   and 

howitzers,  277. 
FUZE  [MPLEMENTS,  Hi-  Weights  of,  118. 
FUZE  PLUGS  :   For  field  Bhells,  254— For  heavy  ordnance,  2G8. 

G. 

GAUGES:  For  shot  and  shells,  27— For  inspecting  small   anus.  101— For  gun- 
powder, 219. 

GAUGING,  casks,  138. 

GEOMETRICAL  PROGRESSION,  439. 

GINS  :  Nomenclature,  51  -Dimensions  and  weights,  62 — Bills  of  timber,  75— Bills 
of  iron.  99 — Mechanical  manoeuvres,  354. 

GIN  FALL  :  Field  and  siege,  354— Garrison  and  casemate,  357. 

GOLD  MAIN.  288. 

GOMEB  CHAMBER,  3. 

GRAPE  SHOT  :  Dimensions  and  weights,  29. 

GRAPE:  Stands  of,  266. 

GB  \TES,  for  heating  shot.  :',74. 

GRAVITY:  Specific,  409— Force  of,  427— Centres  of,  438. 

GREASE,  for  wheels.  155. 

GREB  IDES,  29. 

GROMMETS,  269. 

GUNS  :   Dimensions  and  weights,  5— Proof,  17.  18— Ranges,  Chaptkh  Mil. 

GUN  METAL:  Bronze,  8— Cast  iron,  9— Strength,  102. 

GUNNER'S   IMPLEMENTS:   Gimlet,   111— Perpendicular,  113— Pincers,   114— 
Lipers,  114— Quadrant,  114— Sleeves,  115     W  eights  of,  lis. 

GUN  CARRIAGES:   Field:  Nomenclature,  37 ;  dimensions  and  weights;  55 ;  lulls 
ot  timber,  67;  bills  ofiron,  76;  equipment,  305;  weights,  equipped,  306 
Nomenclature,  14;  dimensions  and  weights,  56;   hills  of  timber,  70;   bills  oi 
iron.  86  :  equipmi  nt,  334  —Barbette:  Nomenclature,  17 :  dimension!  and  w< 

bills  of  timber,  71 ;  bills  of  iron,  90 ;  equipment,  339  Caeemate:  Nomen- 
clature, 19;  dimensions  and  weights,  60 ;  bills  of  timber,  73  :  bills  of  iron,  95; 
equipment,  339  For  Mountain  I! ■■■  it  Nomenclature,  131;  dimensions  and 
weights,  145. 
GUNPOWDER:  Chapter  IS  Materials,  209  Proportions,  213  Manufacture, 
21  i  Density,  217  Packing,  218  tnspei  tion  and  proof,  219— Analysis,  223— 
nation  and  ston  Temperature  at  which  it  explodes,  217. 

11. 

llA  LE'8  R4  m  hi;  D8, 

HALL'S  CARBINE:  Nomenclature,   162     Dimensions  and  weight,   168— L 
tion,  177     Care  of,  I 

II  \N  DBILL  'or  hill  hook).  117. 


HAM"'  LRT  :  Nomenclature 

II  LNDSPIKES:   For  field,  siege,  and  garrison  service,  1(>'.* — Number  required,  see 

BqI  [PMl  N  I. 

HARNESS  eld  "«</  Siege  Carriages,  Chaptbb    V— Weight,  127  j   dimen- 

Biona  of  parts,  :■  i  >  <  1  buckles,  128;  materials  for  making,  130;  storage,  I30j  spare 
parte  .  315,  323 —  For  a  battery,  330-    For  Mountain  Si  rvii  ■ ,  134. 

IIAl  BSE  :  I  .  for  field  service,  L12. 

HAVERSACK,  I  10. 

II AV  :  Weight  in  bundles,  419. 

HEAT  :   Propertii  -  and  effects,  120  to  425. 

HEIGHTS:   Barometric  measurement  of, 

HORSES:  Number  required  for  a  field  battery,  330 — Por  siege  train,  332 — Power 
of,  119     -'  am  hi  rse  [>■  ,\\ er,  420. 

HORSESHOES,  and  aails:   Weigh!  of,  310. 
HOT  SHOT:   Firing,  374— Expansion,  375. 

HOWITZERS:  Dimensions  and  weights,  6— Proof,  18— Shells,  27 — Ammunition; 
For  mountain,  L36;  for  field,  250  j  for  Biege  and  garrison,  263. 

I. 

ICE:  Strength  of,  (25. 

IMPLEMENTS:  For  Field,  Siege,  and  Garrison   Service:   Chaptbb    [V— Nomen- 
clature and  dimensions,  103;   weights,  ins,  118;  storage,  119 — For  Mountain 
Artillery.  132,  139 — Kind  and  number:   For  field   carriages,  305;   foi  si 
riages,  334  j  for  fortress  carriages,  339  ;  for  firing  hoi  Bhot,  374  ;  for  mechanical 
in. suvres,  344    -For  Small  Arms,  L58,  162. 

IM  !  \  hi  \l;\    "1  \TCII  :  Preparation  of,  295. 

INCLINED  PLANE:  Power  of,  433. 

INI  AN  IKY     \<  COl  Till-.  Ml- NTS.  201. 

INITIAL  VELOCITIES:  Of  cam balls,   365— Of  Bullets,   367— Formula   for 

computing,  132. 

INSPECTION:  Of  Ordnance,  12— Of  shol  and  Bhells,  30-  Of  small  arms,  new, 
164 — Of  arms  in  Berrice,  189 —  Of  Hall's  barbine,  177  General  directions  foi 
inspect  Lon  of  arms,  1 79. 

[NSTRUMENTS:  For  inspecting  ordnance,  L0  For  siege  train,  336  For  arma- 
ment of  forts,  341. 

[RON,  CAST:  For  guns,  9,  10— Specific  gravity  and  strength,  9,  399,  402— Pro- 
pi  i  ties  and  \  ariel  ies,  385. 

[RON,  BAB  :  Bills,  for  field  carriages,  76  -For  Biege  carriages,  86 — For  barbette 
carriages,  90  For  casemate  carriages,  95 — For  mountain  howitzer  carriage, 
etc.,  117.  148 — Manufacture,  382— Properties  and  test,  384  —  Forging,  385 — 
Tinning,  391  Strength,  399,  402— Weight,  tables  of,  in  I  — Plate'  weight  of, 
406,  l  17-  Wire  gauge,  66. 

I  HON   PIPES  :  Weight  of,  408. 

[SSUE  OF  ARMS,  i   5. 

J. 
JACK:    Lifting,  54     Lever,  54 — Small  screw  jack,  118. 


KIT:   Composition.  295. 
KNOTS:    Plate  19. 


K. 


L. 


LABORATORY:    Arrangement,   fixtures  and    furniture.  229— Tools,   231— Mate 
rials,  236 — Paper,  239. 

LACKER:   For   iron    ordnance,   152 — For    small  anus    and   paper,   153 — For  iron 
work,   I.I. 

LADLES  :    For  cannon,  105— Number  required.  334, 

LEAD:    Detection  of,  in  bronze,  8 — Adulteration  of,   237 — To  reduce  oxido,  237 — 
Temperature  of  melting  point,  423. 

LEAD  BALLS:   Diameters  and  weights,  29 — To  compute  weight  of,  30 — Fabrica- 
tion, 244—  Pressed,  245— Packing,  2  15. 

LEADERS,  271. 

LEATHER  :   For  artillery  harness.  130— For  accoutrements,  205. 

LEG    GUARD:    Description,  125— Weight,  127. 

LEVER  .TACK,  54. 

LEVEL  :   Power  of,  432. 

LIFTING   .TACK  :    Nomenclature  and  weight,  54. 

LTOIIT  BALLS,  294. 

LIGHTNING   RODS,  225. 

LIMBER:    For  Field  Carriages:  Nomenclature,  38 ;   di nsions  and   wei| 

bill  of  timber,  07:   bill  of  iron.  81— .For  Siege   Carriaget:    Nomenclature 
dimensions  and  weight,  56j  bill  »f  timber,  70;  bill  of  iron,  88. 

LINK  OF  BIGHT,  natural.  3. 

LI  MM  EXT.  for  burns.  298. 

LINSTOCK:   Description,  110— Weight,  118. 

LOCK:    For  Cannon:   Description,  113;    weight,   118-    Fo     Small   Arm*:    Nomen 
clature,  157;   weight,  163;    inspection,  172. 

LOCK   COVER,  113— Weight,  118. 

LOGARITHMS,  M0. 

M. 

M  \<  SINES:  Nomenclature,  61— Required  fl  rrice,  336 — For  garrii  >n 

service,  3 10. 
M  m;  az  in  Rfl  :    l"or  gunpowder,  221. 
M  LGNETIC  NEEDLE:   Variation  and  dip,  | 
HARES  :   01  ordnani  i  mall  arms,  180. 

UARRONS,  289. 

U  LTCB  :    Preparation  of.  209.  270— Inoendlary,  296. 
MATERIALS      l   n  i    •  Cbaptbb   XIV     Pai   repairing  siege  carriages, 

l    i  repairing  fortress  carriages,  340.— Strength  and  weight)  399  to  Jin 
M  \  ill  I M  I  I  t<   \l.  B  rmula  and   I 


MAI   1 

-  lity,    til 

11  J. 
i:l  Ml  \  i 
MECHANICAL     MANOEUVRES;    Pield    nrtill.  i  irtUlery,    S44 

■  M  arlilK  r\  . 

Mi.'  BANK   M.    POB  I      • 
PINO  POL     - 

.  L19 

•.  11-. 
HBN81  B  \  l  [OB 

METALS      Por  construct!  lue- 

tiliiv  and  malleability .  paodon,  bj 

M  1. 1  B  Bfi     Table  foi  reduction  to  lnch<  -.  US. 
HONBT,  118. 

MORTARS:    Dimenaiont  and  weights,  7     Proof;  18,19     1;  form, 

[mplementa  and  equipments,  Chapter  IV ;  889     Meohanieal  manosn- 

MORTAR  WAOON:  Nomenclature,*      Dfa  BUI  of  tim- 

ber, To     Uill  of  Iron,  ■       M  ;  19. 

MOUNTAIN    ARTILLERY,  Chaptbb   9*1     Dimensions  and 

i  ip I  equipment,  146     Ranges  of  howiUer,  148     Composition  of 
I 
\\\  -ki  I      N  imenolature  of  percussion,   157-  -Flint,    I  ktion  of  Binl  t.. 

■  i    mi  ights,  .I'll.;  I    -Packing, 

l-i  i  barn  Is,  I 

MU8KBTOON       Cavalry,    HO— Artillery   and    Sappers,    161     Dimension!    and 

N. 

(TAILS,      it      igktamd.Cut:  Dimensions  and  weights,  64     H  110. 

BEBDLB,  magnetic :  Declination  and  dip,  126. 

BAG,  116. 
Nil  ation  and  dimension  .  I 

0. 

.,  \  i  -     w  ,  igl  !  of  a  bushel  410. 

■ .  1 ;  i > '  and  calibres,   I     Nomenclature,  '_'     !>■  i 

tion,   i"     Proof,   16    Marks,    19     [njuriei    in   lervioe,   19-  Bpiking  and   an 
spiking,  20— Preservation,  21     Table  oi  foreign  ordinance,  -       Proportion  for 

B2. 

I'. 

r  \i  KB,  1  i  mountain  sen  Ice,  1 16. 

l'\'  k  9ADDL1     NToi tatnre,  188     Weight,  146     Bill  of  timber,  146— BOl  oi 

iron,  1 18. 


INDEX.  XV 

PACKING  :  Small  arm.=,  181— Fixed  ammunition,  200. 

PACKING   BOXES:  For  muskets,    181— For  rifles  and   pistols,   183 — For  balls, 
Por  percussion  cartridges,  249 — For  fixed  ammunition,  200 — For  p< 

si. .n  caps,  281— For  field  forge,  307— For  field  battery  wagon,  811,  818— For 

park  forge,  816 — For  park  battery  wagon,  319,  322. 
FAINT:  Preparation,  Cbaptob  VII— Quantity  and  kin<l  required  for  a  carriage, 

161  —  F.>r  tarpaulins,  l.r>l — Brainard's,  151, 
PAPEB  :  Por  laboratory  purposes,  23!i — For  email  arm  cartridges,  245— For  field 

ammunition,  2.'>7 — Cartridge  bags,  2fl3 — Drawing,  dimensions  of,  118, 
PARE  :  Field,  composition  of,  331. 
P  188  FOX.  110. 
!•  18  I  B,  240. 

PENDULUM  HAUSSE:  Construction  of,  112. 
PENDULUM,  ballistic:  Used  for  proving  powder,  221. 
PEND1  LUM8  :  Length  for  a  given  time  of  vibration,  427. 
PENETRATION   of  balls:    In   masonry,   368,  372— In   wool,  869,  372.  373— In 

earth.  870 — In  fascinet  ai  i  wood,  371  —  In  cast  iron.  S72-«-Iu  paper, 
PER(  >  LPS,  for  small   arm-:  .Ma  nn  farm  re  278— Number  required  for 

PERI  I  S8ION  PRIMERS,  for  cannon:  Manufacture,  283— Number  reqaired  for 

field  ammunition,  303. 
Pl.w  I  BE     Composition,  303— Melting  point,  422. 
l'H  KAXF.  117— Weight,  11*. 
PILING  BALLS,  33— Table  ofpil 
PIPES     Weight  of  iron,  108. 
PI8TOL:  Nomenclature,  161— Dimensions  and  weight,  168—  Proof,  160 

ing,  l   ... 

PITCH:  Manner  of  making,  i 

I'll  <  BED  ;  -     Preparation  of,  294 

PLATFORM     i  ■  '  mortars,  6),  .'i7 — For  siege  guns,  number  r<-. jn in  o. 

PLUMMET,  for  mortar  service,  116. 

POINTING  WIRE,  for  nortare,  118. 

PORTFIRES     ktannei  of  making,  273 — Number  required  for  fioM  servlei 

PORT!  [RE  '   18B,  110     W<  ight,  L18. 

PORT!  [Rl    3TO<  K.  110     Wt  Igl  t,  118. 

POR1  lll:l    'i   ITI  V..  in     height,  118. 

POWDBB     Set  Qom 

F'iw:  BBS     D  11'..  110. 

POWERS,    I  aw 

PR]  POB  i"  •.  8—OI  eolambiadi  an. I 

PRIM  !  Nnml.fr    r<oo-. 

fid'l  nmmnnil 

PRIMING  BORN,  111     W< 
PRIMING  W  [RE,  ill. 


\\  I  Mi  I    V 

PRIMING   M  BBS:   Manu&eture,  271-   Number  required 
PR0GR1  S8I0N:  AriihsaetiosJ  and  geometrical,  I 

BCTILB8     See  B«oi  lira  Bhi  llsj  Ballistics. 
PROLONGS:    For  Field  Set     •■■    Description,  116  j  weight,  118* — For  Meehaniecd 

i]      Of  Iron  For  ordnance,  10— Of  ordnanoe,  16    <'f  shot  .".1-  Of  small  arms, 

inpowder,  219— Of  chains,  68,  102. 

IMI.I.l.V      PoWl  r  of,   Bt 

PULLB1   BLO(  K8,  for  gins,  51, 

PI  ROME1  BB  :  Wedge* I's,  120. 

Q. 

«il  [<  K    M  \  I  I  II.  270. 

.,.!  ",\  |  .  mortar  beds,  116     Wt  ight,  118. 

R. 

B  \<  KB,  Par  small  arms,  184. 

It  kIN:   Quantity  thai  falls  annually,  420— Of  fire.  288— Gold,  288. 

BAMMBR8:    Heads,  103     Staves,  107-    Finished,  108. 

BANGBS  of  erdnanee:   Mountain  howitser,  lis     Pield  gnns  and  howitaers, ! 

and  garrison  gons  and  howitaers,  361     Colnmhiads,  868     Mortars, 
w  ar  rockets, 
RA8P8:    Kinds  and  Bites,  392. 
l;l  D   HI   \  1     I   iron,  123. 

REPAIRS:  01  small  anna,  190  to  196   -Of  side  arms  and  accoutrements,  206. 
BBBI61  W  B  ol  the  air,  to  motion  of  projeotiles,  431. 
RIFLE:  Nomenclature,  160   -Dimensions  and  weight,  168  -Inspeotion  and  proof, 

\.  •  ontrements,  202. 
RINGS,  for  chains:   Dimensions,  65. 
RIVETS:   Dimensions  and  forms,  64.  » 

ii.  284     War,  289     Ranges  and  weights  of  Bale's,  365. 
ROPES:  Por  siege  train,  835 — For  forts,  340     for  mechanical  manoeuvres,  846 — 
Jity  and  kinds,  394     Splicing,  394     Strength  and  weight,  LOS. 

S. 

5ABOT6     It  mountain  howitser  ammunition,  186— For  Odd  ammunition,  262 — 

1  or  hi  arj  shells,  264 
.-  \l:i:i  S     I  avalrj  and  artillery,  198. 

BADDLB:    I  «  Beld  artillery  harness,  123,  127-  -Pack,  138,  M5. 
BAPPERS:   Muaketoon,  L61«  L63     Accoutrements,  204. 
3CB  M'l  B  i  16. 

-i  l;  i  .w  ;  Mechanical  power,  438 — Table  of  wood  screws,  66. 
31  |;i:\V  JACK,  H-. 
3EG  M  BNTS,  ol  •  irolei    Table  of  areas,  L6L 

SKlll'l    S  • 


SHEET  METALS :  Gauge,  66— Weight,  W7. 

SHEET  I  HON:  Properties,  300— Weight,  406,  407. 

SHEET  TIN,  891. 

SHELLS:   Dimension  and  weights,   27— To  compute  weight  of,  30 — To  find   tin- 
quantity  of  powder  to  (ill  a  shell,  30 — Inspection,  30 — Strapping:  For  moun- 
tain howitzer,  136;  for  field  service,  253;  for  siege  and  garrison  carriage,  264 
Charging:   For  mountain   howitzer,  1-17;  for  field   service,  255;   for  mortars, 
267;  for  heavy  ordnance.  268 ;  Unloading,  298— Ranges.  1  18,  360,  366     Pi  QC 
trations,  360  to  372. 

SHELL  HOOKS,  115. 

SHELL  PLUG  SCREW,  11  I. 

SHOT:  Dimensions  and  weights,  27 — To  compute  weight  of,  80— Inspection,  30 — 
Piling  and  preservation,  32 — Ranges,  359  to  363— Penetrations,  368  to  372 — 
Expansion  l>y  heat,  875. 

SHOVEL:   Dimensions,  117— Weight,  116. 

SIEGE  ARTILLERY:  Ordnance:  Kinds,  1;  dimensions  and  weights,  5,  r>.  7  : 
proportions,  in  a  siege  train,  382- — Carriage* :  Nomenclature,  44 — dimensions 
and  weights,  66;  bills  of  timber,  70;  lulls  of  iron,  86 — Equipment,  332 — Me- 
chanical manoeuvres.  'Mi. 

SIEGE  TRAIN,  332. 

SINES  :   Table  of  natural  Bines  and  tangents,  141. 

SLING  :   For  guns,  356. 

SLING  C  \I!TS  :  Nomenclature,  32 — Dimensions  and  weights,  G2 — Bill  of  timber, 
75 — Bill  of  iron.  101 — Mechanical  manoeuvres,  361. 

SLOW  M  \TCII  :  Preparation,  269— Quantity  for  field  ammunition.  303  For  liege 
train.  IS*— For  forts, 

SMALL   ARMS,   Chaptbb   VIII — Nomenclature,   157 — Dimension-  and   weights, 
inspection,  164 — Packing,   181 — Storage.  184 — Repairs,    190 — Ammuni- 
tion. 243 — For  armament  of  torts,  388. 

SNOW  :    Limits  of  pernctual  snow,  426. 

BOLDEB     Composition,  393 — Melting  points.  423. 

SOLDERING,  391. 

SOUND:    Velocity,  435. 

SPARE   PARTS,  for  repairs:   Small  arms.  103 — Side  arms  and  accoutrements, 
205 — Field  carriages  and  equipments,  831 ;   see  slto   Bquipmbhi 
riages,  335     Fortress  earring*  -.  840. 

SPATULA,  for  mortar  serriee,  116. 

3PE<  ii  [<    OB  w  II  [R8:  TeJ  seof,  M9,  410. 

SPHEB  tC  \l-  '  fc.81   BHOT     Dim< 

jbfon  \tain  Howitzer  :  I  <  lharge  for 

firing.  L'-'iO  :  strapping,  253 ;  chai  '•':   packini. 

proportion  for  a  battery,  ■  initial  relocitii 

■trapping,  264;    proportion  'rain.  333 — 

276. 

SPIKING    rdnanet,  N. 

SPLICING 

SPLLN  fS  foi  sit  rtai  mrrioi .  i  It. 


BP0NG1  3,  104      B  -    ires,  106     W.-i.-ln-.  Ins.  11-. 

NOB   Bl  I  Kl.  I     l'.  -  i  |  Hon,  l  Lfl     Weight,  118. 
BQl   \  l;  !>  as  i  r    its,    f  Dumbi  rs, 

187. 
BT  LV  B8,  ■  ir  implements :   Dimensions,  106  -Bill  of  plank,  108. 
8TE  \M      Elastic  :•  roe,  13  ■     Dorse  power,  ISO. 

da  and   properties,  887    -Hardening  and   temperin   . 
108. 

rBMORTAB:   Dimensions  and  weight,  7     Proof,  18     Charge,  833. 
:    l  BUCB  :   Nomenclature,  68     Weight,  54 
Bl  B  LPS,  for  ihol  sad  shells:   Pield,  258 — Siege  and  garrison,  264 
BTB  LPPING  shol  and  shells:  For  mountain  bowitsi 

and  garrison  sen  ioe,  26  L 
STRENGTH:  Of  iron   for  guns,  0 — Of  muakel  barrels,   106     Of  materis 

402    01  chains,  102  -Of  hemp  and  iron  wire  rapes,  103     01  ice,  12 
BWOBD8  and  tabres:   Nomenclature,  198     Dimensions  and  weights,  109-    I 
tion  and  proof,  199— Packing,  200 — Gleaning,  201. 


I  LBLE8:  I  sited  State-  ordnance,  ■>.  6,  7  Foreign  ordnanoe,  23  Bhol  and 
shells,  27  Lead  balls,  l".i  -Cast  iron  halls.  ;;o — Piles  of  halls.  .".I  -Dimension! 
and  Weights  of  artillery  carriages,  55  to  62  Bolts  and  ants,  63  Wood  screws, 
65- — Finished  implements,  108,  11s-  Dimensions  of  parts  oi  barn  .  12 
Small  arms,  I « *■  r J  Fixed  ammunition,  259  Ranges  of  mountain  bowitsers, 
ll-  I   Bald  guns  and   bowitsers,  359— Ranges  of  heavy  ordnanoe, 

361  Ranges  of  Sale's  rockets,  365  Initial  relooities,  365  Board  measure, 
■  >\  Files  and  rasps,  392  Weight  of  iron,  mi  to  mr  Equivalent  vulgar  and 
decimal  fractions,  107  Cast  iron  pipes,  i|ls  Specific  gravities,  Wfl  W< 
and  measures,  ill  to  117  Coins,  il1^  Regular  polygons,  136  Natural  sines 
and  tangents,  141— Ciroular  segments,  151  Areas  and  oircumferenoes  of  cir 
oles,  143,  152     Powers  and  roots  of  numbers,  162. 

I  LNGENTSj  Table  of  natural  tangents,  141. 

TANGBN1  SCALES:  For  field  gnus  and  bowitsers,  111,  112. 

I  LB, 

I  LB  Bl  CEBT:    D<  soripti 116-  Weight,  118. 

TABPA1  LINS:  Dimensions,  115     Weights,  118— Painting,  161. 

TABBED  LINKS.  294. 

TEH  LCI  n     01  gun  Iron,  B    of  various  materials,  899,  102. 

TB8T:  Of  gun  ir 9,  10    Of  saltpetre;  rough,  209;  refined,  212    01  bar  Iron, 

884     .it  iteel,  889     Of  files,  392. 

Mil  RMOMETERS:  Comparison  of  different  scales,  120. 

THUMBS!  LLL,  111. 

TIMBBB  I  "i  artillery  carriages,  67  to  7.'>  For  i 1 1 n > I c 1 1 1 « ■  1 1 1 s .  ion  For  mountain 
bowitser  carriage,  etc.,  I  it.  por  repairs  of  Biege  oarriages,  335 — For  repairt 
of  fortress  carriages,  340     Kinds  oi   trees,  377     Belection  and  felling,  878 

-•  asoning  and  Presi  n  Lng,  379— Measuring,  381 — Strength,  399, 
400— Weight,  409. 


INDEX.  XIX 

TIN":  Bheet,  881— Strength,  399     Weight,  109— Malting  point,  12::. 

TINNING,  iron  and  copper, 

IOMPIONS,  for  mortar-  and  howitzers,  116. 

TOOLS:  For  equipment  of  mountain  artillery,  142,  144 — Armorer'?,  for  arsenals, 
193 — Laboratory,  231 — For  Held  forge,  808 — For  field  battery  wagon,  31]      I 
]iark  forge,  318 — For  park  battery  wagon,  320 — 1  rain,  336 — For  ar 

tnament  ol 

TORt  111..-  :   Preparation,  295. 

TORSION  :   Resistance  ..I  bodies,  !0l. 

TOURTE  M  S  (tarred  links),  294. 

TOW  HOOK  :   Dimensions,  115— Weight,  118— Number  required,  306. 

TRAJECTORY  ofs  ball:   In  vacuo.  128— In  the  air.  130. 

TRIGONOMETRT  :  Formula?,  140. 

TRUCKS:   Casemate,  53— Store,  63— Weights,  64. 

TUBES,  priming:  Metal,  271— Quill, 272— Friction,  281. 

TUBE  POUCH  :   Description,  110— Weight,  lis. 

U. 
DNSPIKING  cannon,  21. 

V. 

VALENt  tENNES  COMPOSITION,  291. 

VALISE:   Artillery  driver's,  124. 

\  ALUE  of  foreign  coins,  11s. 

v  AIM  LTIONS  allowed:  En  iron  ordnance,  14— In  brass  ordnance,  16. 

VARNISH:    For  patent  leather,   154— Copal,  154 — lapan,   165— For  percussion 
caps,  280. 

VEGETATION  :   Limits  ol  growth  of  various  planti 

VELOt  [TIES,  initial:  "1  cans  6— Of  lead  ball  .  by  wind- 

387 — Formula  for  computing, 

VELOCIT1  loss  bj   I  dcc  of  the  air.   131;    final   velocity  of 

descent,  131-   Of  sound,  126 — Of  the  wind,  12.".. 
VENT  :    Position  and  d 
\  1  M  •  OVER,  114,118. 

\  I  M  I'll  1  1  .  :  r1  raw  ecduu 
\  I'M  PI   V  II.  111. 

\V 
w  u"  s,  17,  18— For    Irtog   b<  I   shot, 

H  LB    1.'"   Mi 

WASH!  a  .in<l  >lim 

•■.   m 

(,,fl  man  and  I 


WATER   BUCKET:    For  forge,  117— 1  b,  117     Weights,  118. 

w  \  i  BRING    Bl  CKET,  for  B<  Id  lerviot,  117,  118, 

WBDG  i       Keebanl  ■..'  |    m  r,  133. 

WEIGHTS:  « :  un  >.  5-  -Columbiadi  and  howitxers,  6 — Mortars,  7  -Foreign  ordfr 
nance,  23— 8ho1  and  shell,  — Lead   balls,  29— Casl  Iron   baU 

Field  ^'iiii  <-:i rr .  gun  carriages,   56 — Field  and   i 

ammunition   ohesti  and   mortar  beds,    17— Barbette  oarriai  isemate 

oan  ~  ing   carta   and   ;rin<.   li-.'  -Truoks,   54 — Artillery   implements, 

Equipments,  118-  -Harness,  127-  Gun  « - .  1 1- 1-  i  .-i  Lr « ■  end  equipment  for  moun- 
tain artillery,  145 — Small  arms,  163 — Boxes  of  arms,  183  -Swords  and  sabres, 
199— Aoeoutrements,  207— Percussion  cartridges,  packed,  249— Fixed  ammu- 
nition, 259 — Field  ammunition,  pack  I,  280  Gun  carriage!  and  caissons, 
equipped  for  service,  i  battery  wagons,  equipped   i"r  service, 

Chains,  402 — Hemp  and   wire  ropes,  103— Bar  iron.   104,    187— Various 
metals,  106,  107— Iron  pipes,  408 — Variolic  materials  (specific  gravities),  408 — 
•  ign  freights,  1 1 6,  1 1 7. 

\\  ELDING  :   Composition  for  welding  iron  and  steel,  399. 

win:  \T:  Weight  of  a  bushel,  119. 

WHEEL:  Field:  Nomenclature,  39 j  site  and  weight,  5b— Siege:  Nomenclature, 
45;  si/'-  and  freight,  bto—Barbetu  :  Nomenclature!  17  :  Bise  and  weight,  59 — 
CaiemaU  :  Sise  an. I  weight,  61  —Sling  carts,  •'>•"•.  62. 

WHEEL  AND  AXLE:    Mechanical  power,  133. 

WHEELS  AND  PINIONS:   Power,  133. 

Willi'.  r..r  artillery  driver,  124. 

WIND:  Velocity  and  force,  125. 

WIND  \<;K  ..f  balls:  Definition,  3— Amount,  ■'■.  6,  7— Lose  of  velooity,  by,  867. 

WIPER,  for  mortars,  115. 

WIRE  Q  LUGE,  66. 

WIRE  ROPE,  iron:  Strength  and  weight,  163. 

WOOD  :  See  Iivbi  n. 

WOOD  SCREWS:  Classification  and  dimensions,  65. 

WoK. MS,  KiO,  108. 


if 


\ 


E  RRATA. 


PAGE 

xvi — Fifth  lino  from  1.  tt  id  nheUt. 

xvii — Sixtli  i  ion. 

xvii — Twenty-third  line  foi  32  read  52. 
xvii— Twenty  ninth  line  foi 

id  .">7. 

kx— Fifteenth  line,  tor  40  I  read 

i  bottom   for  be  a 

6— Dimensions  ol  24  pdr.  ii 

on  Howitzers,  4th  Line,  for  915. 
i  B.T6. 
6-   Dimensions  of  24-pdr.  brass  Field  How- 
itzers. 4th  line,  for  966.  read  9.86. 
S— Dimensions  of  10-in.iron  Sea-coast  How- 
itzers. 8th  line  for  9.2 

f  24  pdr.   iron  Siege   and 
Qarriaon   Howitzers.  7th  line,  for  462. 
read  82, 
6 — Dimensions  of  s  in.  iron  Columbiads, 

,  8.6. 
i> — Dimensions  of  lO-in  isl  How- 

itzers. 16th  lini  I  IJb. 

■  10-ln.  iron  Sea-coast  How- 
_■■!  line  from     "  ton 

8— 14th  line  from  bottom,  for  80  read  20. 
10 — Third  line  from  bottom,  for  h 
14 — Diameter  of  \ 

.'0 — Third  lim  a  for  ottf.  read  put. 

23— Last  column   '■■ 

24 — Fourth  column,  -'d  lin".  I 

25  -Fifth  column.  22d  lino,  foi  I18.< 

11-  50. 

-  \th  column,  8th  line,  t"i    l  :: 

1,775. 
29— Table  of  Can 

umn,  for  42-pdr.  r<-«<i  24-pdr. 

in.  for  2662  re  ■ 
•S2 — Third 

]  irenty-atxtb  ; 
<VI — Ti  oluiun,  2d  I 

<\S — T  . 

umn.    llth   ho' 

18.11. 

imn.  17th  i 


PAGE 

94 — Seventh  column.  14th  line,  for  5.  read  .5. 

:   fth  line,  tor  0.6  Inch  thick  read  n.Oo. 
108— Weight    of   Sponge,    82-pdr.    sea-coast 

gun.  for  40.  read  10. 
108— Table  of  Plank.. 'id  column,  last  line,  for 

17.''  read  1.76. 
109— Bih  •  column,  2d  lin<-. 

for  211.95  read  211.26. 
Ill— Eighth  line  foi  0.75  read  0.176. 

Seventeenth  line  foi  in  read  to- 
lls—Table  oi  3i  ties,  4th   eolumn. 

1°,  for  1.128  read  1.188. 
116 — Tv  line   for  limber  chest  read 

/•he$ts. 
U1 — Seventeenth  Line,  for  hoops  read  loops. 
122 — Twenty-eecond  line,  for  chnm  straj 

chin  straps. 
127— Table  of  Harness,  weight,  8th  line,  for 

1.1  read  1. 
128 — Last  eolumn.  3d  line,  for  .4;.  read  .76. 
128 — Third  column,  7th  line  from  bottom, 

for  75.  read  26. 
136— Straps  and  Rings  for  Shells,  2d  line  from 

bottom,  for  0.16  read  0.46. 
137 — Tenth  line  for  form  read  former. 
1 1"— I.:i>!  line  for  ther. 

enth   line  from    bott f"i    toj 

l/ft  end. 

;'  fir",  transpose  7° and  9°. 
ble  of  proof  lumn. 

last  line,  fo 

187  —  Eleventh  line,  fo 

is.1, — Ninth  line,  foi  back  read  lock. 

193— Tal  ■   to  Last  eol- 

umn.  third  line   from    hottom.  for  7fi 
read  7.r>. 
-t  column,  lasl  line,  fo    ' 

lini     from     bottom,    after    0.09 

•   inrh. 

line  for  le\  1 1 
enteenth  lini 

uj  l^oOOOth. 
.it    Table   Isl  column.  2d 

. 

fteenth  line  f 

immu- 

nu  i 
1-lOth 

11.78 

i  11  7:. 

umn. 


MtltATA. 


r  -"tn-ulur  •efrmcnta,  l«t  c  .ltimn.  lit 

iilumn,  Bill 

11'.'. 
hum.  '24th  I 

•  •Hum. 

I 

■   •  ilumn.  12th  lm<-  from 

I    ■ 

. 

line  fr.'in  bottom, 

•  >m.  for 
;ti  road   it l 

I 
. 


■     II   •   ml 


column.  "24th  Hi 
column.  i'l,  i 

nil.    Kill    lin<      foi     11  7"4 


■ 


I  • 


■  in.  for 


n.  17th  Inn   from  bottom!  for 
limn,  4th  bottom, 


K4- !.:»-t  column, 

mm.  12th  line,  I 
iunm.  90th  lino, 
urth  .•.'Inn, 

mini).  Hid  line  from  bottom, 
i  column,  -Tth  lim  ,  i 
ill  column,  M  line  from    botl 


ORDNANCE  MANUAL 


< '  ii  a  pte  r    First 


ORDNANCE. 

I'lio    following  are  the  kinds  and  calibres  of  ordnance  used  in  the  land  service 
dI  the  (Confederate  States  : 


KIND  OF  ORDNANCE. 


CALIBRE.  MATERIAL. 


''   >L"MRIAns 


Mob  i  - 


Field. 


Sieiri   and  garrison. 


Seacoast 


•i-pounder 
12-pounder 

12-pounder 
1 8- pounder 
.'  l-pounder 
32-pounder 
12-pounder 


I  I  l-.V]  rzEns  .  . 


f  Mountain 12-pounder 

1 2-poonder 

Field 2  I- 1 1' Minder 

under 


Siege  and  garrison 

e  l-noun 

oast 


pounder 

^-incli 

10-inch 


Light. 


I      '--inch  . 

I     K'-inch. 

■■men  . 
I  IQ-fnch. 
(    10-inch. 

i     I.'i-inih  . 


iiortnr 16-inch  . . . . 

2  l-pounder 

under 


Bronze 


f  Iron 

I ;  Plate  I. 


,  Bronze 


Plate  2. 
Plate  Ift 


Iron I 


A  13-inch 

Tin-    plates    and  ihc   tables  of  ditneiM 
ternv 

For  Ihe  description  of  ordaa  ,  nirrns,  see  the  fir-t  edition  of  this 

Manual. 
1 


.  ii  \i\    I.      <>i:i>\  \\<  i  . 


Wonu  nclatun . 

Tin-  forma  of  the  several  pieces  "i  ordnance  are  shown  In  the  Platei  reiem  ■! 
;  column  "i  the  preceding  table. 
>n  made  >>r  bronze  are  commonly  called  '■•  ut  cannon. 
Tin-  .  -  the  pan  of  the  gun  in  rear  of  the  base  ring ;  it  it  composed 

generally  <>i  the  following  p  mis  :  the  /»•»//,  the  ■*  (.  the  fillet,  and  i! 

The  ban   <>i  tl<<-  breech  is  a  frustum  of  a  cone,  or*  spherical  segment 
■   breech. 

ling  band  of  metal  adjoining  the  base  of  tli<-  breech, 
and  connected  with  the  body  of  the  gun  by  ;i  concave  moulding. 

Tin*  hutch  i-  ili<-  ilid  metal  behind  the  bottom  ol  the  bore,  extending 

in  i In-  r<-:i r  ol  i he  base  ring". 

The  -  the  thiokesl  | ■;•  n  of  the  body  of  iii<-  gun,  in  front  "i  the  base 

ring .   ii  there  is  more  than  one  reinforce,  that  which  la  next  t"  the  baae  rim;  i* 

called  the  first  reinforce',  tin-  other,  the  second  reinforce.     In  si howitzers, 

nc.  there  is  a  recess  in  the  metal  around  the  chamber  next  !<• 
the  base  ring. 

The  reinforce  band  is  ai  the  junction  of  1 1 1  *  *  first  and  second  reinforces  in  the 
bow  1 1  z»-  r-  and  columbiads. 

The  chase  i-  the  conical  part  of  the  gun  in  front  ofthe  reinforce. 

The  astragal  and  Jtllit*.  in  field  guns,  and  the  ohaee  ring  In  other  pieces,  are 
tin-  mouldings  at  the  fronl  <-nil  of  the  chase.  .    . 

The  "'<■/■  is  the  smallest  part  "i  (he  piece,  In  front  of  the  astragal  or  the  ch  ise 
ring 

'In.  mell  of  ili<  iiikziIi  la  1 1 1  *  -  largest  |  art  <■('  the  gun  in  front  of  ili>-  neck.  It 
is  terminated  by  the  muzzle  mouldings,  which,  in  field  and  siege  guns,  consist 
of  the  /'/'  1U"'  ''"■  ./'"''•  '"  l'"'  seaeoasl  guns  and  heavy  howitzers  and  colum- 
biads there  is  ii"  fillet.  In  field  and  siege  howitzers,  and  in  mortars,  a  muzzle 
band  lakes  the  pla<  e  ol  the  awell  "i  the  muzzle. 

The  fan  ol  the  piece  is  the  terminating  plane  perpendicular  to  the  axia  of  the 
I.,  ire, 

The  trunnions  are  cylinders,  the  axia  of  which  arc  In  a  line  perpendicular  to 
tin-  n\.s  of  il"'  bore,  and  in  the  same  plane  with  that  axis. 

The  rimbaeet  are  slmrt  cylinders,  1 1 nil i n^r  the  tn Ions  with  the  l>ody  ol  the 

gnu.    The  ends  ofthe   rim  bases,  or  the  thoulders  of  the  trunnions,  are  planes 
perpendicular  i<>  the  axis  "i  the  trunnions. 

The  '■<">  ol  il"-  pi«*ce  Includes  all  the  |>:< n  bored  out,  viz :  the  cylinder,  the 
chamber,  (if  there  Is  one,)  and  the  conical  or  spherical  surface  connecting  them. 

The  chamber,  in  howitzers,  columbiads  and  mortars,  is  the  smaller  pari  of 
the  bore,  which  contains  the  charge  of  powder.     In  howitzers  and  columbiads 


NOMEKt  I.ATURE.  8 

the  chamber  is  cylindrical  ;  ii  is  united  with  the  large  cylinder  of  the  bore  by  B 
conical  surface  ;  the  angles  of  intersection  of  this  conical  surface  wilh  [he  cylin- 
ders of  the  bore  and  chamber  are  rounded  (in  profile)  by  arcs  ol  circles.  In 
the  8-inch  siege  howitzer,  the  chamber  is  united  with  the  cylinder  ol  the  bore 
by  a  spherical  surface,  in  order  thai  Ihe  shell  may.  when  necessary.  h<-  inserted 
without  a  sabot. 

A    conical    chamber   which    is   joined    to    the  cylinder  of  the  liore  by  a 
of  a  spherical  surface  fas  in  the  S-inch  and  10-inch  light   mortars)   is   called  a 
Gumrr  chamber. 

The  bottom  of  the  bore  is  a  plane  perpendicular  to  the  axis,  united  with  the 
sides  (in  profile)  by  an  arc  of  a  circle,  the  radius  of  which  is  one-fourth  of  the 
diameter  of  the  bore  at  the  bottom.  In  the  columbiads,  the  heavy  seacoasl 
mortars,  the  stone  mortar,  and  the  cpronvctte,  the  bottom  of  the  bore  is  hemi- 
spherical. 

The  muzzle,  OT  mouth  of  the  bore,  is  chamfered  to  a  depth  of  0.15  inch  10 
0..r>  inch,  (varying  With  t  he  size  of  the  bore. )  in  order  to  prevent  abrasion,  and  tf 
facilitate  loading-. 

The  true  wiltdagt   is  the  difference  between  the  true  diameters  of  the  b 
of  the  ball 

The  axis  of  the  mil  is  in  a  plane  passing  through  the  axis  of  the  bore.  p.  r- 
pendicular  to  the  axis  of  the  trunnions.  In  guns,  and  in  howitzers  having 
cylindrical  chambers,  the  vent  is  placed  at  an  angle  ol  BO  with  the  axis  of  the 
bore,  and  it  eaters  the  bore  at  a  distance  from  the  bolt KJUal  to  one-louii- 

diameter  of  the  bore 

Tin-   diameter    oi    the    vent    i-   two-tenth*  of  an    inch,  in   all    |  ept    tht 

epronvetle  in  which  it  is  one-tenth. 

The  Vents  of  l.ra-^  guns  are  bored  in  vent  purrs,  of  wrought  copper,  which 

are  screwed  into  the  gun. 

The    loch    piece    is    a    block   of  metal    at  the    outer  Opening  of  the    vent,   in  SOUK 

rd nance,  to  facilitate  attaching  a  lock  to  the  cannon. 

The  natural  /'»<-  of  tight  >>  a  line  drawn  in  a  vertical  plane  tin 
of  tl  i  point  oi  the  base  ring  to  the  highest  poiuf  in  the 

••well  o|    the  muzzle,  or  10  the  top  ol   the  eight,  il    lh<  re  ||  .me. 

The  vain,.  _:•■  which  the  natural  hue  ol    sight  make* 

with  the  axis  o|   tin-  p  ■ 

The  dispart  i»  the  d  ihe  seml*<li  a  meters  of  the  ind  the 

swell    of    the    :  land        It 

natural  BHf  I  ll  to  the  distance  from  the  n 

lot  he  luv'i"  '    muzzle.  I     • 

J    be 
The    |  r,    oi     'he     ' 

pari    in    rear   of  the    trune  I    by  the  v  • 


I  .    II  \1\      I.—  <>K!>\  \Ni    I 

apply  in  ifc  plane  of  t lit*  muzzle  to  balance  the  gum 

I  freely  "ii  ihe  axis  Or  the  I  rutin  ions. 

The  ha  milt*  of  the  gun  .ire  placed  with  their  centres  over  t  lie  centre  of  gravity 

>l    the    . 

The  6-pounder  fan  and  the  12-potinder  howitzer  have  no  handle*.    The  baa- 
a  heavy  mortar  consists  of  a  elms,  which  is  attached  by  a  bolt  to  the 

if  the  mortar. 

prottvetu   mortar  ia  east  with  a  sale,  which  iiis  into  a  cum  iron  bed  plant, 
10  the  platform. 

To  designate  n  jin'ce  of  Ordnance. 

State  the  kind,  the  calibre,  ( in  inches  if  it  lie  a  foreign  ordnance.  |  the  mat. -rial, 
tlie  weight,  the  Inspector's  initials,  the  number,  the  country  in  which  it  waa 
made,  the  date,  the  place  of  fabrication,  the  founder's  name,  the  name  lasorilted 
in  it.  its  condition  (or  service.  I  lie  kind  of  chamber,  if  any;  whether  it  ha*  a 
vent  piece,  a  lock  piece,  handles;  the  ornaments,  and  any  particular  marks 
which  may  serve  to  identify  it. 


DIMENSIONS    AND     WEIGHTS    OK    GUNS. 


i  > ci  CD        :—; <  r--        :i  ::  o   ^  ■;   ~ 

i  H  uj  c  o  o  -t  »  °   re  i  r'  :i  re  t 

«   HCe  O  ^  CJ  —  CT 


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■•  ■■.  n:i:i.\i.s   TOR   ORDN  INI  E. 

ommonly  called  brtut    consists  ol  M  parti 

.•ml  10  of  tin,  allowing  a  variation  of  < part  oi  tin.  mi  It  ii  mora 

.  r.  much  leaa  »<>  than  tin,  mora  sonorous,  harder,  and  !<•--  •Ba- 
nd much  lea*  ductile  than  either  of  ite  c ponenta.     It- 

low  i-li  color,  with  little  lu 
exhibiting  tpota  of  tin,  which  are  of  a  whitlah  color.    These  spots  Indi- 
M  the  metal;  but  they  seldom  contain  more  than  23  per  cent,  of  tin. 
The  "i  ■  "•  ol  bronze  ia  about  S  ter  than  th<-  mean  of  the 

Be  grai  (lies    i  c   pper  and  tin. 

•  ;.  ml  color,  Inclining  to  yellow;  it  has  a  fine  metallic  lustre, 
ture  exhibits  a  short,  even,  n,  ol  a  silky  appearan 

ductile  and  very  malleable.  The  greater  the  purity  of  copper,  the  more  mallea- 
ble it  ia,  and  the  finer  the  t: r;uH.     Specific  gravity  from  8,600  I 

...  ,  1- ..I  .1  while  color,  a  little  darker  than  silver;   it  1-  malleable,  and 
susceptible  of  being  rolled  into  sheets,  but  it  is  not  very  ductile;  it  1-  \- 
and.  when  benl  backwards  and  forwards,  it  gives  a  peouliar crackling  sound, the 
distinctness  "i  w  hicb  is  in  proportion  to  tl>»-  purity  of  the  tin.    Specific  grai  itj . 

Nitric  arid  dissolves  the  copper  and  converts  the  tin  into 
an  inaoloble  peroxide.     Put  into  a  small  glasi  grains 

<■('  bronze,   111  small  particles,  and  SO  parts  "i    very   pure  nitric 
Beaom&'s  hydrometer  (spec  teat  it  gradually  to  ebullition, 

snd  continue  thai  beat  until  red  vapors  cease  i"  nun-  over.  Let  it  settle;  pour 
..ii  the  liquor,  and  add  i"  the  oxide  of  tin  30  pan-  of  nitric  acid  ;  lei  it  boil  ten 
minutes;  decani  ibe  liquor  again, and  repeat  the  aame operation ;  dilute  the  first 
portion  decanted  with  tw three  limes  n>  volume  "i  water,  and  pass  n  through 

i  nlirr;  do  the  same  with  Ibe  second  and  third  portions.    Then  throw  lh< 

.,1  tin  .  1.  .,  doul  le  filter,  the  two  parts  of  which  are  equal;  wash  the  precipitate 

■  1.  the  iili<r  until  the  water  thai  comes  off  n  .  ires  1  blue  col  r  when 

^  nli  ammonia,  and  does  not  ohange  the  color  of  litmus  paper.  Spread 
the  Alter  on  paper,  and  dry  it  perfectly  in  a  stove  or  sand  bath.  Weigh  it,  add- 
ing tin-  exterior  fillei  t"  the  weights,  in  order  i"  aacertain  the  quantity  "i  perox- 
ni>  ..1  tin  which  remains  on  ibe  upper  filter;    187  pan-  <>i  peroxide  give  100 

1    pure  tin. 

Ii  lend  1-  present,  it  w  ill  be  dissolved  by  the  acid.    To  detect  it  1  aii<-r  the  sol- 
-  cool,  add  sulphate  ol  soda,  in  ordet  lo  preoipitate  ibe  load  in  ibe  state  ol 
an  Insoluble  sulphate,  1 1  ■'■  parts  of  which  1 lain  100  < •  1  lead. 


M  \  I  I  RIAL*.     1  OK    (H1IIN  \M   E. 


Ci.-i  lion. 

See  a!-n  Chaptei  xiv.) 

Iron  for  making  cannon  must  be  of  the  best  quality  ot  charcoal  iron,  made  in 
a  smelling  furnace,  with  a  cold  blast,  and  should  be  selected  particularly  for  its 
strength.  Ii  should  be  soft,  yielding  easily  to  the  file  or  chisel ;  its  fracture  pre 
sealing  an  uniform  appearance;  color,  dark  grey;  aspect,  brilliant ;  crystals  oi 
medium  sise. 

When  cast  into  cannon,  it  should  approach  that  degree  of  hardness  which 
resists  the  file  and  the  chisel,  but  not  ton  hard  to  be  bored  and  turned  without 
great  difficulty,  lis  color  a  bright,  lively  gray  ;  crystal  small,  with  acute  bd{ 
ami  sharp  id  the  touch;  structure  uniform,  close  and  con, pact.  Ii  the  |>iy  iron 
be  too  sort,  coarse  and  loose,  its  strength  and  density  may  be  increased  by 
remelting  it  once  or  twice,  and  by  continuing'  it  in  fusion  several  hours,  under  a 
high  heal. 

But  as  the  quality  of  cast  iron  cannot  be  accurately  determined  by  an  Inspec- 
tion of  its  fracture  alone,  samples  taken  from  the  pig  iron,  and  from  ll 
heads  of  camion  are  submitted  to  practical  tests.     The   mean    specific  gravity  ol 
11  is  '  00 ;  and  us  tenacity  is  about  16,000  pounds  to  the  square  inch. 

The  following  table  shows  some  of  the  results  obtained  in  the  trials  of  sam- 
ples fiom  i:nn  beads  : 


■ 

DAT 

Where  ma 

Kind. 

- 
gravity 

1816. 

ll)«. 

lbs. 

1?  ichmond.  Va. 

Tj-pdr.  S.  C    gun* 

nond,    Va. 

do. 

July 

urgh,   I'.i. 

i  olumbiadt 

Piltcb 

7 

&-inch  navy  gun* 

nber 

West  P.    i:i.  N.  V 

tar- 

bowil 

June    .... 

.'1-pdr.  DO« 

1,471 

.'i-pdr.  gun« 

l     navy  gun* 

guns 

■ 

In  <n  \i\    i.       OftDK  \\<  i  . 

In  in  r i  which  the  quality  i>  nol  known,  ■ 

■  !  io  extremity  with  gunpowder.  Tin-  -mi  ad  tpted  lor  this 
mnder  gun,  ol  tin-  iimo  pattern  h  the  B-pounder  used  for  the 
!  ranee  and  Belgium.     It  it  lircii  witb  the  following  n 

Let.        20  rounds,    3     pounds  ol  powder,        1  ball.  1 

,      ..  ,  g 

10      ••  1.3        ••  ••  3    ••     '  With. mii  wads. 

III..         .'■       •  9  •■  ••  0    ••     | 

Mi.        —      '•         18  '•  '•  13    •'     I 

In  order  lhat  the  iron  shall  be  used  for  ordnance,  the  trial  gun  should  sustain 
the  first  four  series  of  rounds  without  breaking. 


INSPECTION  OF  ORDNANl 

Tnstrunu  nts. 

l    Su  This  is  an  instrument  for  measuring  the  diameter  of  the  bore 

•  i it  at  any  pari. 

Tin-  bead  Is  ol  brass,  with  lour  steel  sockets  for  the  measuring  points.  Two 
oi  the  sockets  are  soldered  fast  into  the  bead;  the  other  two  are  movable. 
The  movable  sockets  and  points  are  pushed  out  by  means  of  two  inclined  cylin- 
ders, which  are  fastened  to  a  stem,  forming  a  conical  tlider.  This  slider  tapers 
in.  in  a  length  oi  3.2  In.;  so  that  by  pushing  the  slider  ili<-  : t r. 1 1 1  part  ol 
ilus  length  (about  .06  in.)  tin-  distance  between  the  movable  points  i>  increased 

.01   in. 

The  slider  i-  connected  with  a  square  steel  rod,  consisting  of  three  parts, 
which  are  screwed  together,  according  to  the  length  of  bore  to  be  measured 
Thia  ro.l  slides  through  s  brass  lube,  which  is  also  made  in  three  pieces. 

ibe  i-  graduated,  in  inches  and  quarters,  commencing  at  the  measuring 
points,  so  as  la  indicate  the  distance  of  the  latter  from  the  muzsle  of  the  gun. 

The  handle  is  "i  wood  attai  bed  io  a  brass  cylinder  or  socket,  through  which 
the  sliding  rod  passes.     In  the  tube  of  the  handle  there  is  a  slit,  on  the  side  ol 

whloh  a  scale  is  marked,  to  indicate  the  movements  of  the  measuring  i its, 

.  j. nut  oi  ibe  lour  lube  lia>  a  mark,  made  on  a  small  plan-  of  silver,  which 
shows  the  place  of  ili<-  aero  on  ihe  scale,  when  the  measuring  points  ar<-  adjust- 
ibe  true  diameter  of  the  bore.     In  tlii-*  poaition  ihe  handle  ia  fixed  on  the 
sliding  r<"l  by  means  "i  a  screw  clamp. 

■  r  each  oalibre,  is  used  Tor  adjusting  the  instrument  i"i  use. 
A   rest,  in  the  lonu  . ii   a  T,  is  placed  in  the  mouth  of  the  gun  to  keep  the 
instrument  in  ihe  axis  ol  the  bore.    Ti»ia  rest  has  three  sides,  which  can  be 
adjusted  to  the  different  sixes  <>i  bore.;  the  upright  branch  is  movable  for  con- 
\  r nee  ■  •!  packing. 


INM'I ■<   I  ION    01     ORDNANCE. 


II 


The  Blar  gauge,  its  point!  and  rest,  are  packed  in  one  box.  anil  the  ring 
gauges  in  another. 

Tfu  cylinder  staff.— Thia  is  a  round  staff,  made  of  mahogany,  or  other  hard 
wood.  Ii  is  in  two  parts,  which  are  joined  together  by  braea  sockets  an. I 
screws  :  each  part  has  also  a  brass  socket  and  screw  at  the  outer  end.  to  receive 
the  ef Under  gauge,  guide  plat*,  mttuntring  point  and  tmreher.  The  stall  is  gra- 
duated, in  inches  and  tenths,  on  a  strip  ol  brass  let  into  it  on  one  side.  These 
graduations  are  arranged  to  read  the  distances  from  the  extremity  of  the  mi 

n r i 1 1  iz  point  when  it  is  screwed  dm  the  stall. 

The  cylinder  staff  is  supported,  at  the  muzzle  of  the  piece,  by  a  half  tompion 
of  wood,  having  in  the  centre  a  groove  of  the  size  of  the  staff.  The  real  for  tin- 
star  gauge  may  be  used  also  for  this  purpose. 

3.-The  cylinder  gauge  is  a  hollow  cylinder  of  wrought  or  east  iron,  turned  to 
tin-  exact  minimum  (or  true)  diameter  of  the  bore.    The  length  of  the  cylinder 

IS  equal  t<>  its  diameter.  It  has  cross  heads  at  right  angles  I"  each  other  ;  one 
with  a  smooth  hole  of  the  same  diameter  as  the  cylinder  stall  :  the  other  lapped 
for  the  screw  of  the  stall'  socket. 

4.  The  searcher  is  used  to  ascertain  whether  there  are  anycaviiies  in  the  bore. 
It  consists  of  four  flat  springs,  about  13  inches  long,  with  sharp  points,  turned 
outward  al  the  end,  attached  tO  a  Socket  on  which  the  cylinder  BtB  Ii    is   screwed. 

6.  The  guide  plate  is  a  circular  iron  plate  0.2  inch  thick,  and  of  the  minimum 
diameter  of  the  bore  :  it  has  a  hole  in  the  centre,  with  a  thread  by  which  it  is 
screwed  lo  the  cylinder  stall ;  it  serves  to  direct  the  measuring  point  to  the  cen- 
tre of  ihe  bottom  of  the  bore. 

6.  Tht  10  ]<">"'    is  screwed  on  the  end  of  the  cylinder   staff,  over  the 
.    plate,  to  measure  the  depth  Of  the   bore  :    il  is  of  iron,  cylindrical  in  shape. 

I  screws  on  the  cud  of  the  statl.  and  tapering  down  to  the  diameter  at 

icll. 

7.  The  lr?iii;no>i  gauge  is  an  iron  ring  ol  the  diameter  of  the  trunnions 
which  imi.i  pn*s  over  them  and  fit  closely.     The  exterior  diamci-  -  "'gc 

I  hat  of  the  rimb. 
e    trunnion    ignore   is    a    double    square    of  wood,  ihe   diets 
whose   I, ranches    js   the   same  BS  that    between   (he    ril  '<  :   in   the 

centre   is    a    pointed    sliding    plate.  With   a   thumb-screw   to   fasten    it:   ihe   lower 
•  *  -I   the  branches,  which  are  shod  with   iron,  are  in  ihe  SUM  plane,  parallel 
ton-  •  dee  of  the  'hat    when   the   square  i«  placed 

With  Minions,  the    up;  •     <"'v 

srallel  to  their  at  h  ha»  also  an  iron  plate  projecting 

perpendicularly  froo  "f  ihe  trunnions.     I- 

■  nam  ihe  position  of  the  trunnions  In  relat  "«'  to 

each  older 

iring   the   diMance  from  the    rear  of  the   ba-e 

nne  i 


19  i  ii  \r.    i     -<>ki>s  w.  i 

10.  C<illi]  i urc  diameters. 

ll    A  •/>!/  •   .  r  instrument*. 

12.  A  u  ooden  r  lengths. 

ra  i\\"  pointed  pieces  of  steel  wire,  0.003  m.  greater  :in<l 

leSS   thH  I  Ik     true  d  : :i  n i.l <•  r  Ol    thfl    N  fill. 

booked  steel  wire*  abool  half  the  diameter  of  the 

Villi 

16.  A  u      •   ./.  shaped  t"  the  form  of  the  bottom  "i  the  bore,  and  furnish- 

ed with  :i  stall  i-  used  to  ascertain  the  interior  position  >»i  the  rent 

i   ir,i.r  tuprr  ;    hi  <  tWHMX. 

1 '.  Rttmmt  ind  priming 

Is.    Flglirt   and  lillii  ttt  imps,  to  iilli\   I  lie  required  marks. 

/    r,  ■  tion  of  Iron  Ordnan  •  - 

Gannon  presented  for  inspection  and  proof,  are  placed  on  skids  for  the  ■••■n- 
venience  of  turning  and  moving  them  easily.  They  nrr  tirst  examined  carefully 
on  lb<  icertain  whether  there  are  any  Bawa  <>r  oracki  In  the  metal, 

whether  they  arc  finished  as  prescribed,  and  in  judge,  as  well  .:-  practicable,  <'i 
the  quality  of  the  metal.  They  must  not  be  covered  with  paint,  lacker,  or  any 
other  composition.  If  it  is  ascertained  that  an  attempt  has  I ><•«.  n  ma. I. •  in  con* 
ceai  any  flaws  or  cavities  by  plugging,  or  filling  them  with  cement,  or  any  sub- 
stance,  the  gun  la  rejected  without  further  examination.  After  this  preliminary 
examination,  x  1  ■ « -  Inspector  proceeds  to  verify  the  dimensions  of  ih<-  piece     The 

ioroft/u  bon   is  Hr.-t  examined  by  reflecting  ili<-  tun's  ray-  into  il  fr the 

mirror  \  <>r.  il  the  sun  is  obscured,  by  a  lighted  wax  taper  or  ■  lamp  placed  on  tin- 
end  of  a  rod  and  inserted  Into  the  bore.  ThessarsAun  is  then  introduced,  and 
puahed  slowly  m  ihe  bottom  of  t t » « -  bore  and  withdrawn,  turning  il  at  the  same 
time;  ii  one  ol  the  i its  bang,  the  position  of  the  hole  i-  marked  on  the  out- 
side "i  ihe  --; u u  by  noticing  its  distance  from  the  mussle  and  its  position  in  ili<- 
bore;  ih<-  size  and  figure  of  the  cavitj  are  i<>n n.l  i>\  taking  an  impression  of  it 
in  toss  placed  on  the  end  i>i  a  book.  The  ovUtubi  Ar""-''-  screwed  on  the  >iaii", 
i>  then  pushed  gently  to  the  !•« >t t « > tu  of  the  cylindrical  pan  of  ili>-  bora  and  with- 
drawn; ii  must  go  the  bottom  <>r  the  bora  la  mo  small. 

The  bon  of  tht  pieee  i-  then  measured  with  the  star  gauge  The  measure- 
ments should  be  made  al  Intervals  >>i  !  inch  In  the  part  of  1 1 j < -  i">rr  occupied  by 
the  shot  ai  intervals  of  1  Inch  in  the  rest  of  the  i»t<'  in  rear  of  the  Irunniona, 
and  "i  about  l  calibre  from  ili«-  Irunniona  to  ili<-  mussle 

tition  ,<t   tin  trunnions.  Willi    regard  tO  the   nxis  of  the  bora  and  |0  ••:i.-li 

.-  next  ascertained. 
To  verify  tht  position  of  the  axis  of  tht  trunnions:  set  the  trunnion  square  on 
the  irunniona,  and  s.-.-  thai  the  lower  edges  ol  Its  branches  touch  them  through- 
out Iheii  whole  length ;  push  the  slide  down  till  ii  touches  Ihe  surface  ol  the 


INSPECTION    OF    ORDNANCE.  \'y> 

piece,  nnd  secure  it  in  thai  position  by  the  thumb-screw;  turn  the  :ini  over, 
nml  apply  i tie  trunnion  square  to  the  opposite  side,  nnd  if,  when  the  point  "i  the 
slide  touches  the  surface  of  the  piece,  the  lower  edges  of  the  branches  rest  on 
the  trunnions,  the  axis  of  the  trunnions  is  in  the  same  plane  with  the  axis  ol 
the  bore;  if  they  do  not  touch  the  trunnions,  their  axis  i^  above  the  axis  "f  the 
bore  by  half  the  apace  between  ;  and  if  the  edges  touch  the  trunnions,  and  the 
point  of  the  slide  duo  not  touch  the  surface  of  the  piece,  their  axis  is  below  the 
;im»  i  !  the  bore.  It  the  alignment  of  the  trunnion*  !>e  accurate,  the  edges  of 
the  trunnion  square  Will  lit  on  them  when  applied  to  different  parts  of  their  sur- 
f;ice  ;  their  diameter  and  cylindrical  form,  and  the  diameter  of  the  rimbases,  are 
verified  with  the  trunnion  gauge. 

Tn  ascertain  the  length  of  the  bore,  screw  the  guide  plate  and  measuring  point  on 
the  cylinder  stall",  and  push  them  to  the  bottom  of  the  bore;  place  a  half  tampion 
'i  the  muzzle,  and    rest    the   stalfin  its  groove;    apply  a  St  to  the  face 

ol  the  muzzle,  and  read  the  length  of  the  bore  on  the  stall".  The  exterior  lengths 
are  measured  by  the  rule,  or  by  a  profile,  the  accurary  of  winch  is  l'n>t  verified. 
The  exterior  diameters  are  measured  with  the  callipers  and  graduated  rule.  The 
position  of  the  interior  orifice  of  the  rent  is  found  from  the  mark  made  on  the 
rammer-head  by  the  vent  gauge  inserted  in  the  vent,  while  the  rammer-head  is 
held  against  the  bottom  of  the  bore — two  impressions  are  taken.  The  position 
ol  the  exterior  orifice  of  the  Tent  is  aNo  verified.  The  Mlft  is  examined  with 
gauges  and  with  the  vent  searcher,  to  ascertain   if  there  arc  any  cavities  in  it. 

In    mortars,  the   dimensions  of  the   conical  chambers,   and   the  form  of  the  I   ■ 

may  be  verified  with  patterns  made  of  plate  iron.     After  the  powder  proof,  the 
bore  i»  washed    and   wiped   clean,  and   the   bore   and  vent   are   again   I 
and  the  bore  remeasured.    Tin-  re-ults  of  each  oi"  the  measurements  and  exam- 
inations are  noted  on  the  Inspection  report  against  the  number  of  the  tun 


1 1 


"Kl>\ 


VARIATIONS     \1  I  -'U  I  1>    in     1  III     DIMENSIONS   01     IRON    ORDNANCE. 


In    l  hi 


A  \l  !    . 


0,1 


i  More  than  the  prescribed  d 
i  Leu  [ban  the  prescribed  diameter. 
Where  lamed,  more  or  less 


,  Where  n<'t  turned,    ,  ,^__ 

I  Of  i  in-  bore,  more  or  less 

|  Prom  ri-iir  of  base  ring  i"  face  of  muszle, 

more  or  lea* 

e  breech,  including  cascable,  more  or 

less 

[5  1  in  Of  the  base  ring,  mora  or  less 

.•  reinforce,  more  or  less 

<  If  the  chase,  including  the  inuxzle,  m 

less 

From  rear  of  trunnions  to  rear  ol  base  ring 

more  or  less,  in  different  pieces 

In    phi  raa  f  above  I  bo  axis  of  the  bore 

.  low  the  axis  of  the  bore 

1  more 


In     1  III.    1.1  KG  1  n    "i      I  Hi:    I  BtlNMUNS. 


I  lee 


I  liameter  "i  trunnions,  less. . . 

In  tin-  distant  1  tbc  rimbases,  less. 


In  t)  •  no  variation  is  allowed  In  the  position  or  in 

the  slignmeni  ol  the  trunnions. 

I  . .  1  more 

1  Diametei 
.  i  ess 

In    1  m     \  1  n  r , ,  '  . 

iti 1  exterior  orifice,  Mi<>r<-  nr  less. . 

I  Position  "i  Interior  orifice  ess. . 

in  the  bore  or  venl 

I  On  1  

I  iiiii  01   1  avi  in  s  ;  <  >ii  the  truunions,  within  one  Inch  of  the 

rimbnse* 

the  in ions  elsewhere 

/»  t/ir  eproiiwUe  no  variation  is  allowed. 


Inchea 

•  - 

.mi 

.111 

.05 

.in 

.In 

.in 

.23 

.15 

.in 

.10 

.18 

.(in 

.mi 

.10 

.10 

.'U 

1 

.20 

in 

.in 

whole  exterior  surfaces  of  ir.m  guns,  columblads,  and   b< 
tamed  In  I  dressed  smooth  In  the  parts  which  cannot  be  lamed. 


i\si'F.<  iion    OF    owns  \\<  i  15 


Inspection  of  Brass  Ordnance. 

cannon  are  measured,  and  their  dimension!  recorded,  as  prescribed  foi 
iron  cannon.     Tin  exterior  form  and  dimensions  are  verified  by  the  application 
.-Hi  .mi  of  (heel  iron,  of  the  exact  shape  of  a  longitudinal  section  <>i 
the  piece.     All  brass  ordn  pt  stone  mortars,  should  be  bored  under 

from  .04  to  .05  inch,  and  after  proof  reamed  oul  to  the  exact  calibre.  When 
the  powder  proof  is  finished  the  l>orc  should  t>e  cleaned  and  examined ;  the 
veni  should  then  be  --topped  with  a  greased  wooden  plug,  the  muzzle  rail 
and  the  gun  tilled  with  water,  to  which  pressure  shall  be  applied  to  lone  ||  into 
nay  cavities  that  exist;  or  the  water  shall  be  allowed  10  remain  in  the  bore 
about  -U  hours.  Tnt  ban  must  then  lie  sponged  dry  and  clean,  and  viewed 
with  the  mirror  or  candle,  to  discover  if  any  water  oozes  from  cracks  i  r  cai 
and  also  if  any  enlargement  has  taken  place.  The  quantity  of  water  that  runs 
oul  of  a  crack  or  honey-comb  will  indicate  the  extent  of  the  defect,  and  if  ii 
■  eds  a  f\:w  drops,  the  gun  should  be  rejected,  although  the  measured  depth 
of  the  cavity  ma)  n<  i  exceed  the  allowance.     If  the  watei  I   between 

the  ■  ■  ind  the  metal  oi  the  gun,  a  new  vent  piece  must  and 

the  gun  i  ed  with  one  charge,  and  the  water  prool   repeated.     Aiht 

the  bore  lias  been    reamed  out  to  the  proper   size,  its  ditnent 
lied,  and   an   examination    of  the   !>ore    and   vent    is    made  to   dell 
which  may  have  been  caused  or  developed  by  the  proof.     Whitish  .<;   I    • 

i  of  the  tin   from  the  copper,  and,  if  extensive,  should  condemn   the 
I   variation  from   the  trtte  weight,  which  lh< 
unl  lor,  si,  eel   In  the  alloy.     Any  attempt  to  con-  • 

filling  them  with  screws,  or  by  any  other  methods,  should  ■ 
the  i 

tor  the  following 
ior. — Any  I  :  the  trunnions,  and  0.2 

inch  deep  :>t  or  behind  the  trunnl 

■  v  0.1 5  inch 
■  i  i he  1" iltom  of  i he  !■■ 


|0  (  ii  IF     i        ORDIH  \n<  i 

ALLOWED    in     Mil     D1MBM8IOOT    "1     BRASS    0RDXA1 

Inch. 

0.1 

i  mora 

.go 

08 

80 

i  mora 

Diameter  of  real j  ,,._ „„ 

i  mora 00 

h-Ict  Of  trunnion-.    (  ,,._,- 

•  more "' 

'.rum i».  .  .    (  |(-_ 

^  i   a  axis  of  the  gun 

■  :,  1. 1  trannki   -    .  «•  the  ash  of  the  gan .90 

(  miu  of  align raenl 

Distance  from  rear  nf  i>a-.-  ring  t  i  r.-.ir  of  Iran n ion l" 

eaa "I 

length  from  the  baaa  ring  <"  the  muasle,  more  or  leat 10 

Position  "f  mouldings,  more  or  leu 10 

Any  exterior  diameter,  from  tli<-  base  rin-  to  the  muxale  Inclusive,  and 

diameter  of  rlmbasee,  more  or  less W 

l,.  .Hid  knob,  more  nr  less 

A  proper  discretion  must  I zeroised  in  the  inspection  ol  ordnance;   luoh 

•light  Imperfections  as  do  not  Injure  ■  piece  for  service  maybe  disregarded, 
whilst  the  Instructions  should  l>e  strictly  enforced  with  regard  lo  defeats  which 
npair  ii>  utility. 

ri;<  >OF  OF  ORDNANCE. 

>,  ii,i)>(jir,/,r  for  proving  ordnance  should  be  of  the  best  quality,  ranging  not 

leas  than  230  \  .ir.l~  by  the  epr itlej  it  should  be  pi  ived  immediately  before 

ed,  unlesail  shall  have  been  proved   within  one  >«•< r  previously,  and 

-   d  to  suspect  that  it  has  become  deteriorated. 

•  |- 1 , .-  r  ire  made  of  woollen  stun",  <>r  of  paper,  the  full  diameter  ol 

bamber.    They  ;>r<-  (tiled  by  weight,  and  If  noi  iill«-<l  si  the  !'!:>.•<• 

yrhere  the  guns  are  proved,  aaoh  bag  should  be  enveloped  In  a  paper  cylinder 

.in.l  oap(  marked  with  iii<-  weight  of  powder  and  n»  proof  ran-.'. 

,.,t  musi  be  imooth,  firee  from  seams  and  other  Inequalities  that  might 
luJ„r,.  ;  sud  they  must  be  of  the  true  dlsmeter  given  In  the 

lables. 
The  isasti  are  made  ol  junk,  as  described  in  Ckapti  i  V 


PROOF    OF    OHDNA>  I? 

PROI  IF  OB  [RON  ORDNANI  1. 

(imiy   and   howitzer*  are   laid  with  the  muzzle  resting  on  a  block-  of  wood  and 
the  breech  on  the  ground,  or  on  a  thick  plank,  giving  the  bore  a  .-mall  elevation. 
■•»  are  mounted  on  strung  wooden  (rames  or  beds,  at  an  elevation  of  15°, 
supported  by  the  trunnions. 

In  proving  iron  ordnance,  after  pricking  the  cartridge,  prime  with  pov. 
a  lube,  and   place  over  the   vent    a    piece  of  portlire,  set  in    clay  or  putty,  long 
10   permit  the    man   who   lires   it  to   reach   a    place  "I   safety  before  the 
charge  explodes. 

Prom  charges  for  Iron   Guns. 

Flits  i  and  sr.c"\D  rounds. — A  charge  of  powder  equal  to  one-half  ol  th< 
of  the  shot  :   tvu  shut  and  one  wad. 

Third  round. — A  charge  of  powder  equal  to  one-third  of  the  weight  of  the 
shot  ;  one  shut  and  one  wad, 

In  proving  new  guns,  a  compound  shot,  or  a  cylinder  with  hemispherical  ends, 
of  the  true  diameter  of  the  shot,  and  equal  in  weight  to  the  two  sh"t,  shall  be 
used  instead  of  them. 

The  wad   is  placed  over  the  cylinder  or  the   upper  hall,  the  whole   beil 
led. 

1  any  oi  the  guns  proved  at  one  time  fail  to  sustain  the  above  proof,  the 

remainder   shall  be  again  fired  tvirr  with  a  charge  of  powder  equal  to  One-half  ol 

•j  lii  of  the  shot,  one  shot  and  one  v,nl  ;  and  if,  in  either  or  both  of  these 

rtk  of  the  whole  number  ol  guaa  should  fail,  the  whole  shall  be 

:ed. 

(nhrr  non  ordnance  arc  fired  with  the  following  char.' 


imbiads. 

[0-inch. —  M  round     20  lbs.  of  powder,  strapped  ne  wad 

I  ihe  shot. 

Be  10-inch  shell  stra| 

-  hell  strappi 


// 

rapped 

shot,  and  ■ 

2 


I  **  <  ii  \r.    l.  —  ORDNANI  i 

&~ituk.—3  rounds,  with  I  lbs.  of  powder,  one  B-Incb  shot  ami  one 
wad  over  the  shot 

unds,   with  n   lbs.  of  powder,  one  24-pdr.   strapped 
shi  i.  and  one  wad  over  the  -hot. 

Mortar 8. 

i     -inch. — 2  rounds,  with  20    !!•-.  of  powder,  and  <>ne  13-inch  -hot. 

Hkavi  ...  (  ](i./„r/,. — 2  rounds,  with  10    lbs.  of  powder,  and  one  10-inch  shot. 

•     '-inr/i. — 2  rounds,  with    5    lbs.  of  powder,  and  one  10-inch  shot. 

'  ' '  ,    8-iticU. — '.'  rounds,  wiili    2\  lbs.  of  powder,  and  one    B-inch  shot. 

Should  any  coiurabiad,  howitzer,  it  mortar,  fail  i"  sustain  the  above  pi 

inder  of  ii  '  at  'l"'  same  lime  shall  i  e  again  lir.'ci  twice  with  the 

and  if,  i"  either  or  both  of  these  trials.  ont-Jburth  of  tin-  whole 
number  should  Tail,  the  whole  shall  be  rejected. 

Tin-  water  proof,  as  described  i< >r  l>ra.--  cannon,  must  also  lie  applied 
sionally  i<>  iron  cannon,  at  tin-  discretion  "i  the  inspector. 

Tin-  bore  and  vent  ami  the  exterior  surface  of  every  piece  which  is  approved, 
should  he  well  covered  with  sperm  oil  immediately  after  the  inspection. 


PROOF  OF  BEASS  ORDNANCE. 

They  are  mounted  on  appropriate  carriages  or  beds,  and   fired  three  times: 
.■I  howitzer*  at  an  elevation  ol  5°,  mortart  at  an  elevation  "i   I 
the  following  chai 

Field  Guns. 

A  charge  of  powder  equal  t<>  •  ne-thirdai  the  weight  of  the  shot,  «>ir  shot  ami 
one  wad. 

Howitzi  />. 

K  -     Of  powder,  one  strapped  s|;.  I   and  one  wad. 

2]  II.-.  ol'  powder,  one  strapped  slid  ;iml  one  wad. 

(  p.-.pdr.—  \\  lbs.  of  powder,  one  -trapped  shot  ami  one  wad. 
•  in.  12-pdr. — i  lb.  of  powder,  one  strapped  shot  and  one  wad. 

Mortar 8. 

lb.— 2]  lbs.  oi   powder,  bovered  by  a  wooden  t pion,  2  inches 

thick;  a  basket  filled  with  alternate  layer-  .i  stones  and  earth,  weighing  100 
lbs. 


PSOOF.— INJURIES    IN    SERVICE.  H* 

CoBHORH,  21-pdr. — J  ll>.  of  powder   and  one  24-pdr.  shot. 

In  proving  brass  cannon  In  service, or  after  ihey  have  been  bored  10  the  propei 
calibre,  the  sln't  should  lie  wrapped  in  cloth  or  strong  paper  to  save  the  bore  as 
much  as  possible  from  Injury. 

MARKS. 

All  cannon  are  required  to  he  weighed  and  to  be  marked  as  follows,  viz:  the 
number  <>f  the  gun,  and  the  initial?  of  the  inspector's  name,  on  the  face  ol  the 
muzzle;  the  numbers  in  a  separate  series  for  each  kind  and  calibre  at  each 
foundry;  the  initial  letters  of  the  name  of  the  founder  and  of  the  foundry,  on 
the  end  of  the  right  trunnion  ;  the  year  of  fabrication  on  the  end  ot  the  lelt  trun- 
nion ;  the  foundry  number  on  the  end  of  the  right  rim  base,  above  the  trunnion  . 
the  weight  of  the  piece  in  pounds  on  the  base  of  the  breech  ;  the  letter  - 
the  upper  surface  of  the  piece,  near  the  end  of  the  reinforce. 

The  natural  line  of  sight,  when  the  axis  of  the  trunnions  is  horizontal,  should 
be  marked  on  the  base  ring  and  on  the  swell  of  the  muzzle,  whilst  the  piei 
in  the  trunnion  lathe. 

Cannon   rejected  on  inspection  are  marked  X  C  on  the  face  of  the  muzzle     il 
condemned   for  erroneous   dimensions  which  cannot  be  remedied,  add  X  I 
by  powder  proof,  X  P:  if  by  water  proof.  X  W. 


INJURIES  CAUSED  BY  SERVICE. 

Brass  cannon   are  little  subject  to  external  injury,  except  from  the  ben 
the  trunnions  sometimes  after  long  service  or  heavy  ch;n 

Internal  injuries  are  caused  by  the  action  of  the  elastic  fluids  developed  in  the 
combustion  of  the  powder,  or  by  the  action  oi  the  shf>t  in  passing  out  ol  the 
bore.     These  effects  generally  increase  with  the  calibre  of  the  pit 

(II    the    first    kind,   which   exhibit   themselves    in    rear   of    the    ihot,   -'ire:     Tht 
■it, n  of  the  bore  by  the  compression  of  the  metal,  which  is  seldon 

/rrosion  of  metal,  particularly  at  the  angles,  such  as  Uie  inner  orifice 
of  the  vent,  ot  the  mouth  ol  a  cylindrical  chamber:  cracks,  from  the  yielding  of 
the  cohesion  of  the  metal  j  cavities,  cracks  enlarged  by  the  action  of  the  u 
by  the  melting  of  the  metal;  observable  especially  in  the  up.  i   of  the 

bore. 

Injur  i  1    kind,  which  appear  in  front  of  the  ■•■:     Th* 

lodgment  „f  the  met,  a  oompn  e  metal  on  the  k 

I   the  fluid  |  ihe  top 

of  the    shot.     There   is  a  cor-  :   Ore  lodgment,  and  the 

■ 

three    in    r.' 


ill  IP.    l    —  <u;i>\  \\>  i 

•-'.  .11  ibe  upper  side.  :\  little  In  advance  of  the  trunnions;  die  second,  on 

til  the  astragal  J  the  third,  in  the  upper  part  of  the   mu 

-  chiefly  from  t In*,  cause  that  brass  [runs  become  unserviceable:  the  extent  of 

ibe  length  of  the  bore.    Scratches  caused  by  the 

roken  shot,  <>r  ibe  roughness  of  an  imperfect  one:  enlargement 

<•  muscle  by  the  >i r: k i ml.-  of  the  shot  In  leai  iml'  the  b 

tudinal  —  | > 1 1 1 — .  caused  by  too  great  a  compression  of  the  metal  on  the  inte- 

Thc  durabilty  of  brass  cannon  may  be  much  increased  by  careful  use,  and  l>y 
the  precautions  of  increasing  the  lr>i«th  of  the  cartridge,  or  that  of  the  sabot,  or 
using  a  wad  over  tkt  cartridge,  in  order  to  change  the  place  of  tin-  shot ;  by 
tfu  that  in  woollen  or  <>tk,r  cloth,  <>r  I"  paper,  so  as  to  diminish  the 
windage  and  the  bounding  "I  the  shot  in  the  hurt-.  In  field  gnus,  both  hmss  anil 
iron,  the  paper  cap,  which  in  taken  "if  from  tin'  cartridge  should  always  be  put 
over  the  shot. 

/     .  cannon  arc  subject  to  the  above  defects    in  a  ■  than  It^-. 

;.t   the  corrosion  of  the  metal,  by  which  tin-  vent  especially  is  rendered 

unserviceable  from  enlargement.    The  principal  cause  of  injury  in  iron  cannon 

i-  in.  i  the  metal,  producing  a  roughness  and  enlargement  of  the  bore 

and  an  increase  ol  any  cavities  or  honey  cohi'k  which  may  exist  in  the  metal. 

Tin-  service  to  which  an  iron  cannon  baa  been  subjected  may  generally  lie 
determined  by  the  appearance  of  the  rent. 

Spiking  and  unspiking  cannon,  and  rendering  them  unserviceable. 

.(r  'i  ji.'rrr  ur  render  it  unserviceable:  Drive  Into  the  rent  a  jagged  and 
hardened  steel  spike  with  a  soft  point,  <>r  a  nail  without  a  head  ;  break  il  <>il 
flush  wiih  the  oilier  surface  and  clinch  the  point  inside  by  means  of  the  rammer. 
Wed-,-  a  shot  Hi  the  bottom  of  the  '"'re  by  wrapping  it  with  felt,  or  by  means  of 

iron    Wedges,    using    the   rammer  or   a    bar  Of  iron   to   drive   iheni    in;   a    wooden 
ily  burnt   by  means  of  a  charcoal  lire  lighted  with  the   :i 

use  shells  to  hiir-i  iii  the  bore  of  brass  ^uns,  or  lire  broken  shot 

I'rnin  them  with  high  charges.     Fill  a  piece  with  sand  over  the  charge  to  hurst  it. 

.  piece  against  another,  muzzle  to  muzzle,  or  the  muzzle  of  one  to  the 

the  other.     Light  a  lire  under  the  chase  of  a  !>r.i^-  gun,  and  strike  on  it 

with  ■    'end  ii.     Break  off  the  trunnions  of  Iron  guns,  or  hurst  i  hem  by 

them  with  heavy  charges  anil  lull  of  shot,  at  a  high  elevation.    .-. 
When  guns  are  in  he  spilced  tempora  lily,  and  are  likely  t"  lie  nlaken,  a  spring 

-  used,  having  a  shoulder  to  prevent  its  heiui:  loo  easily  extracted. 
To  //  li'  the  spike  is  not  screwed    in  or  clinched,  and  the  liorc  is 

not  Impeded,  hut  in  a  charge  of  powder  of  one-third   the  weight  of  the   shot   and 

ram  junk  wads  over  it  with  a  handspike,  laying  on  the  botto f  the  bore  a  strip 

>!    wood,  with  a  grOOre  on  the  under  side,  contain  in :_'  a  strand  6f  quick  match  by 


PRESERVATION    OF    ORDNANI  I  .  21 

which  fire  is  communicated  to  the  charge  j  in  n  brass  gun,  lake  oul  somi 
metal  at  the  tinker  orifice  of  the  vent  and  pour  sulphuric  n < •  i <J  into  the 

i . > r  some  I rs  before  Bring.  If  this  method,  several  tunes  repeated,  is  do)  suc- 
cessful, unscrew  the  vent  piece,  if  it  be  a  brass  gun,  and  if  an  iron  one,  drill  out 
the  spike,  or  drill  a  new  vent. 

To  drive  out  a  shot  wedged  >>i  the  bote:  Unscrew  the  vent  piece,  if  there  be  one, 

and  drive  in  wedges  SO   R8   10   start  the   shot   forward,  then    ram  it  hack  again    in 

order  to  seize  the  wedge  with  a  hunk  :  or  pour  in  powder   ami   (ire  it.  all,  p   re- 

_    the   vent  piece.      In    the    last    resort,  bore   a    hole    in    the   bottom  of  the 

breech:  drive  oul  the  shot,  and  slop  the  hole  with  a  screw. 

Preservation  of  Ordnance. 

Cannon  should  be  placed  together,  according  to  kind  and  calibre,  on  skid-  ol 
stone,  iron,  or  wood,  laid  on  hard  ground,  well  rammed  and  covered  with  a  layer 
of  cinders,  or  of  some  other  material,  lo  prevent  vegetation. 

0~un*  and  long  howitzers. — The  pieces  should  rest  on  tin'  -kids  in  Iront  of  t  lie 
base  mi::  and  in  rear  of  the  astragal:  the  axis  inclined  at  an  angle  Ol 
degrees  with  the  hoi  izon.  the  muzzle  lowest  :  the  trunnions  touching  each  oilier. 
or  if  space  is  wanting  for  that  arrangement,  the  trunnion  of  one  piece  may  resl 
on  the  adjoining  piece,  so  that  the  axis  of  the  trunnions  is  inclined  about  ^.V 
with  a  horizontal  line:  the  vent  down.  Stopped  With  a  greased  wooden  plug,  or 
with  putty  or  tallow,  If  circumstances  require  it,  the  pieces  may  be  piled  in 
two  tiers,  with  skidding  placed  between  them,  exactly  over  those  which 
the  ground  :  the  muzzles  of  both  tiers  in  the  same  direction  and  their  axe-  pre- 
serving the  same  inclination. 

8hort  hoirit z<i  I  inul  mortars. — '  'n   thick   planks,  standing  on  their  muz/ 
trunnion-  touching,  the  vents  stopped. 

Iron  ordnance  should  be  covered  on  the  exterior  with  a  lacker  imperi 

SAPTEB  VII  i;  the  bore  and  the  \  cut  should   be  greased  with  H 

ofot/and  tallow,  or  of  tallow  and  beeswax  melted  together  and  boiled  to  expel  the 

water.    Tin1  lacker  should  I  ■  ii-n  as  requisite,  and  i 

The  lacker  and  greaM  Should  I  e  applied  in  hot  weather. 
The  cannon  should  be  frequently  in-| ■• 


ORDNANCE  ON  COUNTB 

Thematen.il-  forth)   '  are  been  collected,  wilufen 

from  ti  ■  -  of  artillery  in  England,  France,  Belgium,  1  ad  Aus- 

tria, and  lr.  inda  obtained  in  Russia  and  Sweden. 


<  ii  ip.    i.  —  <>i;n\  \\>  i 

gbll  are  given  in  i Mir  OWU  nteaSDn 

Tin-  column  ik  vliciws  the  length  from  the  n-.cr  of  the  hue  ring 

the  Isngi  ■    ineludea  the  ohamber,  when  not 

otherwise  mentioned. 

In  England,  France,  Belgium  nnd  SwssUn,  howitsera  and  mortars  take  theft 
denomination!,  aa  with  ua,  from  tin'  diameter  "i  the  l">r<-.  or  from  tin-  calibre  ol 
i  corresponding  bore;  in  Austria  and  Prussia,  from  the  weight  of  a  atone 
ball  ol"  the  <-alil>re  of  the  bore  ;  in  Russia,  from  the  true  weight  *>i  tin-  shell. 


l  ORBIOM    ORDN  \N(  B. 

Ordnance  of  Fori  ign  Countries. 


28 


'■  MION. 


i.i  SB.— 


MAXETBR 

'II    inn,. 


I|.|WI7. 


I.i  IW 


Inch. 

11.80 
B.80 

;.!>u 

l.'M 


114 


6.72 
8.14 
6.14 
6.14 
6.14 


Length. 


rior. 


Inch. 


114. 


■ 
4.06 

3.63 

2.80 

1.92 


' 


Bore. 


Inch.      U>». 


7,280 


2,700 

a 


74.66     2,000 
50.61     1,844 


1,612 


..,*  N 


Length. 

1    Nl. 

Bore. 

Inch. 

In  b. 

100. 

1 1 2. 

110. 

130. 

100. 

96 

U  1.6 

114. 

114. 

L07. 

114. 

1"'.'. 

108. 

114. 

107.41 

108. 

101.46 

101.76 

102, 

102. 



80. 

M.44 

^4. 

In-'. 

72. 

4-S. 

u 

Lh8. 

6,750 

4.700 
2.350 

J.s,„l 

2.609 
1.900 


2,350 


4.100 
900 


•J  I 


i  HAP      I.  R  DNANCB. 


iCK. 

48-pdr... 

I -I  pdr... 
6-pdr!!! 
I  12-pdr... 

|  36-pdr... 

30-pdr... 

Long  - 1 

.  Ip'lr... 
I.  ii _:  18-p  lr... 
Short  18-pdr... 
I, 'in-  12-pdr... 
_j.li... 
Long  >^-]"lr  ■•- 
Bhorl    B-pdr... 

gbon   6-pdr... 


30-pdr.. 
24-pdi . 
18-pdr.. 
12-pdr. 


[ucb. 


6.011 
-1  I7fi 

6.0.4 

4.778 
4.77.-. 

I. IT.' 
1.17.-. 

:■..;:•« 


10-ln 


ntin... 
ni  in . 


IIi.wn7.tiis. — 

(Old     B-ln  

.\  _j<i-iitiii... 

(iiia     (.-in 

I  ill. I.-  .\.  »  l.'  centm... 
(  n.  w  16-ceotm... 
•  mi.  12-centin... 


VI. ,1.7  ■ 


(■-.".'-oMitm.. 


.•mm... 

■ 


15.9  '1 


I     u 


[neb.    lnli.    In.  Ii. 


4.IV41 

i  .  ;  i 
1  064 
4.064 


7. -4  s 

4.021 
4.021 

,,,  ;i 

.",.7^'J 
6.264 

4.020 
4.020 


162.17 

1  22.34 
116.4- 
104.24 

72.49 


Ini  Ii. 


B.703     - 

■ 

52.00 
i. .Ill 
6.439     6.392     90.29 

i.7. .'.4 


12.661 
L0.712 


16.70 




121.53 
117.28 

llMI.Jl 


LU. 


1. 1   • 
1,279 


7 1  21  ■ 
81.90 


17.46 

ll.in 
26.70 


1.1 -J 

700 
1,961 
1.281 

221 


2,922 
2,206 

164 
1.617 


III. 

Kxte- 

rior. 

116.18 

110.91 

104.01 

1 1.  J.I  Ml 

•••  .81 

87.42 

86.11 

16.71 

41.71 

124.00 

110.84 

92J21 

98.08 

M.21 

FOREIGN      ORDN.WT.. 


25 


gn  Ordnance. 


\TION. 


DtANl  TEB 

'1     BALL. 


IIi-1. 


Field 


'Ill 

c-  . i I  12-pdr. 

I8~pdr. 


Mown. 


^-in 

1  * »  in 


4.722 

4.722 

:..ni 


Iii'  li. 


4.616 

• 
5.860 
7.813 


1. 1  \ . 
Mountain,  < 


Ro*n  r, 

■ 


1-T.rlr. 

18-pdr. 

12-pdr. 
I8>pdr. 

7  - ( ■•  I  r . 

<-l"1r. 


10.791 
7.081 

11.47.'. 


Low 
gauge 


Inch. 


5.214 

7.720 


r^.rlr. 
24  |»lr. 


rior. 


Inrh. 


31.37 

J 


Inch. 


116.34 
119.48 


29.41 

77.71 


? 


1,045 

1.111 


Length. 


r ii>r. 


Inch. 


421 
1.141 


111.85 


5 


K4.17 
18.18 


111. 


32.44 


• 


26 


<  ii  a  I*.    I.  —  <u;i>\  \\<  i 


/'     ■in  Ordn 


■ 
5 

g 

- 
Q 

MAMKTI.Il 
OP  11A1.L. 

l  LTIOV. 

Eigh 

I.mW 

gauge 

I 

A 

u 

S 

Lbs. 

U  i 

nor. 

— 

PKU8SIA— Continued. 

7-[«lr ... 
10-pdr... 
26-pdr... 

Inch. 

4.618 

8.906 
11.184 
16.464 
11.120 

2.096 

6.426 

:..'.'T  ■: 
6.44S 
6.887 

8.242 
1.843 
4.888 
6.109 
7.688 

4.084 

18.160 

6, 

7.700 

9. 

10.760 

8.786 
6.112 

L791 
6.112 

11.264 

1 1 .25 I 

1  •-'>:,;, 

Inch. 

I  DCh. 

Inch. 

• 
t 

80.61 

Inch. 
6.21 

16.97 

21  ■ 

Inch. 

83.00 

51.00 
82.70 
104.00 
11  LOO 
126.00 
129.00 
186.00 

92.00 
116X0 

81.70 
74.00 

Inch. 
21.66 

Lbs. 

4.678 
11.102 

4.4'.o 

B.710 
10.978 

1 . 1  _-  • 
2,166 

BOKBCaI                             .'.'i-|„lr... 

BU881  \ 

11.102 

4.610 

1.610 
6.800 
6.860 
6.820 

8J  I" 
4.700 
I  700 

7.676 

8.920 
9.670 
13.060 

■i  922 

:;  687 
i  674 

B.766 
11.114 

11  114 

2  880 

1660 
6.210 
6.784 
6.240 

8100 

1  660 
6.916 

7.470 

:;  890 
12.050 

6.916 

7.471', 
B  B20 

4.628 
6.024 

5.924 

11.021 
11.021 
12.698 

51.18 
74.64 

802 

48.00 
79.00 

118.00 
121.15 
127.70 

21.88 

87.00 
110.00 

77.78 

70.00 

Field, 

12-pdr". 

3-pdr... 

6-pdr... 
12-pdr... 
Ig-pdr... 
-4-jxl  r ... 
30-pdr... 

■  J1 

and  |;:ir- 

100.00 
108.76 
119.70 

8,492 
4,814 

HOWITBOU  (Likorna). 

[    8-pdr... 

.....   |  10-pdr... 

1  tow>    10-pdr... 

1  20-pdr... 

si--^'-  and  garrison,  40  pdr... 

B  pdr... 

80-pdr... 

200-pdr... 

•. . — 

40-pdr... 

06  pdi    . 

\\   1  LI   N 

i,i  \-.—                              .",-|Mlr... 

Held    '    '   l"h '- 
1"1'1   i  L2-pdr... 

1 8-pdr... 

24-pdr... 

i  80-pdr... 

Bh,P»(30-pdr... 

Hoirmi ; 

Ki.1,1  «  '  1Ji",r" 
*"'''•'  [24-pdr... 

1 1  r 

s 

■ 

Q 
■    Z    ■ 

a> 
> 

3 
X 

M  1 

28.37 

12.88 
60.84 

63.90 

7.oo 
14,60 
18.81 

240 

707 

780 

1,600 

8,170 

■:•■ 
1,811 

1,676 

1,987 
4,900 

5,600 

816 

t 

58.77 
68.39 

39.04 
52.84 

29.28 

14.66 

I 

I      ht,       D  m   ,.. 

•J. loo 
4,800 

11-ln 

-  Attached  t<>  a  stock.       f l:'  '  with  a  bad  plate,       )  Nut  chambered. 


(  '  ii    \   r  I  i    i:      S  i    C  0  N  D 


SHOT  AND  SHELLS. 

NOMENCLATURE,    DIMENSIONS,    WEIGHTS 

Diameters  of  Gauges  for  Shot  and  Shi  lis. 


13-in. 
In. 

12-iD. 

10-in. 

8-in 

42 

32 
In. 

24 
In. 

18 

In. 

12 
In. 

9 

In. 

In. 

4 

In. 

8 

In. 

1 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

11.90 

9.90 

7.90 

6.27 

5.70 

1.13 

l  M 

Small, 

J  now .... 
|  old 

12.80 

11.  84 

g  m 

i 

7.80   6.76 

6.22 
0.18 

5.61 

6.18 
5.10 

■ 

4    

2.80 

For  the  manner  of  using  these  gauges,  see  page  31. 


Shot 


13-in. 

12-in. 

10-in. 

8-in 

42 

32 

24 

18 

12 

9 

a 

•  i 

4 

3.12 

3 
2.84 

1 

r.        in. 
lbs. 

1J>7 

11>7 
231 

9.87 
128 

66 

42.7 

32.6 

.'4.4 

5.17 

4.10 

1  .'.■:. 

1 

Sht  lis. 





. 


olum- 

II'iw    ■ 


10-in. 


In 
2. 

1 


In. 
1  r, 

1. 


For  Mi 


13-in. 

l«-in. 

In. 

In. 

I  1 

1  J 

1  U 

Mn. 


In. 

1  IT 


For  Guns  nni]  How 


4- 


In. 

1.2 
1.16 

1 


44.6 


n 


In. 

1. 


22.5 


In. 


■ 


In. 


Tli,    -  I  Mege  howitzer. 


U 


In. 


-  4 


28 


(   MAP.     I!. Mini       \M>     SHELLS. 


Tin-  -  bell  arc  holea  for  the  pointa  of  the  *lu-!l  hooks,  0.5  inch  (a 

diameter,  bored  opp  other,  and  perpendicular  to  the  axi-  <>i" the  fuse 

hole :  the  metal  ia  cul  out  above  them  at  the  distance  indicated  In  the  table,  In  .1 

perpendicular  i<>  the  axis  ol  the  holea,  which  must  remain  0.25  inch 

wiili  a  thickness  of  0.25  inch  of  metal  above  them  at  the  thinnest  pun. 

ises, 

An-  shells  liavintr  tlin-c  additional  holes,  of  the  sa dimensions  aa  the  fuse 

hole,  pierced  at  equal  distances  apart  in  the  npper  hemisphere  of  the  shell,  with 
their  exterior  openings  tangent  to  the  great  circle,  which  is  perpendicular  I 
axis  of  the  fuse  hole. 


Mean  weight.,  lbs 


13- ill. 

10-in. 

43 

21 

18 

194 

Mi 

43 

30 

10 

12 


SpJu  rical  Case  Shot. 


Diameter 

Thickness  ofl  True 

metal  at  the     I  rreateat 

sides.  |  Least 

Thickness  of  metal  ;it  tin-  fuze 

hole 

Eladiua  of  reinforce  at  the  fuze 

hole •  •  •  • 

1  h'a  meter  of  I  Exterior 


fuse  hole.  |  Interior 0.96 


Mean  weight. 


lbs. 


6-in. 

42 

3-2 

24 

18 

12 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

7.88 

R.S  1 

6.25 

5.68 

5. 1 7 

0.7 

0.65 

0.60 

0.55 

0.5 

0.45 

0-725 

0.575 

0.475 

0.525 

0.475 

i.e. 

1.5 

1.5 

1.1 

1.1 

0.75 

3.0 

:\7.r> 

2.5 

2.3 

•.'.1 

1.8 

1.8 

1.2 

1.2 

0.9 

0.9 

0.9 

0.96 

0.975 

0.975 

0.735 

0.735 

0.786 

80. 

20.32 

16. 

11.86 

S.7 

6.1 

In. 

0.36 

0.385 

0.335 

0.75 

1.1 
0.9 
0.7S8 

3.06 


The  thickness  ol  metal  at  the  fuze  hole  ia  supposed  to  be  measured  in  the 
axis  of  the  fuze  bole  betv  een  the  spherical  Burfacea  of  the  shell  and  of  the  re- 
inforce. 

The  fuze  holes  of  shells  and  spherical  ease  shot  taper  to  0.15  inch  to  1  inch. 


DIMENSIONS    AM)    WEIGHTS. 


29 


Grape  Shot. 


Diameter  of  large  gauge 

Diameter  of  small  gauge  

Mean  weight II)-*- 


8-in. 

12 

32 

2) 

18 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

3. 1  7 

2.90 

2.64 

2.40 

3.54 

3.13 

2.86 

2.00 

G.l 

1.2 

3.15 

2.1 

1.8 

In. 
2.06 

2.02 

1.11 


Canister  Shot. 


BATUMI 

or  hrti-- 

a 

-*- 

a 

— 

r* 
A 

n 

—  - 
a  M 
-  i 

G  i.  c 

a 

a  as 

■5a  * 

~7r 
1! 

a 

a 
Z 

— 

a. 

K 

=  1 

i 

o 

- 

—  - 
— 

7. 

a 

- 

u 

•a 

0, 

I2-pdr.  How- 
itzer. 

Field. 

Moun- 
tain. 

large  gauge 
Diameter  of  small  - 

• lbs. 

In. 

2.26 
2.22 

1.6 

In. 

2.02 

1.14 

In. 

1.87 
1.84 

o.so 

In. 

1.70 

1.67 

0.64 

In. 
1.4!t 

1.46 

In. 

1.:::, 
1.32 

0.32 

In. 

1.17 
1.14 

0.21 

In. 

1.08 

1.05 

0.16 

Mus- 
ket 

hall. 

Grenades. 

pounder  spherical  ra^c  shol  may  he  used   for  hand  grenade*,  and  sbelU 
any  calibre  for  rampart  grenade*. 

1    /I'll  Is. 
DIAMETEB8    OF    II   \i>    BALLS    PBOM    1     l<«    32    I"    Mil     POUND. 


Ml 


,.       1 

C 

!■ 

t 

No.  of 

* 

z 

No.  of 

■ 

;    balls 

h 

balls  i" 

§ 

balls  to 

= 

- 
= 

to  1  11.. 

z 

1  II.. 

1  lb. 

1    lb. 

In. 

- 

In. 

In. 

In. 

1 

'.' 

17 

25 

n.r,7i 

Hi 

18 

1 . 1  57 

11 

,751 

r.' 

27 

; 

5.051 

12 

\:mi 

13 

.710 

21 

29 

11 

22 

A73 

15 

23 

31 

s 

.835 

!••. 

.663 

21 

.579 

32 

Chattbi  -N 


:l<i 


<    II  A  I  * .      II.— SHOT     AMI     Mil    II-. 


DIAMETERS  Ol    I    LSI    [ROM   BALLS  FROM    \  POUND  TO  50  POUNDS  WEIGHT. 


. 

V.'.    _|,[. 

Diatn.       v. 

Dfam. 

Lbs.    oz. 

In. 

Lbs. 

In. 

I.   k 

In. 

In. 

0        4 

■ 

5.531 

1.403 

10 

1211 

24 

S 

1 .551 

11 

10 

12 

4.474 

26 

12 

1.7111 

13 

27* 

11 

- 

11 

1 .805 

It 

4.710 

28 

1 

1 .95 1 

15 

6.004 

2 

16 

1.924 

6.06S 

II 

3 

2.819 

17 

5.025 

31 

15 

1 

3.104 

18 

5. 1 2 1 

16 

7. hi  2 

9 

3.341 

19 

5.215 

17 

3.551 

2  1 

5.3  '1 

34 

7.1(11 

7 

21 

35 

49 

7.11-". 

v 

22 

6.442 

The  specific  gravity  of  >ln>i  and  shell  is  about  7 

Tofindthi  weight  of  «  cast  iron  fhoi  or  shell: 

Multiply  the  cube  of  the  diameter  of  the  shot  In  inches,  or  the  di fieri 
the  cubes  ol  the  exterior  and  interior  diameters  ol  the  shell,  by  0.134  for  the 
weight  in  pounds. 

/'.,,  lead  balls,  ili<-  multiplier  Is  0.21  Lfi. 

'/'■•  find  tin  diameter  of  a  tost  iron  sh     •  weight: 

le  the  weight  in  pounds  by  0.134,  and  the  cube  rool  ofthe  quotient  will  be 
the  diameter  in  Inches. 

'in.i  tin  quantity  of  potndei  which  a  shell  will  contain: 
ply  the  cube  of  the  interior  diameter  "t"  the  >ln-ll  in  Inches  by  0.01744,  for 
the  weight  of  powder  in  pounds. 


INSPECTION    OF  SHOT   AND   SHELLS. 


Shot  and  shells  should  be  made  of  grey  or  mottled  iron,  of  good  qua 
Cbaftsb  XIV.     c<:-t  Iron).    They  must  be  oast  in  sand,  and  nol  in  Iron  moulds. 
The  shol  from  the  latter  ;ir<-  generally  not  spherical  In  form,  imr  uniform  in  sixe; 
e  :il-"  full  "i  cavities,  nnd  are  cracked  by  being  beated. 

icul  r,/.M-  shot  inii-i  be  m;i<I<-  wiili  peculiar  care,  of  the  besl  quality  "i  iron, 
in  order  that  they  may  not  be  liable  i"  break  in  the  :«il 


[KSPKCTtOM    OF    SHOT    AND    BHELL8.  -i\ 

Shot 

Inspecting  instruments — One  largt  and  one  tmaU  gauge,  and  one  cylinder 
gauge,  for  each  calibre:  ihe  cylinder  trance  1ms  the  tame  diameter  as  the  large 
. ' ■:   ii  is  made  of  cast  iron,  and  is  5  calibres  long.    On<  thing 

half  a  pound,  and  having  ■  flal  face  and  a  conical  point.     Steel  punches. 

One  searcher,  of  steel  wire  No.  '-20.  with  a  handle. 

The  shot  should  be  inspected  before  they  become  rusty;  aAer  being  well 
cleaned,  each  shol  is  placed  on  a  table  and  examined  by  the  eye  lo  fee  that  iU 

Surface  is  smooth,  that  the  metal  is  sound  and  free  from  seams,  flaws  and  blis- 
ters, [f  cavities  or  small  holes  appear  on  the  surface',  strike  the  point  of  the 
hammer  or  punch  into  them,  and  ascertain  their  depth  with  the  searcher;  if  the 
depth  of  the  cavity  exceed  0.2  inch,  the  shol  is  rejected;  and  also  if  it  appear 
thai  an  attempt  has  been  made  lo  conceal  such  defects  by  filling  up  the 
with  nails,  cement,  &c. 

The  shot  must  pass  in  every  direction  through  the  large  gauge,  and  not  at  hII 
through  the  small  one:  the  founder  should  endeavor  to  bring  the  shot  up  :\- 
near  as  possible  lo  the  largt  •  to  the  trite  diameter. 

-The  diameters  of  the  small  gauges   have   been   recently  increased,   it 
order  to  produce  greater  uniformity  in  the  dimensions  of  abot,and  shells,  by 
reducing  Ihe  limits  of  variation  allowed   in  their  fabrication.     The   new  gau 
are  to  be  used  only  in  the  inspection  o(  shot  and  shells  to  be  hereafter  i 
and  the  projectiles  now  on  hand  are  not  to  be  rejected  ffon  n  account 

oi  passing  through  these  gauges. 

having   been    thus  examined,  the   shot   are    passed   thl  .livihi 

■ .  which  is  placed  at  an  inclination  of  about  2  inches  betwe<  ,,  the  lw<  ends 
and  supported  on  blocks  of  wood  In  such  a  manner  as  to  be  easily  turned  from 
i      e  to  I      e,  lo  ,!■    ent  its  being  worn  in  I  Shot  which  slide  or  siieL  in 

the  cylind<  led;  the  latter  must  be  poshed  out  from  the  lower  end  with 

a  Wooden  rammer. 

ire  proved  by  dropping  them  from  a  heigh; 

I b flown  an  inclined  I  the 

,  <>i  the  p 

:hat  of  thn 

. 
eject) 
the  ••  ./  part.     They 

i 

I 
to  ih<         e  handle.    1 


$2  (  ii  \i\    ii.  — BHO  i     \\i>    BHI  LL8. 

'<■'..    «//<■/    // 
|\M'  :  s  — \    /  i 

r  shells  <>i  s  inches  and  un.lt-r. 

isuring  the  thick s  of  the  metal  at  I  shell. 

•  asure  the  thickness  al  i  of  the  - 1 1 « •  1 1 . 

the  dimensions  of  the  fuse  hole,  on ■■  Enes*  of  n 

the  fuse  bole. 

i  -ini,'.  n  pi  nd  bored  through 

eh  <■  the  nozzle  of  i  be  bellow*. 
A  liiimmo  ;  ,r  teareJur  ;  a  cold  chisel;  steel  pundit*. 

The  surface  of  the  shell,  and  n>  exterior  dimensions,  are  examined  ns  In  the 
shot.    The  -ln-ll  is  next  struck  with  the  hammer  i  > judge  by  tin-  sound 

whether  it  is  free  from  <-r.i-!,-:   the  position  Bnd  <\ nsious  of  the  ears  are 

:  the  thickness  of  metal  is  then  measured  ;it  several  pmHi >  on  lh<  I 

circle  perpendicular  tn  the  :>xi>  of  the  fuze  hole,  and  al  the  bottom,  and  ;<t  the 

le.    The  diameter  of  the  fuze  bole,  which  should  be  accurately  reamed, 

i>  then  verified,  and  the  soundness  of  the  metal  about  the  inaide  "i  the  1  n > I «-•  is 

ned  by  inserting  the  finger. 

sbell  is  i;  >w  placed  on  :i  trivel  in  ;•  tub  containing  water  d«»ep  enough  to 
cover  it  nearly  i"  the  fuse  hole;  1 1  j « -  bellows  and  plug  nr.'  inserted  Into  the  Fuze 
hole,  and  the  ;nr  forced  Into  the  shell ;  ii  there  are  any  holes  in  the  shell,  the  ;iir 
will  rise  in  bubbles  through  the  water.  Tin-  test  also  gives  another  indication 
of  the  soundness  oi  the  metal,  a.->  the  parts  containing  cavities  will  drj  mora 
slowly  than  the  other  parts. 
The  mean  weight  "i  sheila  is  ascertained  in  the  same  manner  as  thai  of  shot. 
Sbot  and  shells  rejected  in  the  inspection  are  marked  with  an  X,  made  with 
the  cold  chisel ;  on  shot,  near  the  gate ;  and  on  shells,  near  the  fuse  bole. 

PBl  8EBVATIOH     \m>    PILING    01     u Mis. 

Balls  should  be  carefully  lackered  as  soon  as  possible  Bfter  they  are  r< 
For  the  composition  oi  lacker,  and  the  manner  ol  applying  it,  see  Chaptkb  VII, 

When  m  becomes  necessary  to  renew  the  lacker,  the  old  lacker  should  l»e 
removed  by  rolling  or  scraping  1 1 » « -  balls,  which  should  never  be  healed  for  that 
purp 

are  piled  according  i"  kind  and  calibre,  under  cover,  if  practicable,  In  a 
plaoe  where  there  is  ;i  free  circulation  of  air,  to  facilitate  which  the  pilea  should 
be  made  narrow,  if  the  locality  permits;  the  width  of  the  bottom  tier  maybe 
from  1-  in  1 1  balls,  according  to  the  calibre. 

Prepare  the  g id  for  the  base  ol  the  pile  by  raising  it  above  il  e  aurronnd- 

mill  so  as  i"  throw  off  the  water;  level  it,  ram  u  well,  and  cover  it  with 
a  layei  •  I  sand.     Make  the  bottom  of  the  pile  with  a  tier  ofunservica- 

balls  burled  about  two-thirds  of  their  diameter  in  the  sand;  ilii>  base  maybe 


PILING    BALLS.  88 

made  permanent  ;  clean  the  base  well,  and  form  the  pile,  putting  the  fnz<;  holes 
of  sheila  downwards,  in  the  intervals,  and  not  resting  on  the  shells  below.  Each 
pile  is  marked  with  the  number  of  serviceable  balls  it  contains. 

The  base  may  be  made  of  bricks,  concrete,  stone,  or  with  borders  and  braces 
of  iron. 

Grape  and  canister  shot  should  be  oiled  or  lackered,  put  in  piles,  or  in  strong 
boxes,  on  the  ground  floor,  or  in  dry  cellars;  each  parcel  marked  with  its  kind, 
calibre  and  number. 

To  find  the  number  of  balls  in  a  pile. 

Multiply  the  sum  of  the  three  parallel  edges  by  one-third  of  the  number  of  balU 
in  a  trian  rrulnr  face. 

In  a  square  pile,  one  of  the  parallel  edges  contains  but  one  ball;  in  a  triangu- 
lar pile,  two  of  the  edges  have  but  one  ball  in  each. 

n  (n        1 
The  number  of  balls  in  a  triangular  face  is ., :  v  being  the  number  in  the 

bottom  row. 

The  sum  of  the  three  parallel  edges  in  a  triangular  pile  is  n  +  2 ;  in  a  square 
pile,  2  m  +  1  ;  in  an  oblong  pile,  3  N  +  2  u  —  2;  JV  being  the  length  of  the  top 
row,  and  n  the  width  of  the  bottom  tier:  or,  3  m  —  H  +  1  :  m  being  the  length 
and  N  the  width  of  the  bottom  tier. 

It  a  pile  consist  of  two  piles  joined  at  a  right   angle,  calculate  the  oontl 
one  as  a  common  oblong  pile,  and  of  the  other  as  a  pile  of  which  the  three  par- 
allel edges  are  equal. 

In  the  following  table  of  the  number  of  balls  [(]  a  pile,  the  second  line  shows 
the  number  in  a  triangular  pile,  the  base  of  which  is  the  corresponding  Dumber 
in  the  first  line. 

The  other  numbers  show  the  contents  of  square  and  oblong  piles;  the  length 
and    width    of    the    base    being   in   the   upper   line   iind   in  the   left   hand    column 

rely. 
8 


/     :-     -     —    --. 

- 
.-    _ 


< 

VI 

J 

- 

PQ 

fc. 

: 
at 

s 

_ 
- 

5 

- 


-  — 
—  —  —  — 


—  -j 


r     r 


- 

c 

O 

o  ie  irt  ,e  io 

r 
i  - 

n 

ci 
3S 

— 

IS  12 
/    a 

Hieiir:  ,-  ici    e  ir- 
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Chapter    Third. 


A.RTILLKRY  CA  KIM  AC  KS. 


NOMENCLATURE. 

The   nomenclature   and    the   tables  of  dimensions  and  weights  given   in   this 
chapter,  apply  to  the  latest  patterns  adopted.     The  parts  are  enumerated 
ally  in  the  order  in  which  they  are  put  together. 

The  classification  adopted  for  bolts,  nuts,  chains,  nails,  screws,  etc.,  is  iho«  n 
in  the  tables  following  the  nomenclature. 

FIELD   GUN   CARRIAGES. — Plate  3. 
There  are  three  gun  carriages  for  field  artillery,  viz: 
( »ne  for  the  6-pounder  gun  and  the  12-pounder  howitzer. 
One  for  the  2-1-pounder  howitzer. 

One  for  the  12-pounder  gun  and  the  32-pounder  howitzer. 
The  parts  of  these  carriages  are  all  similar,  differing  only  in  their  dimension! 

Wood. 

1  stock,  in  two  pieces  ;  2  dowels  ;  2  cheeks ;  1  axle  body. 


I  runs. 


2  trail  handles. 
2  bolts  and  2  nuts  for  do. 
1  lock  chain  bolt,  1  washer,  and  1  nut. 
1  eye  plate  for  lock  chain. 
1  lock  chain,  No.  .r>,  3  rings,  1  toggle. 
1  lunette,  lor  ibe  trail. 
1  trail  plate  :  2  n  vit  s. 
12  nails,  fur  lunette  and  tr;nl  plate. 
1  large  pointing  ring  and  plate. 
9  bolt!  and  3  lints,  for  do. 

1  >ni;tll  pointing  ring. 

2  boll«  and  2  nuts,  for  do. 
9  wheel  guard  plates. 

10  nails,  lor  do. 

oka. 

•,  lor  do. 

1  MOD,  fof  rammer  head, 
t  aaila,  t  >i  d  • 

tur  worm. 

2  nails,  for  do. 

I  k<-y  chain  |  1  eye-pin. 


eye-plate    for    sponge    and  rammer 

chains. 

screws,  for  eye-plate. 

chains   and  hasps,  for  ipongi 

rammers. 

i  nrnbucklei 

stud  plates,  for  tiirnburUe-. 
trunnion  platea. 

r    do..  In   o-pdr.    and    24-pdl 
howitzer  can 
nail>.  m  L3-pdr.  carriage, 
chain  bolts;  2  bevel  wai 
nuts. 

"111*.. 

bolt!  :  4  w:i*hr>r<-  .  0  BUtl 

cap  equ  pine. 

tquare  i  bainaj  -'  <-y<-  p  ■ 

Cap  «'|iiarr   .  | 

I>  rings,  (or  bands] 
staple*,  for  I>  rings. 

nails,  for  do 


:to 


(  HAP.    Ill 


\u  in. 1. 1  i;\    i  m;ki  \i.i  - 


i  iv  1 1 1  1,1  \  i  uiRiAOBfl     Tron»—{  Continued.) 


■on). 
ug  boll*. 

!  .;  nuts,  i'  r  do. 
I  w  ,-  i  if  lock  chain. 

■    !  i  bandsp    •  - 

1  sxletree  :  the  arm-,  the  si 

2  under  si i aps. 

lira  p. 

Ir.  axle  Mrap. 
■    -I r;i p  lioll-  :  J  mil-. 


j  axle  bands. 
ii  naila,  for  do. 

•J  boll!  ■     •     I  mil*. 

•  ng  screw. 
9  shoulder  washers, 
■J  linch  washers, 
'.'  linch  pins. 

2  wki 


foi  axlelree. 


I  I  M  111   K.        /' 

lame  limber  i-  used  ii>r  all  field  i 


w 


body. 

'■i  bounds. 
l  splinter  bar. 


I  f<  oi  board  bracken 

9  foot  boards. 

1  pole. 

1  polo  prop 


Iron. 


ir  Fool  board  brackets. 
20  nails,  for  loot  boards. 
i  rivets  and  I  l>urr>.  Sot  bounds. 
i  ;.  i'.  -   !  ir  stay  pins :  9  nails. 

•  :  ree. 
I  pintle  li 

i  bolts,  i'"'  'I".  |  2  washers  ;  3  nuts. 
i  staj  plate,  i"r  limber  ceesl 
■  nails   i  'i  do. 
I  pintle  k<-v. 
I  Ley  chain  j  l  eyi  pin. 
I  tar  bucket  honk  ;  9  nails. 

'■i  bolts   for  I ids;  9  washers  j  9  ni 

9  undei  straps. 

I  i>'iit-   for  under  straps  j  l  nuts. 

bands ;  6  nails, 
'  end  bands,  for  splinter  liar. 
I  rivets,  (1  ir  d". 

-   i  >r  bounds  ami  splinter  bar. 

I  v.  ashei  -  and  2  nut-,  lor  da 

1  eyt   n    te,  for  pole  prop  socket. 

2  middle  bands,  fur  splinter  bar. 

I      I  I     ! 

I  fork  strap 


2  !»>lt>.  for  splinter  bar  .mil  fori;. 
2  nuts,  lor  'l.i. 
l  pole  prop  socket  :  I  rivet. 
l  pole  prop  ferrule ;  l  rivet. 
l  pole  prop  chain  ;  I  toggle. 
i  eye  pin,  for  sole  prop  chain. 

1  luirr.  for  eye  pin. 

'2  -lay  pin-,  for  ammunition  chest. 

2  Ice]  s,  for  staj  sine. 

2  key  chains  ;  '.'  eye  pin-. 

1   rivrl  ami  I   luirr.  lor  end  "I    pole. 

1  pole  bolt ;  -  washers  ;  l  nut. 

1  pole  Mrap  ami  .'I  rivet-. 

2  pole  chains  ;  ihe  links  ;  the  ring. 
1  muff*,  for  pole  yoke. 

1  collar,  lor  mull:  in  two  pari-. 

2  branches,  for  pole  >"!>.■ ;  I  rings, 
2  bolts,  tor  collar  and  branches, 

1  washer,  for  muff;  l  key. 

2  shoulder  washers. 
2  linch  washers. 

2  linch  pins. 

2  who*U,  No.  I. 

I  ammunition  r/ir*t. 


\o  Ml  NCI.ATl'RE. FIELD     CARRIAGE?. 


30 


WHEELS. 

There  are  two  Nos.  of  vrheela  for  field  carriages.  No.  1,  lor  (be  6-pounthr 
gun  carriage  the  caisson,  the  forge,  the  battery  wagon,  and  for  the  limit  ri  "I  all 
field  carriages.  No.  3,  for  the  24-pdr.  kowiteer  ami  the  \%-ptr.  g«n  carriages. 
These  wheels  are  of  llie  same  form  and  height,  and  they  fit  on  the  same  axle- 
tree  arm;  they  dilfcr  only  in  the  dimensions  of  their  parts,  and  consequently  in 
-i  renglh  and  weight. 


Wood. 


1  nave. 

J  4  spokes. 

7  fellies. 

7  dowel-. 


Iron. 

2  brow  bands  ;  2  end  bands. 

12  nails,  for  bands. 
1  tire. 

7  tire  bolts  :  7  washer-  :   7  mil-. 
1  nave  box  {cast-iron  I. 


AMMUNITION   CHEST. — Plate  4. 

The  same  ammunition  chest  is  adapted  to  the  limber  and  to  the  caisson. 
For  the  interior  arrangements  of  the  chests,  for  different  kinds  of  ammunition, 
see  Chapter  XI. 

Wood. 


2  sides. 

J  end-. 

1  principal   partition. 

1  bottom. 


1  frame  for  cover:  '-'  -ides  :  3  and*. 
1  panel  for  cover. 
1  cover  lining. 


Iron. 


34  cut  nails,  for  i{des,Vnda  and  bottom. 

4  screw-,  for  the  bottom. 
60  copper  nails,  for  cover  lining. 

4  corner  plates,  for  end-  and  sides 

2  do.  for  ends  and  bottom. 

1  do.  for  side  and  bottom, 

ner  plates, 
i  |    1  nut. 

1  turnbuck  • 

l  srasber  plate  for  do.;  3  screws. 

l  back  stay  j  0  s» 


2  front  stays  ;  4  rivets  .  8  screws. 

2  hinges  :  I  rii  • 

2  hinge  plates  j  I  sen 

l  nasn  ;  1  rivet  |  5  »<  ■■ 

1  ha-p  i'  wa. 

2  handles ;   ^  r 

1  l  copper  washers,  forxii  i 
ipper  tark-.  for  wnalu 
]  <-i,\  it  |  ifuet  n  | 


•  umom     /' 

II' 


1  middle  rail. 
3  side  rails. 
-   !>ar. 

r  front  fool  board. 


1  from 
1  rea' 
1  axle 


40 


(ll\l\    III.  —  AKTI1.I.KRY    CARRIAGES. 


(     \l*-«.\ 


2  nail*,  for  front  foot  board. 

l  bolt  for  do.;  -  washers :  1  nut. 

(i  nails  l    r  r» -ar  I  NX  hoard. 

l  middle  assembling  !':ir. 

-   2  washers  and  -'  nut*,  for  do. 
l  carriage  hi  >ok. 
I  rear  assembling  bar. 

■-.  9  waahers  and  2  Data,  for  do. 
1  bridle,  for  rear  oi  middle  rail. 
1  nails,  for  the  bridle. 
i  spare  wheel  axle:  the  body,  2  riba, 

1  Brasher,  3  riveta. 
1  chain  and  toggle,  for  spare  wheel  axle 
.'  itaya,  for  the  aame  j  2  Data. 
]  stay  boll ;  1  out 
l  foot  boll :  1  nut. 
1  lock  chaia  bridle. 

1  lock  chain  and  toggle. 

2  bolta,  for  lock  chain  bridle. 
.'  washers  and  2  note,  for  ilo. 
1  lock  chaia  hook  :  2  nails. 

1  axlelree. 

2  under  straps. 

1  bolta,  for  under  straps :   l  nuts. 

"2  axle  hands  :   6  nails. 

2  riveta  for  the  stock ;  2  burrs. 

1   lunette;    12  nails. 


lunette  bolt*  :  2  nuts, 
key  plate,  i,.r  spare  pole. 

spare  pole  key. 

key  chain  :    1   eye  pill. 

wheel  -Hard  plates:    10  nails. 

stock  stirrup. 

bolts  lor  do.:   2  washer*  :   2  nuts. 

II  rap. 
spare  pole  r 

r  axle  -trap  :   3  nuts. 
pistes,  lor  slay  pins  ;    1  ■",  nails. 

stay  pilis. 

slay  pin  keys 

key  chain*  :    1  e]  e  pins. 

ring  bolt,  for  spare  handspike. 
washers  and  l  nut,  for  ring  boh. 
key  plate,  tor  handspike;  '-'  nails. 
key  plate,  for  shovel;  2  nails. 

keys,  for  handspike  and  shovel, 
key  chain*  :   2  eye  pin*. 
Staples,  for  tOOl  handles. 
ahoulder  washer*. 
linch  washer*. 

lincb  pins. 


2  wAaafr,  No.  1. 

2  ammunition  chests. 


IK  \\  I    I   I  1\(.     KOKCK. Piatt    ■>■ 

Body  and  Bellows  I  [ouse. 
Wood. 


:.'  aide  ralla. 

1  ironi  eroaa  bar;  2  pins. 

.'  middle  cross  bars :  8  pins. 

I    rear  crOSS  bai  :    2  pin*. 
1   middle  rail ;    I  Screws. 

1  axle  body. 

•  k. 
A  floorboards;  16  screws. 

I  corner  studs  :    s  pins. 

1   front  !■  'ill.  lor  iron  room  ;   '.'  pins. 

*luds  ;     I   pins. 
.'  pi. lie* 

I    (rout  end  •*!  lit). 
:.'  end  hoard*  for  rOOfj    10   screw*. 


2  rooi  bows;   i  screws. 

r  iron  room  j    TJ  nail*. 

1  rear  end.  for  iron  room. 

2  groo\  e   ileal*,  for  cover  of  iron  room  : 

i.  screws. 

1  sliding  cover,  for  iron  room;   G  hoards 

mid  2  battens  j  36  nail*. 

2  braces  for  the  bellows  arms ;  6  screws. 
1  cap  for  coal  box  j  '■■  screws. 

in  boards,  for  sides  of  bellows  house. 

7  hoard*,  for  I  he  roof. 

la,  fi »r  sides  and  ro, if, 
1  prop,  for  the  stock. 
1  bellows  pole. 


NOMENCLATURE. TRAVELLING  FORGE. 


4i 


Forge  Body. —  Iron. 


1  uletree. 

2  axle  bands  :  G  nail;*. 

3  under  straps. 

1  bolts  fordo.;  4  washers;   1  nuts. 

2  rivets,  for  stock  ;  S  burrs. 
1  lunette :  1 2  nails. 

I   vice  bolt ;   1  nut. 
]   middle  lunette  bolt  :    1   nut. 
1  prop  bolt  ;   ]  nut. 
1  prop  socket ;   1  rivet. 
1  prop  ferrule  ;   1  rivet. 
1  chain   and   toggle,  for  forge  prop; 
eye  pin. 
k  stirrup. 
'.'  bolts,  for  stock  stirrup:  8  nuts. 
1  bolt  for  cross  bar  and  stock. 
1  washer  and  1  nut.  for  do. 

1  axle  strap. 

3  bolts,  for  do.;   '..'  nuts. 

'J  wheel  guard  plates;    10  nails. 
3  stud  plates,  for  coal  box. 

2  rivets  and  3  screws,  for  do. 

3  keys,  for  coal  I 

2  key  chains  ;  3  eye  pins. 

1  lock  chain  hook:   3  nails. 
1  bellows  pole  hook;  3  nails. 
1  staple,  for  bellows  p 

3  front  stay  (dales,  for  bellows  arms. 
6  screws,  for  do. 


2  rear  stay  plates;   2  bolts;   2  thumb 

nuts. 
1  front  for  bellows  house,  J,,.,,^ 
1  cover  for  cross  bar,         j 
1  guard  for  stock:   18  tacks. 
1  stud  for  bellows  pole;    J  screws. 
1  cover    for    roof    (sheet  copper);    315 

copper  lacks. 
1  fire  place ;  G  plates  of  iron  joined  by 

59  rivets. 
1  air  back   [east  iron);  4   bolls,  for  the 

box  and  back  of  air  chamber. 
5  bolts,  for  fastening  the  air  back      5 

nuts. 
1  bucket  hook;  2  rivets, 
n  plates,  for  side  rails  and  cross  bar. 
JO  bolts    for   do.;    8    washers    and     10 

nuts. 
1  lock  chain. 
1  lock  chain  bridle. 
1  brace,  for  fire  place:   A  rivets. 
1  bellows     pole     strap:    2     rive' 

screws. 

1  bellows  pole  chain. 

3  shoulder  washers. 

2  line li  washers. 

2  linch  pins. 

3  wheel*,  No.  1. 


Bellows. 


IT /. 


.'}  bellows  planks. 

i   of  two  side-.   1    end.    | 

bar:   fastened  with  v  clout  nails. 


2  valves:   2  battens;    1G  nails. 
1  Cleats,  for  the  bellows  arms 


r<  butt  bingi  ■  -vs. 

1  hoi  ->,  I  screws. 


Iron. 


1  wind  pipe,  consisting  of  an  ell" 
ar.    and    a   joint     pipe 

and  | 


L<  ■ 


1  hinges,  for  the  ribs. 

2  binges,  l"r  lh<  -t rap* 

■  • 


1  bellow*  leather,  for  the  i 

»'•) "  bellows  nail*. 

e  nsils. 


\-: 


i'II.M'.     III. ARTILLERY    CARRIAGES. 


V       r  the  bellows  in  its  ;■/-/<•- .  Remove  the  coal  box  from  tin-  back  of  the  bet* 

I  iws  bouM :  lake  out  tbe  two  stay  plates  at  the  lower  endi  of  the  rabbets  in  the 

pul  tbe  projecting  ends  ol  the  upper  bellowa  arm  in  tbe  rabbet*,  and 

•tide  i In- in  up  until  tbe  ends,  of  tbe  lower  arm  co Into  their  places;  put  on  tbe 

ulay  plates,  and  fasten  tbem  down  with  the  thumb  nuts.    Srrew  the  brass 
pipe  Into  Its  place,  through  the  hole  in  the  sheet  iron  front  of  the  bellows  bouse; 
put  in  the  copper  pipe,  aud  screw  up  the  collar  which  connects  it  with  the 
elbow  pipe. 

Coal  Box. 
Wood. 


2  ends 

I  bottom 


rabbeted  togi  ther,  and  fast- 
ened with  50  cut  nails. 


1  top  piece  :  7  screws. 
1   lid  ;   3  clamps  lor  lid. 


Iron. 


1  corner  platen;  60  screws. 

.'  cntl  straps;  2  rivets;   I  screws. 

2  handles:     I  washers  and  1  nuts. 

1  stud  plate,  for  turabuokle;  2  rivets. 


I  turiiluickle. 

1   hasp  :    1   rivet  ;   .'{  SOTeWS. 

1  cover  {••In 'i  topper)}  135  copper 
tacks. 

2  binges;  I  rivets;  16  screws. 


Limber  Chest. 

This  cheat  differs  from  the  ammunition  chest  in  the  following  points,  rfl : 

It  has  no  principal  partition,  and  instead  of  the  assembling  bolt,  with  the 
washer  plate  and  lurnbuckle,  il  lias  a  hasp  staph  mnl  plats,  fastened  by  2  risers. 

The  backstay  is  fastened  by  I  rivet  and  Q  screws.  The  heads  of  the  rivets  are 
not  covered  with  cupper  washers. 

For  the  ieterios  arrangement  of  the  cheat,  see  Chaptbb  XI. 

it  \  i  I  i:i:v    WAGON. —  /'Int.   8. 

The  battery  wagon  carries  tools,  spare  parts  ol  carriage*,  spare  harness,  and 
other  stores  required  for  the  service  of  i  battery  in  the  field)  and  for  repair.-. 


2  lower  side  rails. 

.'>  cross  bars  ;  in  pins. 

3  Boor  boards  ;  3rj  nails. 

1  axle  body 

2  upper  Side  rails. 

','  sides  j  2  ends 


Wagon  Body. 
Wood. 


1  stock. 

'I  cleats,  for  the  till:   li  screws 

1  bottom  foi  the  till. 

1  side,  for  the  till  :    1  I  nails. 

2  snlr-.  for  forage  rack. 

':  bars,  for  forage  rack  :  8  pint 


NOMKXCLATl'RK. BATTERY     WAGON. 


4:J 


Wagon  Body. 


Iron. 


2  rivets  for  lower  rails;  2  burrs. 

8  side  stuils  ;  l-l  rivets. 

1  spare  stock  hook  :   1  button. 

1  spare  Block  stirrup. 

>ves,  for  ends. 

2  assembling  holts:  2  nuts. 
12  groove  Lull  >  ;    12  nuts. 

3  holts  for  side  studs;  .1  washers;  3  nuts. 
1  turnbuckle  bolt;   1  washer;   1  nut. 

.1  tarnbuckle  [hn 

I  hook,  for  cover  prop;   1  burr. 

1  eye  pin.  for  cover  hasp:   1  burr. 

2  stay-,  for  upper  rails:   4  screws. 
2  end  stud-  j  6  rivets 

1  bolt,  for  front  end  stud  :   1   nut. 

1    washer  and   one   nut.   for   rear  end 

stud. 
1  mortise  plate:  s  screws. 

1  axletree. 

2  under  straps. 

1  holts,  for  do. :   1  nuts. 

1  bolt,  for  Iront  of  right  side  rail. 

2  washers  and  1  nut.  for  do. 
2  bolts,  for  lock  chain  bridle. 
1  washer  and  2  nuts  for  do. 


1   lock  chain. 

1  lock  chain  bridle. 

1  lock  chain   book  j    2  nail-. 

2  •ivets.  for  stock  :   2  burrs. 

1  lunette  :    12  nails. 

2  lunette  bolts  ;   2  nuts. 

2  wheel  guard  plates  ;   10  nails. 

1  stock  stirrup. 

2  bolts,  for  do.:    2  nuts. 

2  bolts,  for  stock  and  cross  bar-. 
2  washers  and  2  nuts,  for  do. 
2  washer  plates,  lor  rails:    1  screws. 
2  forage  rack  chain--,  each  of  1  ring. 

32  links  and  1  hook. 
2  forage  rack   bandt  :    2  rivets  .    22 

screws. 
1  washer  plates,  forage  rack  sides. 

1  rivets,  for  do. 

2  forage  rack  bolts  :    2  washers  :    2 

nut-. 
2  shoulder  washers. 
2  linch  washers. 
2  linch  pins. 

2  wheels,  No.  I. 


Wagon  <  'over. 
Wood. 


2  side  rails. 
2  end  rails. 
2  end  Muds;   2  pins:   4  rivets. 


2  end  board-  :    1  I  screws. 
1  ridge  pole. 

•  r  board-  :   36  cut  nail-. 


TfOtl 


1  cover  prop,  to  support 

1   hasp. 

3  hin. • 

>'•  boli«.  Q  nuts,  and  6  I 


i  ner  square- ;    16  -<  row-. 

2  end  :  •  rets. 

2  middle  bows  ;    2  r,    ■ 

t  bolls;   l  not s. 
2  plates  and  slap  I  Tews. 

The  n  with  strong  lines  canvass,  which  is  fhsteosjd  •  th  M4 

tvpptt   nails,  with  str,  •        •    r  heads. 


Limber  <  !h< 

This  i  •    that  o|  the  irarelliug  r  the  interior  arrangement  of 

IDC  WagOII  body  and  It  'run  XI. 


II 


CHAP.    MI.  —  AUT1M.KKY    CAKRIACKS. 


SIEGE  CAERIAOE8. 

(.is    <  aJ&BIAOK. — Plate  7. 

There  are  three  gun  carriages  for  aiege  artillery,  viz: 
One  for  t lie  12-ponnder  gun  ; 
( lae  for  the  LS-pounder  gun ; 

One  for  the  24-pounder  gun  and  the  8-inch  nowftser. 
These  carriage  i  are  constructed  in  the  tame  manner,  differing  only  in  their 
ilimenaiona. 

When  the  8-inch  howitzer  is  mounted  on  t li<-  24-pounder  carriage,  a  fttotN  is 
used  instead  of  the  elevating  screw  ;  the  howltaer  being  100  short  to  rest  on  the 

-crew. 


Wood. 


1  stock,  in  two  pieces;  2  dowels. 

2  cheeks. 


I  axle  body. 
1  breech  bolster. 


Iron . 


1  assembling  bolt ;  2  washers;   1  nut. 
1  manoeuvring  bolt  j  2  collar.-. 

1  washers  and  2  nuts,  for  do. 
<i  rondelles  [east  iron), 

2  assembling  bolts;  I  washers  j  2  nuts. 
l  lock  chain  bolt;  2  washers;  1  nut. 

1  lock  chain  and  toggle. 
i  shoe  :  l  key,  for  shoe. 

2  trunnion  plates. 

2  chin  bolts  |  2  bevel  washers  .  2  nuts. 
2  key  bolts  j  2  nuts. 

1  cheek  bolts;  l  waahers;  I  nuts. 

2  travelling  trunnion  bolts. 
2  washers,  2  nuts,  for  do. 

2  trunnion  plate  bolta;  2  nuts. 

2  nap  squares  j  2  eye  pins. 

2  cap  -quail-  uhalna  ;  2  eye  pins. 

2  cap  square  keys. 

2  key  chains  ;  2  eye  pin-. 

1   axle  tree. 

2*und(  r-lra|>-. 

l  axle  strap. 


2  bolts,  for  axle  strap;  2  nuts. 
2  axle  bands  ;  6  nails. 

l  look  chain  hook:  2  washers;  l  nut 

1  hook,  for  the  bo 

l  cheek  plate,  for  do. ;  3  screws. 

1  box,  for  elevating  screw  (/ 

2  bolts,  For  do. ;  2  washers  :  2  nuts. 
1  elevating  -new. 

1  strap    staple  ;     1    leather    strap    and 

buckle. 

2  wheel  guard  plates  ;    12  nails. 

1  lunette  :   the  roudelle  :   3  rivet-. 

2  lunette  bolts;  2  washers;  2  nuts. 

1  trail  plate  |  the  guard  plate  ;  8  rivet-. 
29  nails,  for  trail  plate. 

2  bolster  bolts;  2  washers;  2  nuts. 
2  shoulder  waahers,  for  axletree. 

2  linch  waahers. 
2  linch  pin-. 

2  wheels. 


NOMENCLATURE. SIEGE  CARRIAGES. 


45 


WHEEL. 

The  same  wheel  is  used  for  all  the  siege  gun  carriages  and  their  limbers. 

Wood. 

1  nave;  14  spokes  :  7  fellies  :  7  dowels. 

Iron. 

2  brow  bands;  2  end  bands;  12  nails;  1  tire  ;  7  tire  bolts;  7  washers  :  7  nuts  ; 
1  nave  box  {brass). 

limber. — Plate  7. 

Wood. 

1  fork:  2  hounds  :  1  splinter  bar;  1  pole  ;  1  leading  bar. 


Iron. 


J  rivet  bolt,  for  fork  :  2  washers  ;   1  nut. 

1  axletree. 

1  pintle  plate:  7  nails. 

1  sweep  bar. 

2  bolts,  for  ears  of  sweep  bar. 
2  washers  :  2  nuts,  for  do. 

1  axle  strap. 

1  lashing  chain;  4  rings;   1  hook. 
f>  axlestrap  bolts  ;  2  washers  ;  6  nuts. 

2  understraps. 
1  lx.lt -.  fur  do .  ;   2  washers:    1  nuts. 

1  pintle  ;   1  mil. 

2  end  bands,  for  splinter  bar:   1  riveti 
2  middle  bands,  for  do. 
J  trace  books,  for  splinter  bar. 

1  bridle,  lor  from  of  fork. 

2  bolls,  lor  splinter  bar  and  fork. 
2  nuts,  for  do. 
2  bolts  fur  splinter  bar  and  hound- 

l  washers  ami  2  note,  fin  do 

1  bridle,  lor  middle  of  fork  ;    1  nails. 


1  rivet   for  the  pole:   1  burr. 

1  eye  plate,  for  pole. 

2  pole  chains. 

1  ferrule,  for  end  of  pole. 

1  pole  clasp;   1  clasp  bolt. 

2  bolts,  for  eye  plate;    3  washer 

nuts. 
2  bolls,  for  pole  and  fork. 
4  washers  and   2  mils,  for  do. 
1  middle    band,     for    leading    bar  ;     2 

rivets. 
1  hook,  for  do. 

1  double  trace  hook,  for  middle  band. 

2  end  bands,  for  leading  bar,  l  rivets 
2  trace  hooks,  for  end  bands. 

2  axle  shoulder  washi 
2  linch  washers. 
2  linch  pine, 

2   >r/l/> 


16 


-ARTii.i.r.KY    <  m:ki  \<.|>. 


MORTAB    WAGON. 

This  wagon  i>  designed  lor  tin-  transportation  of  siege  mortars  ami  their  beds, 
or  of  guns,  or  large  > in >i  and  s> 1 1 e 1 1  s . 
Tlie  limber  and  the  a  heela  arc  ibe  lana  aa  ihoae  of  1 1 1  *  -  gun  can 


2  mil]. lie  rails. 

1  from  transom  ,  2  dowels. 

1  middle  iranaom. 

1  rc;ir  transi  im. 

2  side  rail--. 

1  rear  cro-s  bar. 

6  middle  cross  bars. 

2  from  cross  liars. 


2  bottom  planks ;  12  nails. 

'■oily. 
1  wiudlass. 
I  handspikes. 
1  muzzle  bolster. 
6  -takes. 
A  frame,  for  balls,  when  required. 


Iron. 


1  assembling  bar. 

2  handspike  hooka  j   1  nails. 

l  assembling  bolt ;  2  washers;  1  nut. 
1  eve  plate,  f(  >r  lashing  chain. 
1  linlt.  tor  do. ;  2  \\  ashers  ;  l  nut. 

1  bolt,  lor  front  transom. 
8  washer* :   I  nut,  for  <1  >. 

2  manoeuvring  staples. 
2  cross-bar  plates. 

12  bolts,  for  (jo.  ;   '.'washers;    1  J  nuts. 

1  lock  chain  bridle. 

1  bolt,  for  do. ;   1  nut. 

1  lock  chain  j    I  -hoe ;  l  key. 

1  trail  plate  :  1 1  nails. 

1  lunette;  1  reinforce  plate ;   I  rivets. 

1  bridle,  for  the  pintle. 

.'(  bolts,  tor  lunette  and  bridle;  3  outs. 

2  wheel  guard   plate.-;    12  nail-. 

1  axletree. 

2  understraps 

■I  bolts,  for  do. ;   1  nuts. 


holts,  for  middle  rail-  and  axle  body. 

nuts,  for  do.  ;    2  axle  strap-. 

breech  burter  ;   I  nails. 

-taue  sockets  |  6  pfns. 

pin-,  for  muzzle  bolster. 

bolts,  for  do.  j  1 0  washers  :  lit  nuts. 

lock  chain  hooks:  2  wa-hers  :  2  nut-. 

tar  bucket  hook  :   2  nails. 

handspike  socket  plate-:  :t.'  nails. 
bands,  for  windlass  |  6  nails. 
ji Minial  boxes 

journals. 

journal  plate-  j    I   nails. 

bolts,  tor  do  :   l  nuts. 

roller  hooks. 

handspike  -t raps  ;   l  rivets. 

axle  shoulder  wa-hers. 
1 1 n.- ti    W  a-hers. 

lincb  pin-. 


2  wheeU. 


NOMENCLATIVE.  —  BARBETTE     CARRIAGE. 


47 


BARBETTE    CARRIAGES. Plate  8. 

The  barbette  carriage  consist!  of  a  gun  carriagt  and  a  chat  tit,  or  traversing 
carria 

The  carriages  lor  pieoea  of  the  following:  calibres  are  similar  to  each  other, 

With    some    slight    except  ions,    mentioned    in    the    nomenclature,   viz.  :    lor  the 

12-pounder,  Impounder.  21-pounder,  32-pounder,  and   42-pounder  guns,  and  for 

•  h  and  Hi-inch   sea  coast   howitzers.     The  carriages  for  the  columbiads 

are  not  yet  definitely  arranged. 

•    chassis  have  been  arranged,  for  use  in  peculiar  situations,  with  the  pin- 
tle under  the  middle  transom,  and  others  with  the  pintle  under  the  rear  transom 

GUM  CARRIAGE. 

Wood. 


2  uprights. 
2  brai 

1  front  transom. 
1  middle  transom. 


1  rear  transi 

I  transom  and  axle  tie  j   2  dowels. 
1  elevating  bed  ;  2  dowels. 
1  axle  body. 


Iron. 


2  trail  rivet  bolls  j  '-'  washers;  2  nuts. 
2  rivet  dolt ~.  for  uprights. 
t  washers  and  -'  nuts,  for  do. 

bolts;  2  washers ;  .-'nuts. 
2  bevel  washers,  for  do.  [eaet  iron.) 
J  lunette. 

1  assembling    bolts,   s   washers   nnd   4 

mil*.  Inr  12-pdr.,  LS-pdr.,  and  21-pdr. 
cam 

■  lllbling   bolts.    )j   washers    and    0 
nut-,  for  other  carrier 

2  transom  and  tie  bolts,  l  washer;  2  nuts. 
For  s. inch  howitzer:  2  was;  . 

1   bed  plate  bolt  :    1  washer  :    I   nut. 

inch  liowil/er  :  2  bolls  ;  '_'  w.isher-  . 

2  nut*. 

1    bed   plate,   lor  ill"  ;>!  ing   ICreW. 

1  nut.  lor  elevating  screw  .   I  bandies. 

-nrnip-  I   2  bn.lle-  .    1  null 

l  clamp  washer,  lor  12  ami  |8>pdi 

riagi 


1  axle  and  tie  brace,  lor  larger  calibre-. 

2  axle  and  tie  bolls. 

I  double  washer,  for  do.  ;  2  mil-. 

1  boll,   tor   middle   transom   and   tie:    ) 

nut. 

2  washers,  for   do.,    in  52   and  IS-pdr. 

carr. 

1  washer,   iber  carriages,   except 

El-inch  howitxer. 

2  manoeuvring  bolts:  2  washi  rs:  2  nuts 
2  collars,  2  cheek  plates,  and  2  -• 

lor    I  2,   lv  and  24-pdr.  earr 
4  collar-.   1  cheek   plates,  and    1  -rr<\\- 

tlier  earn 
'J  nianouvring  staple-. 

2  trunnion  p 

1  I  riimiion  plate  l»  ills  .    '  nuts. 

2  roller-  [eail  it  < 
2  axle  shoulder 
2  lincfa  wa- 

2  linch  pin-. 
2  wheel*. 


win  I  I 

nail*. 


16 


in.- 


\K  I  ILLER1     C  SKKlA'.l  -. 


I  rails. 

^  barters ;  l  nails 

I  Mooter  burton 

I  from  transom. 


I  nails. 


ma  i;  in  I  IK — CH  18818. 

Wood. 


I    l  middle  1 1 

II   rear  IrantOD 
1   t  •  -ii • 
1  prop. 


Iron. 


plate* :  30  screws. 

I  l)uli>.  fordo.;  I  washers ;   I  nuts. 

i  rivets,  for  burters  j  l  l>urr>. 

I  bolts,  fur  front  and  middle  tran- 
soms. 

6  washers  and  6  nuts,  for  do. 

l  friction  plate  j  m  nails. 

l  transom  and  tongue  brace,  for  32-pdr. 
and  higher  calibres. 

1  barter  and  rail  bolts;  I  washers;  3  nuts. 

'_'  front  transom  and  rail  holts;   2  DUtS. 

2  middle  transom  and  rail  bolts. 
2  washers  and  2  nuts,  lor  do. 

For  32-pdr.  and  higher calibres :  I  bolts; 

4  washers  ■   l  nuts,  for  do. 
i  counter  barter  and  rail  bolts;  I  nuts. 
2  fork  sockets. 


2  fork  plates  :    13  I 

2  bolts,  lor  rear  transom  and  fork  plates. 

2  nuts,  fi  t  do. 

l  manoeuvring  loop ;  2  nails. 

1  loop  bolt  :  I  nut. 

.'!  transom  anil  tODgae  DOltS. 

.'!  washers  and  .'<  nuts,  for  do. 

2  prop  plates  :    I   nails. 

1  prop  bolt :  I  key. 

2  forks. 

2  fork  bolts  :  2  nuts. 

2  trai  erse  wheels  (coil  iron ). 

For  32-pdr.  and  higher  calibres,  add: 

1  pipes  i  nasi  iroa  |. 

2  pipe  bolts;  I  washers  j  2  nuts. 

1  pintle. 


PINTLE   CROSS. 

Wood:  2 oross  pieces — 1  pintle  bolster,  fastened  to  the  cross  by  I  octagonal 
wooden  pins.  ]  Inch  thick. 
[boh:  1  bolster  plate  (cast  Iron),  fastened  to  the  bolster  by  4  bolts ;  I  washers 

and   I  nuts.  |or  do. 

1  pintle;  l  washer  and  l  key,  fordo. 

In  temporary  batteries,  ■  circular  platform  ol  plank  Is  required  for  the  wheels 
oi  the  chassis  to  traverse  on. 

In  permanent  batteries,  the  bolster  plate,  the  pintle  and  the  traversing  circle 
are  fixed  In  masonry. 


MiMI  AC  TATIRK. 


!!> 


CASEMATE  CARRIAGES. 

Each  carriage  consists  of  a  gun  e&rriag*  and  a  chatti*. 

The  carriages  for  24,  32,  and  !2-|>oiinder  guns,  and  the  8-inch  Colnmbiad,  are 
similar  i<>  each  other,  differing  only  in  their  dimensions. 

A  special  carriage  is  arranged  tor  mounting  the  24-pounder  iron  howitzer  in 
the  flanks  "i  casemate  l>;ii t»-ri<->. 

<,i  \    (    LRR1  \<.K. —  Plat 

Wood. 


2  cheeks,  each  in  '2  pieces. 
'J  dowel-,  lor  do. 
1  front  transom. 
1  reiir  transom. 


1  slide;  2  doweli 
1  axleiree. 

■  •>. 


//''//,. 


"s  cheek  l>o!ts;   10  washers:  S  mils. 

2  trunnion  pi 

4  bolts,  for  do. :    I  nuts. 

1  elevat  ing  screw. 

1  l>ed  plate,  f<  >r  screw  fi 

1  nut,  lor  do.  (bra 

1   pinion.  |nr  do.  (' 

I,  for  pinion  j   1  set  screw. 
I  cheek  washer  ;  3  -itoi  -. 

1  handle,  for  > 1 1 h 1 1    r,7*i  iion). 

id  1  nut,  for  do. 
'_'  I'fd  plate  bolts;  2  washers;  2  nuts. 

2  1"  ills,  insom  and  slide. 
2  washers  and  2  nuts,  lor  do. 


1  trail  roller    • 

1  roller  >  1 1 : 1 1 1 . 

|,  >r  roller  shrill. 
'2  roller  bolts  j  2  v.  asbi  I 
'J  ir.ul  handles. 

nembling  bolts;  I  washers;  1  nut-. 
s  ;i\ le  skeans  :    IH  nads. 

2  axle  shoulder  plates  ;    1 0  >> 

III-. 
2  underst  r ;•  ( ■  - . 

ashen  |   I  ants. 
2  linch  pin-. 

2  truck  wh«  • 


2  rail*. 

iter  barten 
1  from  i 


<  ii  \- 

m 

1   rear  lr.< 
1   ton. 

I 


f.ir  rr;ir  transom  and  rail«. 

rails. 

■    • 


•  w«. 

Bats, 
nuts. 


50 


<  ll.\l'.    III.  —  ARTII.I.KUV    <    IRRIAGE8 


34-PDR.  HOWITZER  CARRIAGE,  FOB   PLANE  CASEMATES 

«,i  n    ■    \i:i:ia«;k. — PtaU   10. 


TfOtl. 


trail  bandies;   I  washers;   I  nut-. 

manoeurring 

eye  bolts,  for  'I".  |  2  nuts 

trail  plates  :  B  nails. 

cheek  bolls;  2  washers;  2  nuts, 

trunnion  platea. 

bolts,  for  do.;  2  washers;  2  Dots. 

key  hull*  ;    1  nut*. 

front  Iran-oui   I  ... 

}  (east  iron). 

ri'iir  t r;i ii >< >in    j  ' 

assembling  1>< >li^ ;  Swashers;  3  ants. 

understraps. 

roller  forks  ;  2  Icejrs. 

rollers  (ortiss). 


2  fork  holts  ;  2  nuts. 

2  cap  squares  ;   I  eye  pine. 

I  eap  square  keys  j   I  key  chains. 

I   trail  roller 

1  roller  journal. 

2  ecoenl  rics,  for  do. 

2  journal  platei  :  screw  i. 

1  roller  handspike. 

1  elevating  screw . 

1  box  and  1  pinion,  for  do.  [hm-ss). 

1  >haii.  for  pinion;  l  set  norew. 

1  handle,  for  siiait ;   l  screw. 

1   cheek  \\  a-her  ;    .'!  .-erew  -. 


<  ii  \--is. — Plate  10. 
I  VOO <l. 


2  rails. 

l  iront  transom ;  I  d<  iwels. 


2  middle  transoms :  I  pins 

I  rear  tranaoni  ;   l  dowels. 


Iron. 


3  assembling  !>olt« ;  6  washers  j  3  nuts 
I  collar,  for  middle  assembling  bolt. 

1  Upper  pintle  plate. 
1  |o *  er  pint  le  plate. 
5  bolts,  for  pintle  plate-  ;    5  nut-. 

1  huiiiT  plate :   I  screws. 

2  counter  hurter  plate-:  8  lurews. 

2  counter  hnrtersj  Swashers;  2  nuts. 

1   prop. 


2  prop  bolts  :   2  nut-. 

l  brace,  tor  the  prop. 

1  brace  boll ;   1  nut. 

i  fork,  Tor  traverse  wheels. 

2  fork  ami  prop  bolts  j  2  nuts 
2  traverse  wheel-  u-r/.s/  iron). 
2  traverse  wheel  bolts;  2  outs 

1  pintle. 


MORTAR   BEDS. 


BBDfl    M'l:   B-OrOH     \M>    10-INCH    -in.i     KOBTAB8. 

W'ooii  :  l  bolster,  for  the  quoin. 

Iron:  2  cheeks,  l  middle  transom,  and  l  from  I  ransom,  ia  one  piece  (fiaM  iron). 

1  manu  u\  ring  bolts,  east  in  place. 

2  rap  squares  ;   I  cap  square  -tr.ip-  :   1  holts :    I  key-. 

2  bolster  bolts;  2  nuts. 


NOMENCLATURE. MORTAR     REDS MACHINES. 


51 


PLATFORM  FOR  SIEGE  MORTARS. 


Woor>:  fi  sleepers  ;   IS  deck  planks;  72  dowels. 
Ikon  :  12  eye  holts. 

COEHORN  MORTAR  RED. 

Wood:  The  bed  is  a  block  of  oak  wood,  in  1  or  2  pieces. 
Iron:  2  assembling  bolta  j    1  washers;  2  nuts. 

2  cap  squares  ;   2  holts  ;   2  mils. 

4  handles;  4  holts:  4  nuts. 

EPROfVETTE    MORTAR    BED    AND    PLATFORM. 

The  bedplatt  for  ihe  eprouvette  mortar  is  of  cast  iron. 

The  plate  is  let  into  a  platform  of  oak  wood,  formed  of  one  or  two  pieces, 
Strengthened  by  2  holts,  with   1  washers  and  1  nuts. 

This  wooden  platform  is  fastened  with  I  holts.  No.  7,  to  a  hlock  of  stone,  of 
the  same  dimensions  as  the  wood,  -which  is  firmly  imhedded  in  the  ground. 


MACHINES. 

l  it  I  I.     \\|.    UEQK   GIN. 
WOOd. 


1  pry  pole. 
3  hniceS. 


fi  assemhling  pins. 
1  windlass. 
•r>  handspikes. 


Ir<m. 


fi  rivet-  •  -  ;  fi  hurrs. 

1  tongue :  3  • 

9  bead  M  raps  ;  4  i  rears. 

l  n--i  moling  bolt;  •    -  .  1  nut. 

i  washers. 

1  sheave  boll  .    1 

2  oval     ■ 

■  It.  lor  |>n 

•    |>in. 


2  journal  box<  ■ 

s  bolts  for  do.  :   s  washers  .    8  nuts 

2  gudgeons,  lor  windlai 

1  bands,  lor  windlass  j   1 6  ds 

2  hai  I   nail*. 

.'(  bands,  (or  pry  pole  :    t!  nails. 
H  poi  ;iry  pole. 

1  handle,  for  pry  , 

■  ■ 
1   prj  ie  ;  2  rivet - 


Jr  Pulley  Block. 

1  shea  nuls. 


52 


CHAP.     III. — ARTII.I.I.RY    CARRIAGES. 


GARRISON   <:ix — Plat'    11. 

Wood. 


-  :  2  level  blocks. 

1  pry  pole. 


1 1  cleats,  for  pry 
1  windlass. 


ils. 


Iron. 


6  bands,  for  legs  and  pry  pole. 
l*s  nails,  for  bands. 
2  rivet  Ik. lis;    2  nuts. 

2  braces. 

1  brace  bolts;  S  washers:  32  nails. 
1  keys,  for  brace  holts. 
1  key  chains  :   1  eye  pins. 

3  points,  for  legs  and  pry  pole. 

1  pry  pole  handle. 

2  washers,  for  do.;   S  nails. 


1  clevis. 

1  clevis  boll  ;    1   pin. 

2  key-,  for  clevis  bolt. 

2  k<-y  chains  ;  2  eye  pins. 

'2  journal  boxes       cut   ;  v  screws. 

2  pawls. 

'2  holts,  for  do . :  '.'  washers  :  2  nuts. 
2  journals,  for  windla:  s. 

6  hand-,  for  windlass  :   2  I   nails. 

2  ratchets  [east  iron  I  ;  1  nails. 


Pulley  Blocks. 

They  are  made  with  one,  two,  three,  or  four  sheaves. 

Ieon  :  2  straps;  2  cross  heads,  with  2  eyes  riveted  in  them;    I   nuts,  for  cross 
heads;   1  book,  welded  into  one  of  the  eyes;   1  sheave  bolt;  1  nut. 
The  partitions  ;  the  sheaves  {brass). 

CASl  MATE    <iIN. 
It  is   made  like  the  garrison  gin,  differing   from   it  only  in  the  dimensions  ol 
some  parts.     The  pry  pole  has  hut  6  cleats,  for  steps. 

mi  Mi  CART — Plate  11. 

Wood. 

1  axletree  ;   1  bolster:    1  pole;  B  hounds;    1  pole  prop. 


lion. 


1  lower  axle  skean. 

2  upper  a \le  skeans. 

I)  rivets,  for  skeans. 

2  ba  lids,  for  axle  arms. 

•1   washer  plates,  for  hooks;    16  nails. 

■1  hooks  ;   l  wasbers ;   I  nuts. 

2  stirrups,  lor  axle  and  holster. 

2  bridles,  for  do. ;   I  nuts. 

l  bed  plate,  fi ir  screw  | east  iron). 

'-'  bolts,  for  do.  :   2  nuts. 

1  hoisting  screw. 

1  nut,  for  screw  (brass). 

1  handle,  for  screw. 

2  rivet-,  for  pole  :  2  burrs. 

1  pole  strap  ;    12  nails. 
.')  holts,  for  do.  ;   •'!  nuts. 

2  bolls,  for  axle  and  hounds;  2  nuts. 
'.'•  hand-,  for  hounds;  0  nails. 


2  hulls,  for  hounds  and  pole. 

■I  washers  and  •_'  nuts,  for  do. 
1  cascable  chain  and  hook. 

1    pole  staple;    2  wa-lier-  ;    2  llllts. 

1  eye  pin,  for  pole  prop. 

2  washers  and   I   nut,  tor  do. 

1   socket,  for  pole  prop  :    1  rivet. 
1  ferrule,  fi  >r  do. ;   l  rivet. 

1   chain  and  toggle,  for  do. 

1  eye  pin.  for  pi  lie  pi'op  chain. 

2  axle  shoulder  washers. 
2  hiieh   washers. 

2  liiieh  pins. 

1  sling  chain  and  hook. 

2  trunnion  chai as. 

2  wheels. 


NOMENCLATURE. — MACHINES.  58 

Sling  Cart.— Wheel. 

Wood:  1  nave;  16  8]  Hies;  8  dowels. 

Iron  :  4  nave  bands  :    12  nails. 

1  tire  :  8  lire  holts :  6  washers  j  s  nuts. 

2  nave  boxes  [east  iron). 

CASEMATE    TRUCK. 

This  truck  is  designed  for  transporting  guns  in  casemate  galleries,  or  through 
posterns. 

Wood:  2  rails;  3  transoms  ;   1  handle. 

Ii;o\  :    ]   rear  transom  plate;   2  ring?,  for  drag  ropes:    1  nails. 

1  front  transom  plate;  2  rings,  lor  drag  ropes  ;  6  nails. 
6  bolts,  for  rails  and  transom  plates  ;  6  nuts. 

2  fork  plates,  for  rear  wheels  j   N  nails. 

1  fork  socket,  for  front  wheel  ;   it  ts  round,  to  allow  the  fork  to  turn 

3  forks  and  3  bolts,  for  wh< 

1  fork  plate,  for  (rout  wheel. 

1  i  mgue.  fastened  to  the  front  fork  plate  by  1  bolt  and  1  nut. 
3  truck   wheels  [cast    iron),   like  the   traverse   wheels   of  the  barbette 
chas 

II  \M>   CART. 

Wood:  1  bolster,  for  axletree;  2  lower  side  rails. 

3  cross  upper  side  rails;  2  end  rails;  6  side  studs;  6  end  studi 

S  bottom  boards. 
Iron  :  70  wood  screws,  for  fastening  the  sides,  ends,  and  bottom 

1  axlelne:  2  bolts,  fordo.;  2  nuts. 

2  props  :    I  bolts,  for  i< >.  \   1  nuts. 

2  shoulder  washer-:   2  lioch   washers:   2  linch  pins. 
2  wh< 

WheeL 

W    ■■!•:    1   nave  j    ]  .'  |p  ikei  :    0  fellies. 

Iron :  2  nave  is. 

1  tire;  0  lire  bolts;  0  washers;  S  nuts 

1  nave  box. 

BTOR1      rRCCl 
ommon  hand  track,  i|>cil  ||  etc. 


.")1  CHAP.     III. AKTILI.KRY    CARRIAGES. 

in   iim;    .1  ACK. 

A  geared  screw  jack,  for  lifting  heavy  weights. 
Wood:   1  bed  plate. 

Iron:  2  rivet  bolls,  for  bed  plate;  4  washers;  2  nuts. 
2  eye  plates,  for  braces;  6  Bcrew  I. 

1  stand  (cast  iron)  :  4  steadying  points,  for  the  stand. 

2  braces ;  2  brace  bolts. 

1  hoisting  screw  :   1  plate,  fastened  to  the  foot  by  3  screws. 

1  nut  and    I   pinion,  for  hoisting  screw  (brats) \   1   shaft,  for  the   pinion 

1  set  screw  ;   1  crank  ;  1  nut. 
1  handle  (wood)  ;  1  washer  and  1  nut,  for  do. 
1  cap  plate ;  4  bolts,  for  do. 

LEVER  JACK. 

The  lever  jack  is  an  adjustable  fulcrum,  with  a  long  lever. 

Wood:  The  stand  (oak)  consists  of  1  bed,  2  uprights.  1  transom,  and  2  pins. 

1  lever. 
Iron:   1  transom  bolt;  2  washers  and  1  nut.  for  do. 

1  fulcrum  bolt  ;  1  chain,  for  do. ;  1  eye  pin. 

2  lever  plates  ;  12  screws. 

Weights. 

Store  truck 80  pen  mis. 

Lifting  jack 160 

Casemate  gallery  truck 000         " 


DIMENSIONS     AND     WEKillTS. 


55 


Principal  dimensions  and  weights  of  Field  dun  Carriages  and 

Limbers. 


DIMENSION?, 


cs 


:-  = 


c.  a. 


I  >i  stance  between  the  inside  of  the  trunnion  plates 

Diameter  of  the  trunnion  boles 

Depth  of  ihe  centre  of  trunnion  hole  below  the  upper  face 

of  the  trunnion  plate 

Distance  of  axis  of  trunnions  in   rear  of  axis  of  axletree. 

the  piece  being  in  battery  on  horizontal  ground 

Distance  from  axis  of  trunnions  to  ;isi-  of  axletree 

Height  of  axis  of  trunnions  above  the  ground 


Vertical    field 
of  fire, 


I  above  the  horizontal  line,  j  Howitzer" 
fG, 

I  lb 


below  the  horizontal  line. 


f  front  Ol   wheels 
Howitzer,    I  , -      .       . 

'      rear  of  wheels. 


Gun 

lowitzer. .  . . 
Distance  between  the  points  of  contact  of  trail  and  wheels 

with  the  ground  line 

Distance  from  front  <>i    wheels  to  end  of  trail,  the  niece 

be  ins  in  battery 

Distance  of  the  muzzle  oi )  Gun,  in  front  of  wh 

the  piece  in  battery  from 

the  front  el'  the  wheels. 
Length  of  sun  carriage  without  wheels 

Length  of  limber  without  wheels 

Length  ol  limber  without  wheels  or  pole 

Length  of  limber  with  wheels  and  pole 

Distance  between   the   centres   of   the   axletree* 

carriage  and  limber 

Length  ol  the  carriage  limbered  up 

Distance  from  the  muzzle  of  the  piece.  >  Gun 

when  limbered,  to  the  front  of  pole,    i  Howitzer 

Whole  length  "I  the  axletree 

Track  ol  the  wheels 

Height  "i  wheel 

I  »i>h  ol  finished  wheel 


In. 

9.6 
3.7 

1. 

0.5 
14.6-' 
43.1 
12  s 

13° 

5° 
74.4 

5.91 


I  .no 
104.4 
161.2 


In.  In. 

11.65  12.15 
4.25       1.'.' 

0.05      0.95 


1. 
16.2 
14.8 


13° 


16.6 

4.r).2 

13° 

12° 

7° 

5° 


122.75  122.7.'. 

ir».70 

r>.y     12.7 


111.4     113.5 
161.2    l< 

173.0-  173.08  173.06 


96.       101.7    101.7 

279.1     

272.1    • 


00. 


I  Gun  carriage,  without  wheels  

|  Limber,  without  wheel*  or  ammunition  cheat 
I  Ammunition  chest,  without  divisions 


...  .'  .      .    t  < .ti ii  carriage 

WEIGHTS         '       '    '■'      ■  '  i 

I   Limber 


Gun  r  ■     wit  bout  implr 

Limber  complete,  without  implements 

•  bin  oarnaaa  and  limber,  without   imp  • 


I.S 

540 

ret'. 

180 
180 


78.84 
l.S   I.G 


180 

1 1 28 


783 

33.'. 

1 1  7.', 


56 


f -  II A  l>.    III. — ARTILLERY    CARRIAGES. 


Principal  dimensions  and  weights  of  Siege   Ghtn   Carriages  and 

Limber. 


DIMENSIONS. 


Distance  between  the  inside  of  the  trunnion  plates 

Diameter  of  the  trunnion  holes 

Depth  of  centre  of  trunnion  hole  below  the  upper  face  of 

i  trunnion    plate  

Distance  of  axi>  of  trunnions  in  rear  ol  axis  of  axletree 

the  piece  being  in  battery  on  horizontal  ground  

I listance  from  axis  of  trunnions  to  axis  of  axletree  

Height  of  axis  of  trunnions  above  the  ground 


f    ,  ,      ,  ...        (dun 

-,-     ,•      |    ,.    ,  .       above  the  horizontal    line.      ., 

\  ertical   held    j  |  I  [owitzer.  — 

of  lire.  Iii         .1      i       •        .ii-         I  '  'Ml      

below  the  horizontal  line. -j  uowj,zer 

Distance  between  the  points  ol  contact  of  the  wheels  and 
trad  with  the  -round    line    

Distance  from  the  front  of  the  wheels  to  the  end  of  the  trail, 

the  piece  being  in  buttery 

Distance  of  the  muzzle  oil  n  <■      >    r.i  ,  ,,.i  .  i 

.  ( .mi.  in  fronl  ol  the  wheels.  ■ 

t  he  piece  in  hallerv    rom  ,   .  .         .  ,_     .  _t._    i. 

.    .         .-     ,  Howitzer,  in  rear  ol  wheels., 

the  front  ol  the  wheels.   J 

Length  of  gun  carriage,  without  wheel*.. •' 

Length  of  limber,  without  wheels 

length  of  limber,  without  wheels  or  pole 

Length  of  limber,  with  wheels  and  pole 

Distance  between  the  centres  of  the  axletrees  of  gun 
carriage  and  limber 

Length  ol  the  carriage,  limbered  up 

Distance  from  the  muzzle  ol  'the  gun,  in  its  travelling  posi- 
tion, to  front  end  ol    pole 

Whole  length  of  the  axletree 

Track  of  the  wheels 

Height  of  wheel 

Dish  of  finished  wheel 


In. 

1.65 

1.1 

::. 
22.  IS 

13° 


4° 


100. 

111. 

:;<>.- 1 


130. 
I  76.05 
59.8 
IS4.9 


Weights. 


I  dun   carriage!  without   wheels 

|   Limber,  without    wheels 

!  One  wheel 

Gun  carriage,  complete,  without  implements 
|  Limber,  complete 

dun  carnage  and  limber,  without   implements 


94. 

278.9 


285.15 


M  .8 

80. 

60. 


Lbs. 

1  110 
5S5 
404 

2248 

l.v.c: 
3641 


In. 
&.35 


22.85 
52.6 

1'2° 


4° 


In. 

18.15 
5.85 

1.4 

•2.7.r. 

53. 
12° 

15° 
4° 

10° 

101. 

142. 

35.31 
7.66 

133.6 
,  RJ.fl     [76.65 
59.8      59.8 
184. 9    184.9 


101. 

142. 
35.35 


96. 
280.9 


291  •  I'. 
81 .8 
60. 
GO. 


Lbs. 

1542 
585 

nil 

1393 
3743 


96. 
280.9 

290. 

M.N 

(ill. 

60. 


Lbs. 

171  I 
585 
lt)l 
2S22 
L393 
3915 


DIMENSIONS    AM)    WEIGHTS. 


57 


Field  and  Siege  Wagons. 


DIMENSIONS    AM)    WRIGHTS. 


Lengl  ii 

Distance  between  the  ax  let  rees  of  carriage 

and  limber 

Whole  length,  when  limbered  up 

Height,  above  the  ground 

I  Carriage    body,  withoul    wheels 

j  Limber,  w  il  liout  w  heels  or  chesi 

,.-      i .     !  <  'in-  wheel 

weight.  <  o  it-,  i  . 

Carriage   and    Ii  mber,  c«  implete, 

without    implements  or  spare 

parts....    


In.  In. 

130. 

92.  97.8 

274.7        279. 
5S.7f)      70.5 


Lbs. 

ISO 


Lbs. 
997 

3.15 
L&0 


2.217 


Battery     Mortar 
Wagon.  Wagon. 


In. 
154. 

112.93 

LI  -. 
910 
.1.15 
180 


In. 
143.6 

60. 

Lbs. 
984 

■101 


3.185 


1NTEBIOR    DIMENS 

Length. 

In. 

1". 
31. 
'j-  8 
G3.S5 

Width. 

Depth. 

,, 

1  1.75 
7.5 

17. 

Weight. 

Ammunition,    or    limber     chest,    without 

In. 

18. 

13. 
36. 

40. 

I  ravelling    1-  orge 

100 

MORI Al 


Length 

Exterior     width,     including     manoeuvring 
holla 


8-inch. 


P  .iiii.l- 


In. 


10-inch. 


In. 

51.8 


In. 
.11. 


15. 


In. 
22. 


:  hi  platform  for  made  "i   \  ■ 


58 


(  HAP.    II!.  —  ARTILLERY    CARKIAGKS. 


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DIMENSIONS    AM)    WEIGHTS    OF    HARBETTK    CARRIAGES.  59 

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)    0 

DIMENSIONS    AXP    WEIGHTS    OF    CASKMATF.    CARRIAGES. 


01 


j.)/.ii.\\o|j  \ip<I-|  3 


■pBiquin|oo  'iii's  I     ,= 


•uiiq  -Ji»i-ir. 


—  _ 

-  —       -    / 

A 

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53  •N  O  O  :■:    : 

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— 1 

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ur. . ,   jjxi-ri  c       _ 


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s 
—      — 

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35    ;• 


J       r  ■'  r  -    -  -  •  —  / 
M 


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^  »■  u 

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>    >    - 

~    ■  •_ 


c  C 

8  - 


S  o" 


■-■-  a 


z    •  —  'Z 


e  e  s  — 


02 


CHAP.    III.  —  AHTII.I.KKY    CARRIAGES. 


Sung  Carts. 


Length  from  rear  nt  wheels  to  front  end  ofp< 

Length  "i  sxletree 

Height  di  wheels 

Difianco  between  the  wheels,  on  the  ground. 


Weight . 


C  ( )ne  wheel 

i  Whole  weight,  w 

,  Tn ion  chain  and  rings 

(_  Sling  chain 


ithoul  sling  cbaint 


I.  ir.e. 


Ilan.l. 


111. 

In. 

242.4 

. 

P2. 

7.r..50 

96. 

. 

58.75 

U.S. 

Lbs. 

701 

1115 

-1 

Oins. 


Length  of  legs 


Weight  "t  pry  pule 

Weight  of  gin,  without  blocks 

|  Single  ■ 
Weight  of  pulley  blocks. .  •  Double 

(  Triple.  ■ 


Field 

and 

In. 
175.5 

Lb?. 

55 

455 

37 


Gnrri- 

MHl. 


III. 

2  6.5 

Lbs. 
224 
h23 

65 

M 


mate. 


In. 
172.5 

Lbs. 

17.r> 

643 

OS 
B4 


BOLTS,  NUTS  AND  WASHERS. 

In  the  following  Table  the  letters  Indicate  the  form  of  the  head  of  the  bolt,  as 

follows  : 

A.  Holt  with  round  (cylindrical)  head,  chamfered  j  square  under  the  bead. 

B.  Round  head,  not  chamfered;  to  be  let  into  wood;  square  under  the  head. 

C.  Countersunk  head;  boll  square  under  the  head. 

D.  Convex  or  rose  head  ;  square  under  the  head. 

I.  Square  head,  chamfered ;  round  under  the  head ;  nut  let  into  wood. 

F.  Round  head,  chamfered ;  applied  to  wood ;  round  under  the  head. 

G.  Hound  head,  not  chamfered ;   to  be  lei  into  wood;  round  under  the  head. 

II.  Countersunk  head;  holt  round  under  the  head. 


TABLE     OF     BOLTS,     M  TS     AND     WASHERS. 


03 


~*         WM         CS 


'  —  m 


~  —        TOCO 


ci  —     '  c-        — 


~  —      fin 


—  <-  « [ 

K  £N  >n        00        <--   : 


ci  ci       ci 


CI  —        P0        c*. 


re  is  EC 
ci  ci  —  ci 


CI  —         CI        c. 


i-       t-  /   ?'  >~ 


a i 


o 


—  in 


.-  —  —      tc e 


\-  t;       B 


—        —  = 


V 

-  ■_ 

e — 

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K 

-= 

h 



64 


CHAP.    III. — ARTILLERY    CARRIAGR8. 

I:  u  ts. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

In. 
0.2 

In. 
0.25 

.85 
.ft 

.2 

. 

.45 

. 

In. 

1 . 1 25 
.  25 
.6 

.17 

In. 
0.5 

i. 

(     B 

(     H '. 

.73 

(      H 

Thickness  of  head .     C.   I' 

.:i 

(      II 

.125 

. 
.125 

.1 

L.S 

■'"■-- 

;  Exterior  diameter  of  countersink 

B.  Head  not  chamfered;  to  let  into  wood.     U.  Kosehead;  resting  on  iron. 

C.  Countersunk  head  j  to  lei  into  iron.  II.  Rose  bead  :  resting  on  wood. 

Wrought  Nails. 


1 

3 

l 

In. 

Body;  diameter  or  thickness..       .25 

,,      i    , .    i,    |  Diameter -r> 

Heads  CD.    •  •..,     ,                            .. 
J  1  bicknesa 2 

In. 
.3 

.<■ 

In. 

. 

.7 

In. 
.ft 

.87 

.:; 

( '.  Square  nail,  with 
cnuntersu  nk  hand. 
5  1 1.  Round  nail  «  ith 
rose  head. 

Cut  Nails. 

Noi 

2d. 

2d. 

id. 

•',/. 

Sd 

lOd. 

I2d. 

•j.i./. 

Length. • • .Inches  .... 

1. 
550 

. 

1.5  i      2 
340  :     150 

2.5 

100 

3 
60 

3.5 
40 

I 

■    nails,  torouglu  or  cut :  the  size  is  designated  by  the  length  in 
inches. 

Btttowt  nails  and  clout  nails  arc  short  wrought  nails,  with  large  beads,  slightly 
convex  :  they  are  used  chiefly  for  nailing  leather,  canvass,  etc..  on  wood. 

ils  1.13  inch  long.  0.1   inch  thick,  with  heads  .75  inch  to  1  inch  In 
diameter,  should  v  eigh  about  120  lo  1  ll>. 

'litcl.^  r Ias*ed  by  the  length  in  inches,  or  by  the  wefghl  of  1,000,  in  ounces. 

Sprigs,  brads,  finishing  nails,  are  classed  by  the  length  in  inches. 


WOOD    SCREWS. 


66 


Wood  Screws. 

Wood  screws  are  classed  by  tbe  length  in  Inches,  and  by  ihe  No.  which  indi- 
cates the  size  of  the  wire,  or  body  of  the  screw. 

The  following  table  of  dimensions,  derived  from  measurements  of  the  screws 
made  by  the  New  England  Screw  Company,  al  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  will 
be  found  convenient  for  reference. 


Head. 

1  liameter 

No. 

of  body. 

Diam- 

Tliiek- 

i  breads 

R  KM  ARKS. 

eter. 

ll'-s. 

to  1  in. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

3 

0.1(1 

D.20 

24 

The  length  of  thread  cut 

-  two- 

1 

.11 

.22 

.065 

24 

thirds  i lie  length  ol  ilie 

screw. 

5 

.13 

.26 

.07.'. 

20 

6 

.15 

.OS 

7 

.lti 

.32 

.(!>:, 

IS 

- 

.17 

.::i 

.00 

11 

0 

.in 

.33 

131 

li) 

.','U 

.40 

.10 

13 

11 

.21 

•  12 

.11 

12 

12 

. 

.11 

.12 

11 

13 

• 

.  16 

.13 

11 

14 

.24 

.48 

.1  1 

in 

15 

.1.", 

10 

16 

. 

.16 

BJ 

17 

.'J  7 

.54 

.17 

'.i 

18 

.56 

.18 

20 

..-ill 

.20 

- 

21 

. 

.64 

.21 

8 

22 

. 

71 

. 

7 

2(5 

.40 

.80 

7 

Rings. 


iation. 

Tim 

diam< 

■ 

«im». 

No.  , 

In. 
0.2 

]-4                        '''      |  Tin  -                                    moM 

i     field 
......            am                                  with 

06 


CHAP.     III. ART1M.KRY    CARRIAGES. 

Chains. 


Thickness 
ni'  iron. 

In. 

LINKS. 

Proof 
weight. 

Kind. 

Length. 

Width. 

In. 

kemai:ks. 

— \ 

In. 

1 

0.15 

)  s  f 

1.1 

(•..-. 

100 

All  chains  are  welded. 

2 

.2 

M 

1.25 

.75 

800 

3 

JhI 

1.6 

1.1 

4 

.25 

2. 

1. 

r> 

.375 

3. 

1.5 

•.'..Mill 

'•■ 

.5 

3. 

L.75 

5,000 

7 

.625 

3.4 

•j.  •.•:. 

6,500 

There  are  three  sizes  of  eye  pins  used  in  field  and  Bl'ege  Carriages,  as  follows: 


Nos 

Diameter  of  utem 
Diameter  oi  eye. 


In. 
0.3 


In. 

0.375 
.3 


In. 

o.r> 

.375 


Sheet  M(t, lis  and    Wire. 

Sheet  metals  and  metallic  wires  are  designated  by  Vo*.  corresponding  with 
the  thickness,  ^  indicated  by  the  ordinary  iron  wire  gauge.  These  gauges  do 
not  exactly  agree  with  each  other,  but  the  following  table  show  i  very  nearly  the 
thickness 'responding  with  the  several  \..s. 


No. 


Thickness 


No. 


Thickness . 


No. 


Thicknesr 


No.     Thickness, 


In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

1 

0.313 

'.i 

0.161 

17 

0.057 

0.023 

'1 

10 

.1  13 

lb 

.052 

26 

.02 

3 

.'.'71 

11 

.125 

l'.i 

.(117 

27 

.(Ms 

1 

.25 

12 

.113 

20 

.042 

28 

.016 

5 

13 

.1 

21 

.037 

.in  1 

6 

.    Lfl 

!  1 

.(INS 

'.'■J 

.031 

30 

.012 

7 

15 

.117.. 

23 

.028 

8 

.18 

L6 

■ 

2) 

.025 

nil.T.S    OF    TIMBER. 


07 


Bills  of  timber  for  Field  Carriages. 

OF  rARTs. 

/. 

- 

0 

ROCOa   DIMBR8II 
\<  II   PIECE. 

CONTI  \  I  B. 

Kind  of 

NAMES 

Long.  Wide. 

Thick. 

Each 
piece. 

Total. 

wood. 

GIN    CARRIAGES. 

For  (j-pr.  gun     (  Slock 

mill  1  Check  -  .  .  .  . 

\2-pr.  howitzer.  (  Axle  body  • 


For  \'2-pr.  guv,   (  Stock  .... 

24-pr.  and       I  Cheeks  •  ■ 

32-/>r.  howitzers.  (Axle  body 

WHEELS,  NoS.  1  &  '-'• 



Bpokea  

Polite* 

L1MT!ER. 

Axle  liody 

I  [oundf 

Pork 

Splinter  luir 

Brackets 

PrOIII  fbol  board 

li  >o|  I  .t  >;i  r<  I 

,,    ,  f  Large  end I 

Pole. . . .  '  Q       „        , 

!  end j 

Pole  prop 

AMMTMT' 

Endt 



Principal  pan  lion 

Btdei     

i  Endi  

Bottom 

Panel  for  cover 

I  lining 


In. 

In. 

In. 

2 

100 

0.25 

1.5 

2 

40 

13.5 

3.5 

1 

.r)0 

7. 

6. 

2 

108 

11. 

5.75 

2 

50 

16. 

1. 

1 

50 

7. 

7. 

1 

16 

14. 

Round 

1  1 

32 

3.5 

2. 

7 

27 

7. 

3.5 

1 

50 

9. 

56 

1.5 

3.25 

1 

40 

9.25 

1. 

1 

72 

::.5 

1 

9 

■ 

1.6 

1 

16 

B.75 

1.13 

1 

5. 

1  .  i  3 

1 

132 

3.25  j 

1 

30 

2.25 

2.25 

22 

17. 

1.31 

11 

17. 

1.31 

1 

17. 

1.31 

? 

'  11 

3.7.'. 

2. 

1 

1 

17.5 

1 

42 

Sup.lt 

28.90 
13.12 

1  i .  58 


17.11 
17.01 


17.09 
1.55 

4.59 


10.21 


3.1  I 
l  .60 

14.11 

1.05 


10.21 


Sup. It. 
1  1 .  5b 


94.  SS 
11.11 
17.M1 


17.09 
21  .7ii 
32.13 


18.75 
11.36 
10.2*3 


3.1  I 


Oak. 
Do. 
Do. 


Do. 
Do 
Do. 


Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


Do. 
Do. 

Culling*. 
Oak. 
I/O. 


li.ll  '  takoraah. 

i  .nr.  Hi'  k 


Walnut. 


13.60 

B.00 
10.21 

52.10 


|  Popli 


68 


CHAP.    III.  —  ARTIl.I.I  K\     CARRIAOE8. 


Bills  of  timber  for  Field  Garri 


NAMKS  OF   V.Mi  IV 


ROUGH   DIMENSIONS 


1 _ 


Wide.  Thick. 


Each 
piece. 


Total, 


Kind  of 
wood. 


CAISSON. 


Middle  rail 

Side  rafla 

Stock  

Axle  body 

Cross  bar 

Pool  board  bolster. 
From  foot  board. . . 
Sear  fool  board. . .  • 


forge — Body. 


Side  rails 

Middle   rail 

Stock  

A  \le  body 

Front  cross  liar 

l;  car   middle   CrOSS   I'ar   .  . 

Fronl  middle  cross  bar. . 

I;  .-.ti  .ti>s>  liar 

!  Ii  ii  i  boards 

Roof  bows 

<  iorner  studs 

Sid.-  studs 

Plates  

Fronl  cud  stud 

Front  "I   iron  room 

Keai   n|    iron  room 

Lining  of  iron  room  .  .  .  . 

i  lea  la  lor  grooves 

Brnces  

Fronl  end  of  rool 

R ear  end  of  rOOf  

<  lap  for  coal  Imx 

Boards  for  sides 

Boards  lor  rdof 

Boa i  da  for  sliding  coi  er 

Prop  lor  stock 

Bellows  pole 


In. 
76 

84 

:,ii 
in 
1  1 
42 
12 


Bt) 

'.m 

Hi 
in 
in 
in 
48 
12 
36 
36 
16 
■j- 
40 
38 
II 
II 
18 

42 
36 
12 
46 
36 

57 


In. 

. 
5. 

. 
6. 
I. 
I. 

7.:. 


1.75 
1 .  73 
6. 

7.25 
3.5 
3.5 
in. 
3. 
8. 
ft. 

::. 

:!. 

6. 

9.5 

:i. 

8.5 

2. 

I. 
10. 
12. 

2.5 

7. 

7. 

8. 

2.25 

2. 


In. 

1.75 

1.75 

B. 

3. 

2 . 1 3 
1.2.1 


3.75 

1.75 
6. 

3.5 

3. 
1.2! 

. 
2.5 
1.21 


i  . 
I. 
1. 
1. 
. 

1 .  75 
1.75 
1.25 

.75 

.75 

2.25 

2. 


Sup.fl 


l  i 

B 

16 
12. 

3 

i 
1 


11.87 

7.IU 
i7.8l 
15.10 

:;.  in 

2.50 

2.19 

i  .88 
2.32 
l.i  I 
3.30 
0.94 

0.61 
2.67 
5.10 

0.78 
1.53 
1 .68 
1.50 
1.05 
1.58 


Sup.ft. 

1  I.  II 
17.56     Do. 

lo.i,.  Da 
iv.. Mi  Do. 
3.33 


.1- 
l.»2 


. 


23.74 

7.IU 
17.61 
15.10 

;:.  in 

. 

:i.7.r. 
4.78 

1  .1  I 

.94 
5.1b 
1.22 

5 . 3 1 

5.10 

6.13 

.78 

15.30 

II  .7.'. 

9. 

1.05 
1 .58 

187.65 


Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


Oak. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Walnut. 

Do. 
Do. 

Wli.  pine 

Da 
Do. 

I  lickorv. 

Do. 


HILLS    OF    TIMBKR. 

Bills  of  timber  for  Field  Carriages. 


69 


NAMES  OF   PARTS. 


• 

I 

5. 

0 

d 

a   DIMENSIONS 
OF  EACH   PJECE. 

i  on  i  f.vts. 

Long. 

Wide. 

Thick. 

Each 
1 > i «-«-«- . 

Total. 

Kind  oi 
wood. 


FORQE — Bellows. 

Upper  and  lower  planks  . 

Middle  plank 

( ><>>>  beads 

(  Side 

Ribs.    -I  Ends 

(  Crns>  liar- 

Cleats.. 

Valves 

Baiien>  for  vah  es 

<  './<;/  box. 

Sides  and  lop  piece 

Ends 

Lid   

Clamps  lor  lid 

Bottom 

BATTERY   WAGON  —  Body 

Lower  side  rails 

T'pper  side  rails 

Stock 

Axle  body 

i f  'Hi  en ws  ba i 

Front  mi,], He  cross  l>ar>   . 

Rear  middle  ere--  I  ar . . . 

n  IM    I'.ir 

■  >r,U 

i   body 

Si, I-  oi   till 

Bottom  ol  nil 

Cleats  tor  nil 





rack  bars 

'  r. 

Side  rails 

I  ;     lie 

Bad  rail 

Kn<l  stud 

Bad  boards 




In. 

.'(I 
44 

30 

7 
9 
9 


16 
36* 

14 


116 
108 

50 

in 
106 
108 
104 
104 
10 
10 


108 


In. 

In. 

15. 

•J. 

15. 

2, 

3.5 

3. 

3. 

1. 

3. 

1. 

1. 

2 .  75 

9. 

.75 

1.5 

24. 

1  .  38 

24. 

1.3s 

14. 

1 .  25 

L.25 

15. 

1.31 

4. 

3. 

6. 

6. 

5. 

1.25 

4. 

1. 

■J..'. 

i. 

11.5 

l  .25 

1  .  36 

li.:, 

1  .25 

Hi. 

1. 

1  .38 

1. 

Sup.ft. 

7.H- 
9.17 

0.75 
0.67 

o.:,i  i 


o.'<n 


Sup.ft. 

Poplar. 

Do. 

Do. 

Ho. 

Do. 

Do. 
Cuttingi 

Walnut. 

Do 


3.00 

I.::  I 

1  .Mil 


.84 


r,.7.-> 
10.58 


41.88 
13.50 
27.00 

7.01 
•.'.II 
2.r,i 

3.SS 
31.71 
14. ft 


Walnut. 

Do. 

Ho. 

Do. 


Do. 

Do. 

Wli.   pine. 

Cuttings. 


■ 


-ARTILLERY    CARR1  \<.i  B. 


Bills  of  timber  for  Siege  Can 


NAMES  "1    PAH  1  S. 


Retail   DIM1 
OF   BACH    i 


Long.  Wide 


Thick 


Each 
piece. 


Total. 


Kind  of 
wood. 


r.'-PDR 


GUN  CARRIAGES. 

b 

j  Cheeks.... 

I  A \l<-  body  • 
I  Bolster 


lb-PDR.      -! 


Stock. 
Cheek 


I  Axle  body  .... 

[  Holster 1 


24-PDR. 


f Stock. 
!  Cheeks 


Axle  body 
Holster  . . . 


ONE   WHEEL. 


\:ive.  . 

S pokes 
Fellies. 


I.IMHER. 

Fork 

I  lounds 

Splinter  bar 

Pule.    •  i^<;-'".i I 

(  bunill  end J 

Leading  bar 


SI  OUT  A 11  WAQON. 

Middle  rail* 

Front  transom   

M  iddle  i  ransom 

Rear  transom 

Side  rails 

R  ear  cr<  >aa  I >;i  r 

M  iddle  cross  bars. . . . 

From  cross  bars 

Bottom  planks 

Axle  body 

Windlass 

M  lizzie  bolster 

Stakes 

Handspikes 


In. 
130. 

48. 

1  I. 

132. 

18. 

1  1. 


132. 
60. 
18. 

lo. 

19. 
32. 
28. 

60. 
50. 
70. 

142. 

70. 


142. 
28. 

I. 

4. 
'.^. 
42. 
ic. 
li. 
78. 
48. 
36. 
12. 
20. 
86. 


hi. 

h.5 

19.5 
9.5 

G.5 

L1.5 

20. 
9.5 
6.5 


11.5 

20.5 

0.5 

0.5 

16. 

i.-j; 
8. 


n. 


8. 

7. 

■I. 

6.7 

7.'. 

1.5 

4.5 

1.5 

6. 

9.5 

6.5 

6.5 

3.5 

4. 


In. 

7. 

S.5 

. 

8. 

S.5 

0.5 


6.75 
6.25 
S.5 
6.5 


Hound 
2.5 
1.5 


3.75 


Sup.ft. 
10.96 

1.11 

64.33 
17.92 

1.11 


26. 92 
1.70 

- 
7. 


6.51 
7.29 


15.36 

...   0 


6.5 
6.5 
3.25 
4. 


Sii|>.l'i. 
l  15.34 
SI  .92 

I. II 

Ffo.66 
95.84 

4.11 


184.  i^ 

106.78 

26.9S 

1.70 


3.94 
1.5 
1.09 
8.67 
26.92 
10.56 
3.52 
1  .  58 
6.22 


33.04 
19.00 

108.57 

13.02 

. 
7.29 


I- Oak. 


90. 
5.10  . 

Cuttings, 

'47.92    | 

•t  m 

i. 

9. 03 

2 .  i B 

17.34    j-Oak. 
26.92 
10.56 

9.  Is 

12.41  Hid 
239.  12 


ory. 


niLLS    OF    TIMBER. 


71 


Bills  of  timber  for  Barbette  Carriages. 


NAMES    OF    PART 


— 

3 

Kocea     DIMENSIONS 

OF    EACH    r 

CONTEN I B 

Long.    Wide.  Thick. 

Bach 

i se. 

Total. 

Kind  ot 
wood. 


GDK    CARRIAGE. 


|  Uprights i 

Braces , 

Front   transom 

Middle  transom 

Rear  i  ra  nsom 

Transom  and  axle  in-  . . 

Elevating  bed 

Axle    body 

Spokes  l>>r  two  wheels. 

CHASSIS. 


Rails 

H  liners 

Counter  hurters. 
From  transom  . . 
Middle  transom. 
Rear  transom  . . . 

Tongue 

I  Pro| 


f  T'priglit- 

es 

Prom  transom 

M  iddle  t  ransom 

Rear  i  ransom 

Tr.i  Di>om  and  a  \  i 

■  qs  bed 

Axle  body 

Spokes  for  two  wheels  • 


Rails 

Hurl,  i- 

Kr-Mil     1  r.t ■ .  - 

Midi! 

Rear  i ransom . . . 
le 


GUN  CARRIAGE. 


In. 

In. 

2 

52. 

17. 

2 

12.5 

23. 

12. 

'2.'!. 

9. 

23. 

13. 

82. 

11. 

-. 

8. 

35. 

;». 

JO 

22. 

4.25 

2 

1  18. 

1 2 . 5 

'.' 

18. 

7. 

9. 

48. 

9. 

12. 

'.». 

192. 

10.5 

36. 

8. 

2 

52. 

17.7.'. 

J 

13. 

24. 

12. 

24. 

24. 

1  1. 

84. 

11. 

9. 

38. 

9. 

22. 

2 

148. 

51. 

51. 

11.6 

In. 
5.5 

9. 

-. 

10.25 
B. 

K.5 


7.5 
5.25 

9. 

7. 


8.5 
4. 


9. 
11. 


Sup.ft. 

17.25 
11.5 
21.28 
50.11 

9.33 
18.59 

J.  7'i 


7.14 

27. 
21. 

21. 
119. 

8. 


18. 
13.5 

10.5 
19.12 


I. 


9. 


Sup. li 


17.25 
11.5 

21  .'2  s 
50.11 


I "2. 70 

:  i.2s 

27. 

21. 
21. 
119. 


102.98 

M..ls 
I-. 

13.5 

IC.5 
10.11 


n 


CHAP.  III. — ARTILLERY'  CARRIAOE8. 


Bills  of  timber  for  Barbettt   Carriages. 


\aue>  i>F  pab  rs. 


- 

KOI  <:u     DIMENSIONS 

..     i  \i  a  i 

CONTKN  IS. 

Long. 

Wide. 

Thick. 

Bach 
piece. 

Total. 

K  mil  of 


BON  CARRIAGE. 

[  Uprights , 

I  Braces  

Prom   iransom 

I  M  iddle  i  r;i  i » t~ *  ■  t ■  i 

i  Rear  iransom 

Transom  and  axle  n<-. . . 

blevatine  l>rd    1     a\     , 

\        .^-IIX'll 

Axle   body 

Spokes  for  two  wheels. 


\ 


...      .  (  32-pdr. 

1   nlill •  ■  , 

b-incb 


\:' 


CHASSIS. 

Rails 

II  mi  ters 

Counter  Burters 
Front  Iransom.. 
Middle  transom. 
R  ea  r  i  ransom. . . 

Tons ne  

j  Prop 


EtBIAGB. 

this 


(  Upri 

i  

Fronl    transom 

M  iddle  i r.i ii-i >■■! 

Rear  i  ransom 

Ti ansi 'in  and  axle  in-. . . 

Elevating  bed 

Axle  body 

Spokes  i"r  two  wheels. 


0HA8SIS- 

Rails , 

1 1  nrtera . 

' ' iter  hurlers. . 

Fronl  ir.niMMii . . , 
M  iddle  Iransom. 
R  ear  i  ransom. . . 

Ti  mgue 

Pro| 


In. 
54. 
84. 
27. 
27. 
27. 
84. 

28. 
12. 

22 . 


In. 
!-... 
14.5 
12. 
II. 
1  I. 
11. 
10. 
10. 

9. 

I.'.'. 


1  18. 

;■-'- 

57. 

57. 

IS. 

192. 

. 


87. 
28. 
28. 
28. 

15. 


148. 

BO. 
00. 

192. 

30. 


14.0 

9. 

11. 

11. 

9. 

12.5 

in. 


L5.5 

10. 

11. 
11. 

9. 
13.5 

11. 


In. 

L2. 

in. 
6. 
B. 

1.25 


Sup.ft.  Sup 
46.10 
57.09  11 1 


. 

31.5 
64.16 

11 .66 

. 

22.31 

2.76 


9 . 5 


25 


10.5 


111. 

HIT. 
10. 


L67 

10 

11 
50 

5    207 

11 


il 


130.20 
134.09 


283.14 

L8.38 

39.19 
13.54 

. 


131.40 


.... 


,.< 


20.12 
35.00 

71  .  12 

. 

55.20 
178.30 


Oak. 


20.40 

li  .21 
50.  II 

. 
207. 

11. 

691.60   J 


Oak 


BILLS    01      i  I  Mr.  I  li 


78 


Bills  of  timber  for  Casemate  Carriages. 


NAMES   OF    TAIUS. 


Km  gh    nun 

•Ml    PIKCB. 


55 


Long.    Wide. 


Thick. 


Each 


Total. 


Kiml  of 


GUN  CAR  It)  AG  E. 


f  Cheeks 

Front  I  ransom 
Kcar  traii-i  im . 

Slide 

Axletree  .  .  .    . 
Guides 


Rails 

Counter  hurlt-r.- 
Front  transom  . 
Rear  transom. . 

Tongue  

[Prop 


GUM  CARRIAGE. 


'Cheek* 

Front   transom. 

B  ea  r  I  r.i  n-  .in  . . 

Slide 

e  






ii-r    linrii  ri 

J  From  irai 

Ii 


I  l'r.'i 


In. 

In. 

2 

L32. 

15..- 

1 

24 

16.5 

1 

28. 

l&.ri 

1 

28. 

l-  5 

1 

5 

9. 

2 

in. 

7. 

2 

L2.5 

2 

17. 

6. 

1 

16.5 

1 

16.5 

1 

200. 

12*3 

1 

'J  7. 

12. 

2 

132. 

16. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

7. 

14. 

17. 

' 

1 

•1 

1 

14. 

i 

In. 

Sup  ft. 

8ap.ft. 

6. 

16  50 

23.38 

30.57 

7. 

25.37 

6. 

11.66 

289.52 

ll.r. 

161.71 

7.44 

14.5 

63.07 

1  1 .5 

112.97 

1 1 .5 

12. 

19.36 

• 

11.66 

}  Oak. 


- 


71 


-ARTII  1.1.1a    «  \i;i.i  \<.i  B. 


Bills  of  timber  for  Ca 


SAMKS    "I      I-  IHT8. 


II.. i  i.m     DIMR5SI0N8 
..i     EACH    PIKCB. 


Wi.l, 


Thick, 


CON  I  1  \  I  -. 


piece, 


Total. 


Kind  ot' 
u  ood. 


(.i\.    \lti:l  LOB. 


I  Cheeka 

Front  l ransom 
Rear  transom . 



A  \  lei  rci- 

( ruicles i 


Rails 

Counter  hurten 
Prom  transom, 
B  ear  transom. 

Tongue  

[Prop 


c.i  \  CARRIAGE. 

|  Cheek 

Front  i  rs  n 

I  Rear  transom 

I  Slide 

•  i  ree 

I  <  •  uides 

■\  i  n  ASBIS. 

I  Rails 

I  ( lounler  burtera. 

i  Front  transom 

I  Rear  transom 

I  Tongue  

I  Prop 


i  «  l  <■"" 


"? 


Chassis 


Can  iagt — Cheeks 
Rails 


Transoms 


In. 

32. 
10. 


L62. 

17. 

74. 
200. 


132. 
30 
30. 

40. 


162. 

17. 
58. 

200 

•J  7. 


f>0. 
161. 


In. 

16.8 
16.5 
IS..*) 
18.5 

7. 


14.5 
6. 
16.5 

1.;.-. 
14.5 
12. 


16.5 
1 6.5 
18.5 
IS.5 
9. 


1  1.5 
6. 

L6.5 
16.5 
I  1.5 
12. 


L5.S 

11. 


In. 

7. 
7. 
7. 
6. 

(i. 


5.25 
1 1.5 
14.5 
L2.5 
12. 


1 1.5 

i  i  ft 

12. 


Sup.a. 

105.87 

j:  16 

27.12 

11  66 


122.91 
27.00 


24.06 
27.15 


126.27 

251.73 

27.00 


104.53 


Sup.lt. 

211.74 

■s:.  16 

27.12 


7.44 

122.91 

251.73 

27.00 


211.74 
24.06 
26.97 


347.:>s 

107.80 
7.44 

96.36 
126.27 
251.73 

27:00 
;i  l  (,  .c.i  i 


15.74 
209.06 


Oak. 


Oak. 


J 

( lulling*. 


KILLS    or    TIMBER. 

Bills  of  timber  for  Gins  and  Sling  Cart. 


7.') 


NAMES    OF    CARTS. 


1 
0/ 

o 
c 

ROUGH     D1MI  \M'iNS 
OF  KACH  PIECE. 

;     \iv 

1 

Wide. 

Thick. 

Each 

Total. 

Kind  of 

wood. 


FIELD    AM)    SIEGE    GIN. 


Pry  pole 

Windlass 

|  Upper 

Braces.     Middle 

(  Lower  ....... 

GARRISON    GIN. 

■   end  . . , 
prv  pole,  i  Small  end  .  • . 

Two  bevel  blocks 

Windlass 

Cleal 

CA4BMATS   CIN. 

id 

3       ill  end 

Trv  note      ■  Lar*e  end" 
xr>   P  i  end.. 

Windlass 



BUM    f'AHT. 

Axletree 

Hounds 

..  .'l   .  .  . 

J  out  I 

id.. . . 



i  « 



U  III    I 




In. 

In. 

o 

180 

ISO 

5.5 

05 

<*. 

45 

4.75 

72 

4.75 

loa 

4.75 

V 

9. 

1 

10 

10. 

1 

104 

11. 

11 

12 

}' 

ISO  ' 

1' 

1 

10) 

11. 

«i 

12 

1 

11. 

1 

In. 


2.75 
2.75 


Sup  II. 

37.81 
38.25 


L 13.21 


Sap.fl. 

1 .  35 


I    Sj.ru.  e 

Oak 
plank. 


Spru<  - . 

'j.'..  on 

I  >alt. 


plank 


100.33 

84.86 
l.Oti 


- 


I  lak 

plank. 


70.13  I 


• 


:<; 


CHAP.    III. — ARTILLERi    CARRIAGES. 

Bills  of  iron  for  Field  Carriages. 


Kind  of 

carriage. 


Wi.lt!. 


Thick- 
ness. 


Length.   Weight. 


D-PDR.  OVH 

CARI. 


In. 
0.15 

o.a 

0.5 

0.75 
0.675 
1. 
1.5 

a. 

0.25 

0.3 

0.75 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.25 

1.25 

1.25 

L.375 

1 .  375 

1.3 

1.5 

1.5 

1.5 

L.5 

1.5 

1. 


2.5 


'J.  7.') 
3.25 
3.75 
3.75 


In. 
Round 

l;  i  mi  ml 

I;  .mil. i 
I ;  1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 

1  i  .  >  1 1 1 1  c  1 

Round 
Round 
Round 
Round 
Round 
Round 

(i. -J.-. 

0.3 

0.375 
0.5 

1.0 
0.5 
0.625 

0.75 
ii.ii.". 
0.25 
0.25 

. 
0.5 

(i.;:. 

L.« 

0.25 

it.  l  55 

0.75 

1. 

0.188 
0.675 

1.25 

L.5, 

1 . 75 

0.5 

0.375 

(1.15 
0.2 


Feet. 


2.81 


in 


1 
l-> 

7 
I 
In. v.; 

•J.  17 
1.1'-. 
2.21 

7.^7 

0.23 

l.:. 
0.58 
2.16 
0.84 

n.7 

3.0 
0.33 
2.75 
.46 
1.16 
I  .66 
3.3 

.511 

■ 

.-;:t 
.93 

.5 
.38 

1..'..-. 
.33 

1.5 

1.66 

.5 
L0.23 

.5 

.  II 


0.18 
.90 

.1^ 

4.70 

1.18 

15.96 

1.30 

15.28 

.in 
■j.-;.; 

1.25 

1.94 
1.53 
2.20 
2.20 

.70 

.38 
•I .  72 

.86 
2.92 
5.22 
12.47 
4.46 
1.36 

.27 
1.68 

3.19 
2.60 
2.42 

15.75 

7.35 

17.26 

1.23 

l.ll 


For  chains  No.  1. 

-  \ 


Hammered. 


Hammered. 


1  [ammered. 


Hammered. 

I  [ammered. 

I I  ;i lered. 

I  [ammered. 


I  [ammered. 
Hammered. 


drafts  i.t 


i  1  [ammered  ; 

I      cup  squa rea. 

i  Hammered  ;  or  2  drafts  for 

i      1 1 1 i  plates. 

I  [ammered. 


BILLS    OP    IKON. 

Bills  of  iron  for  Field  Carriages. 


T, 


Kind  of 
carriage. 

Width. 

Thick- 

tlCSS. 

Length. 

Weight. 

REMARKS. 

In. 

In. 

Feet. 

L  -. 

6-PDR.    BUK 

3.75 

0.25 

0.3S 

1.19 

CARRIAGE — 

5. 

0.25 

■ 

Continued. 

5.5 

0.2 

1.5 

136.00 
28.00 

2  drnfls  for  nxl«  tl 
1  draft  Inr  lunelle. 

]  .0 

0.375 

0.21 

104.93 

.26 

Steel  for  lunette. 

17.00 

1  small  rondellea  '  casl 

13.00 

2  large  rondellea  j  iron. 

30.00 

tt.00 

T1rn>^  box  I I'll'" 

.42 

-  for  lurnbui 

8.42 

24-POCNDRB 

0.15 

2.81 

0.18 

No.  1. 

1  rZRB 

0.2 

Round 

1.03 

■ 

CARI 

Hound 

1  .08 

.18 

0.375 

Hound 

7.21 

0.5 

7.54 

Round 

1.50 

R id 

l  .  12 

0.&75 

Round 

1  .30 

1.0 

Round 

11.32 

1  .:'. 

Round 

0.3 

0.3 

1.0 

1.0 

1.5 

1.0 

1.0 

1.94 

0.71 

78 


i  II  \  1'.     III.  —  A  Kill  I  I  i:\     (    IRRIA0E8. 


.  of  irm 

Carriages. 

Kiii'l   "1 

Width. 

Thick- 
ness. 

' 

RBXAKtt. 

In. 

In. 

24-POtfltDBB 

1 .3 

1.0 

.-.."i 

BOWl  l/i  i: 

t.a 

0.8 

L.Ob 

Hammered. 

lOK — 

1.8 

1.66 

. 

Hammered. 

nued. 

L.8 

0.78 

. 

1 1  ammered. 

1.8 

I.S 

I  [ammered. 

1.75 

0.23 

0.93 

1.36 

2.0 

0.123 

. 

Hammered. 

. 

. 

0.92 

. 

2.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1  rammered. 

2.0 

L.2S 

■ 

1  [am  me  red. 

2.8 

L.75 

ip..-. 

Hammered. 

. 

1. 

. 

. 

3.0 

0.3 

11.23 

3.0 

1.84 

23.18 

'  Hammered  j  <>r  9  drafts 

i        c-.i|i  > . ;  ti  .i  ri'~ . 

f..r 

3.0 

L.S 

. 

i  Hammered  :  "r  2  drafts 
i      trunnion  plates. 

for 

0.1S8 

•J.. -.7 

8.24 

0.30 

1.22 

, 

0.18 

0.8 

.94 

. 

0.2 

0.37 

; .  13 

. 

1.19 

8.0 

0.83 

3.  IS 

8.0 

0.2 

1.5 

6.04 
200. 

Draft  for  axletree. 

1.0 

0.21 

. 

1  irafl  for  lunette. 

Bleel  for  lunette. 

1  >m;i!l  rondellei  1  easl 

2  large  rondelles  j  iron. 

367.10 

0.26 

17. 

13. 

i 

8. 

(  l!r;i^  for  boi  "i    elevating 

i      screw. 

Brass  i'  >r  2  turnback  les, 

S.42 

BILLS    "1     IRON. 


79 


Bills  of  iron  for  Field  Carriages. 


Kind  of 
can  i 

Widlb. 

Thick- 

ness. 

Length. 

REMARKS. 

In. 

In. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 

12-pds.  own 

0.15 

Round 

'J. si 

0.18 

!"•  r  chalm  No.  1. 

CARRIAGE. 

1!  i  mud 

tf.SO 

l  .03 

if  chains  No.  2. 

0.25 

Kound 

I. OS 

.la 

0.375 

H  on  ml 

7.21 

0.5 

l!"UM<l 

7.54 

4.93 

Kound 

4 .  73 

1 .  B2 

0.75 

Round 

1.42 

0.S75 

Hound 

1.30 

l.d 

Round 

I5.b3 

41.32 

1.5 

li'iiiinl 

0.5 

Round 

r:7.ls 

Hammered. 

0.25 

0.25 

•.'.21 

.46 

0.3 

v.. -in 

0.75 

0.375 

1.33 

1.25 

I  hiinmi  red. 

l.i) 

0.375 

.23 

1.0 

0.5 

1.5 

1.0 

1.0 

1.04 

J. 25 

2. Hi 

1.25 

0.625 

it.  -1 

Hammered. 

1.25 

0.75 

0.71 

2.23 

1.375 

0.05 

4.00 

. 

1.375 

.37 

i.;> 

1.00 

:..nl 

1.5 

0.5 

1  .08 

Hammered. 

1.5 

1.06 

1 1  ammered 

1.5 

.37 

1 1  ammered. 

1.5 

1.9 

Hammered. 

1.75 

■ 

1.36 

L.75 

0.375 

1.10 

■ 

II  a  in  mi  t  • 

1.0 

Hammered. 

1.0 

1.84 

tnered  ;  of 

1.9 

80 


<  HAP.    III. — AIM  II  I  i  i:\     CARR1  tOl  8. 


Hills  Field  i 


Kin.)  of 
i-;irr 

Width. 

Thick- 

ness. 

RKVAHKS. 

In. 

In. 

Feet. 

1'M'i'lt.  BUM 

0.51 

l .  13 

(  AKBIAOI — 

. 

1.10 

:MI<-cl. 

5.0 

3.  18 

. 

0.2 

1.8 

I   r.'il   it 

Draft  for  luoette. 

574.08 

l.d 

. 

.21 

0.26 

17. 
13. 

30. 
8. 

Steel  for  lunette. 

1  small  rondelles,  1  cast 

2  large  rondelles,  i  ir<>u. 

if  elevating 

rew. 

.42 

Brass  i>t  3  tarnbacV 

^.I'J 

W'llKI   I. 

0.5 

Round 

2.  '.(3 

1.91 

No.  1. 

0.25 

0.34 

l.d 

0.5 

0.97 

6.12 

1.5 

0.25 

1.61 

1.625 

0.125 

L.00 

0.66 

. 

15.00 

69.30 
85.20 

1  ii  one  ;■  ece  |  i  »r  lire. 

15.5 
2.06 

CnM  iron  B  tr  nai  <•  \>ox. 

Win  i  i. 

0.5 

Round 

3.18 

No.  2. 

1.63 

0.34 

).() 

0.5 

I  .25 

6.60 

1.5 

o.  .■> 

1.623 

0.125 

1  .mi 

0.1  - 

15.00 

In  one  piece  j  for  lire. 

L03.92 

15.5 

( !nsl  iron  for  nave  l>r»x. 

BILLS    of    ikon. 

Bills  of  iron  for  Field  '  arriages. 


81 


Kind  of 

Width. 

Thick- 

REMARKS. 

Im. 

[n. 

LlMBKR. 

0.1S 

Round 

2.  OS 

0.13 

1. 

Round 

:t.i,7 

'.'.::  i 

K  n  u  1 1  d 

1.90 

.80 

' 

1  1.8 

1.34 

0.5 

1.30 

.85 

li  '  -II  II:] 

1.80 

l.-.; 

0.7.'. 

0.875 

Hound 

.00 

1.0 

Round 

7.02 

Round 

1 .08 

1.11 

Round 

0 .  75 

2.3 

.48 

0.3 

1.19 

. 

0.5 

0.25 

0.17 

...7 

0.5 

0.5 

0.95 

1.0 

1.0 

0.5 

I  [ammpred. 

1 .(» 

0.1 

0.5 

1.63 

Hammered. 

:.25 

0.25 

1.19 

4.40 

Hammered. 

0.5 

1.25 

1.15 

3.01 

0.75 

0.71 

Hai 

1.25 

1.0 

l.S 

0.125 

1.0 

1.5 

0.5 

1 .5 

Hami 

1.5 

0.75 

1.43 

0.375 

1.0 

l .  75 

1.17 

I. 11 

8.5 

0.5 

2.5 

1.5 

2.2 

■ 

• 

82 


(  IIAI-.     III. — ARTILLERY    CARR1 


Bills  of  iron  for  Field  < 


Kiml  of 
c  ;i  r  i 

Width. 

Thick- 
ness 

Length. 

1  l!KS. 

1m. 

In. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 

AvMIMTii'N 

Round 

1.5 

. 

[EST. 

. 

Hound 

3.16 

•.•.no 

ci.  7.'- 

Hound 

4.13 

L.O 

Round 

.05 

l  .ii 

ii..-) 

0.08 

.13 

1  .0 

1.0 

•j.  no 

1.5 

0.375 

1.73 

3.26 

1.5 

0.75 

1.58 

17.31 

1..-. 

1.0 

0.2 

1.00 

I.:. 

1.5 

1.0 

7.56 

1  .7-". 

0.75 

0.33 

1.  15 

15.5 
25.1 

0.] 
No.  24 

■1.0 

1. 

20.50 

67.26 

'.i.50 

;  per  ii>r  cover. 

0.21 

r.r:is>  for  turnbuckle. 

Caisson. 

11.15 

Round 

0.50 

For  cliiiiiis  No.  1. 

0.2 

Round 

1.08 

0.43 

0.25 

Round 

0.71 

.1  1 

(i.  175 

Round 

15.01 

5.53 

0.5 

1! id 

0.63 

.11 

0.S75 

Round 

I  .03 

■j. hi 

1  .0 

Round 

•1. 19 

11  ."I 

1.25 

Round 

2.61 

10.07 

0.25 

0.25 

.01 

('.■; 

0.3 

0.2.1 

1  .87 

L.O 

0.25 

1  .  75 

1.17 

1.0 

(1.5 

1.5 

2.52 

1  .'1 

1.0 

•J.  70 

9.37 

I  [atnmered. 

I .  i  ::. 

0.25 

0.1 '.i 

.18 

1.25 

II.  5 

3. IS 

6.68 

1.25 

0.625 

::.l 

8.12 

1  [ftmmered. 

1.25 

(1.75 

0.70 

1 1  Bannered. 

1.5 

0.125 

2.0 

I  .26 

1.5 

3.0 

3.7^ 

1.5 

(1.5 

.63 

1.5 

0.625 

.S3 

•J.  01 

1  rnmmered. 

i .:. 

(1.75 

1.33 

5.02 

1  Ii nered 

1.5 

1.5 

1.33 

10.05 

BILLS    OF    IRON 

Bills  of  iron  for  Field  Carriages. 


bfl 


Kind  of 
carriage. 


Continued. 


FonoK. 


Width. 


In. 

2.0 

2.0 

2.31 

2  5 

3.0 

3.5 

3.5 

4.0 
4.25 
5.75 
6.0 


Thick- 
neas. 


I... 


0. 1 5 
0.2 

0.5 
0.75 

l.o 
1 .25 
1  5 
2.5 

it,'. 

0.7-. 
1  0 
1.0 
1.0 


0.12? 

0.5 
0.25 

o:. 
0.5 
0.25 

l.o 

1.25 

0.5 

0.5 


Length. 


Round 
Hound 

i; hi 

Hound 
Round 
Round 
Round 
Round 

Round 
Hound 
Round 
Round 

0.3 
0.23 

10 


Feet. 

1.6-7 
0.75 
0.69 

7.0 

6.  Ill 

0.5 

3.17 

■  '-i 
1.5 
0.48 

o.:. 


1.5 
3.75 

0.57 

I'.'  I- 
(i.'l 
3.5 1 
4.5s 

l.&S 

0.3 
0.67 

.17 

l.o 

0>l 

1  o 


Weight. 


U.S. 

1    10 

2.5-2 

1 .33 

29.40 

:;•_>:. 5 
1.17 

37.27 

20.77 
4.03 
5.01 
136. 


300.17 


0.09 

.03 
7.17 

0.7.-{ 
!.16 

I  0  I 

1.76 

Ki  .00 

1  bS 
.07 

1  08 


II. hi, Hi-  n  I  .  ot  2  drafts  for 
lunette. 


2  drafts  for  axletrce. 


For  chain  No.  l. 

2.3  feet  for  chain  No  2. 


H  a  m  • 


84 


CHAP.   ill.  —  ai:tii.i.i:i:\    <  IRRIAGK8. 

Bill*  /'■■  Id  Can 


Kind  of 

carr 

Width. 

In. 

Thick- 

1)688. 

[a. 

I. i-i], ih 

Weigh! 

1!  U  u:h^. 

FolMJF. 

1 ,2.r) 

1 28 

0.5 

Continued. 

1.5 

3.17 

l."i 

1  [ammered. 

l.r. 

1.8- 

3.55 

1.5 

0.5 

1  1.20 

1.5 

0.75 

2.12 

0.1  1 

Hammered. 

1.5 

1.0 

0.66 

I  [ammered. 

1 .625 

0.125 

1  25 

.85 

1.75 

0.75 

0.3  ■ 

1.15 

I  lainmered. 

2.0 

0.12 

1.17 

•J. ii 

0.15 

0.84 

>1 

•J.i) 

0.25 

o.i  .7 

1.1-.' 

2.0 

0.5 

1.5 

5.o| 

2.0 

1.0 

0.83 

5.58 

Flammered. 

2.0 

1.375 

2. 1 7 

Hammered. 

0.15 

0.33 

.37 

2.5 

0.5 

7.5 

2.625 

0.25 

1.0 

2.20 

3.0 

0.' 125 

o.5 

3.15 

i  [ammered. 

33 

1.0 

::.17 

i  1  [ammered  :  or  2  dm 
(      lunette. 

i>  for 

1.0 

0.84 

in. 

No.  1'-' 

::.l 

12.5 

Sheel  iron. 

1 :(  2.'. 

N...  1  1 

1  1  25 

Sheet  iron. 

27. 

7.5 

122.00 

Sheel  iron. 

28. 

No.  -'i 

5. 

1 1 .85 
136. 

530,1  1 

i;  u<»ni  »heet  iron. 
J  ilraii>  lor  axletree. 

0.75 

0.5 

0.67 

0.84 

i  '.i-t  uteel. 

1.0 

0.33 

.27 
36.5 

0. 

Spring  steel. 

i  last  iron  nil-  back. 

Brass  lor  wind  pipe. 

22.5 

7  :::; 

15.75 

{ Sheet  copper;   in  2  .• 

i        II  in.  Inn-. 

heeti 

18.5 

No.  21 

3.0  1 

5.25 

Sheel  copper. 

20. 

No.  18 

0.05 

1 .00 
22.90 

Sheel  copper. 

BILLS    OF    IRON. 

Bills  of  iron  for  Field  Carriages. 


h5 


Kind  of 

Width. 

Thick- 

Length. 

Weight. 

III  MAUKK. 

earn 

ness. 

In. 

In. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 

Ba-itkky 

0.25 

\\  ound 

afi.os 

4.2.r> 

24.7  feet  for  chains  No    1 

u  \c.<..v 

0.375 

Round 

20.:i 

7  17 

0.5 

i; id 

4.52 

Round 

1 .92 

l  95 

0.75 

i ;  i  •  ii  1 1 .  i 

9.1  1 

1.0 

Round 

1 .38 

3.60 

1.25 

Round 

'J.i  in 

10.63 

J.  5 

Round 

3.11 

18.31 

0.25 

0.25 

0.44 

0.3 

I.6S 

0  75 

0.375 

1.38 

1  .2'.* 

1.0 

0. 1  25 

6.25 

2  62 

1  o 

0.25 

8.41 

7.06 

1.0 

0.37-r> 

;  16 

1.0 

0.5 

1.5 

2,72 

1.0 

1.0 

2.84 

9.54 

Hammered. 

1.125 

1.12 

2.11 

1.25 

0.25 

.40 

1.25 

0.375 

1.71 

1 .2". 

0.5 

2.18 

1  .-'•'- 

0.625 

n.7:: 

t.fll 

Ham  mi 

1 .25 

0.75 

0.71 

1  [amroered. 

1.5 

0.25 

1 1 .25 

11.17 

1.5 

0.375 

1.5 

1.5 

0.5 

1.5 

117.'. 

'J.  17 

1  l.iini'  it 

1.5 

1.0 

I  IS 

l  1  25 

16.67 

15.50 

2.fl 

0. 1 25 

0.83 

.70 

2.0 

0.7.-. 

0.5 

0.136 

1.<'.7 

•2.5 

0.5 

5.33 

i      Im  i 

3.5 

1.0 

.'1.17 

37.27 

0.15 

1  1  .'.<i 

•.  .    ■ 

417.71 

s<; 


ciui1.  m. — Airrii.i.r.KV    carkimi-. 


§ 


Width 

Thick- 

18-POUKDBR. 

-  1  POl 

KKMAKhS. 

ness. 

In. 

Id. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 

Feel. 

1. 

0.2 

Round 

•>:i:> 

i)  24 

0.24 

0.24 

For  chains  Ni>.  ~. 

0.25 

Round 

5  17 

&4 

5  17 

.>! 

...  1  7 

.-l 

'.'•  feel  6  inches  for 

0.375 

Round 

9.03 

9.03 

9.03 

chains  No.  3. 

0.5 

Round 

.02 

.li 

.40 

.62 

.40 

0.625 

Round 

1.1.05 

L3.31 

13.31 

1  mi:, 

13.31 

0.7.r) 

Round 

7  10 

10.8^ 

7.46 

- 

11.05 

1.0 

I;  tund 

3. 

3 

7  S3 

1.125 

Round 

2.17 

7.18 

•J.  17 

7.1b 

'J.I  7 

7. 1^ 

1  .25 

Round 

18.57 

17.12 

70.01 

1 8. 1  •,' 

71.07 

L.5 

Round 

2    IN 

L2.&4 

1.64 

27.33 

4.91 

2.0 

Round 

5 

..r. 

.5 

2.375 

Round 

1.58 

1 .58 

23.32 

1  .-r>s 

23.32 

1  [amroered. 

2.5 

Round 

2.0 1 

33  37 

2.04 

33.37 

2.04 

33.37 

3.0 

Round 

.33 

7.77 

.33 

7.77 

.33 

7.77 

0.25 

0.25 

1.33 

.2n 

1.31 

.28 

L.33 

.28 

0.3 

03 

3.17 

.05 

3.17 

3.17 

.•.»•'> 

0.375 

0.375 

8.75 

4.11 

B.75 

1.1 1 

8.75 

1.11 

1. 

0.5 

.38 

.64 

.3s 

.64 

.61 

1.25 

.21 

.55 

.21 

.55 

:2\ 

.55 

1 .25 

1 .25 

L.67 

8.77 

1.71 

8.97 

L.73 

'.mis 

1.5 

0.125 

.5 

.31 

.5 

.31 

.5 

.31 

1.5 

0.375 

5.0 

9  15 

5.0 

9.45 

5.0 

'.'.15 

L.5 

0.625 

2  12 

7.62 

2.  L2 

7.62 

2.42 

L.5 

0.75 

1.71 

6.46 

1.71 

6.46 

1.71 

6.46 

1.75 

0.5 

.58 

1.70 

.5s 

1.70 

1.70 

2.0 

0.75 

.58 

2.92 

.58 

2.0 

1.0 

.67 

1.50 

.67 

i  50 

.67 

1.50 

2.5 

diss 

L.67 

L.67 

1  67 

2.5 

1 .25 

5.33 

1.42 

16  ii 

4.42 

16.41 

Hammered. 

2.75 
3.0 

1.5 
0.625 

.93 
.93 

1-.' Ml 

5.66 

.93 
.93 

12.59 
5>6 

Eiammeredi 

.93 

5  86 

3.5 

1.70 

.58 

1.7H 

.58 

1.70 

3.5 

0.375 

.r>S 

2.56 

.5s 

.58 

2.56 

3.5 

0.625 

.96 

7. n| 

.96 

7.H1 

.9rt 

7.IU 

3.5 

2. 

.29 

6.82 

.29 

6.82 

.29 

I-..S! 

3.75 

2. 

.38 

9.57 

.38 

0.57 

.38 

9.57 

4.0 

0.25 

4.33 

L4.54 

1  33 

1  L54 

4.33 

1  1.51 

1  0 

0.5 

L.23 

S.26 

l  23 

B.26 

1 .23 

8.26 

4.0 

I.D 

0.625 

0.75 

3. 1  7 

3.06 

26  63 

In  one  piece. 

I  n  "He  piece. 

30£4 

Porwi 

i 

rd 

123.13 

377.bl 

383.69 

BILLS    OF    IKON. 


W 


./•  Siege  Gun  <  few 


Width 

nesa 

12-POUNDER. 

L8  r- 'UNDER. 

NDER. 

REMARKS. 

In. 

In. 

Lbs. 

Feet. 

3.46 

3.13 

.40 

Ll.s. 

30.86 
1.60 

Feet. 

Lbs. 

0.75 
0.25 

0.75 

0.5 

0.25 

0.5 

0.37 



In  one  piece. 
Do 

4.25 

4.75 

4.7.') 

'       

1.60 

.in 

3.13 
.12 
.75 

1.0a 

0.79 

1.60 

37.  16 
4.41 

5.S9 
19.1  1 

16.5 

21.5 

1).,. 
1  »o 

■1 . 7.'. 

5. 

6.5 
9.0 

.42 

.75 

1  .OS 

3.25 
5      0.79 

l.li 
7.24 

19.1  i 

26.3 

ie. 

222. 
1  i.5 
21.5 

.42 

.7_) 
l.OS 

0.79 

4.11 
7.24 

49.1  1 

29.2 
17.7 

16.5 
21.5 

817.4 

In  nnp  piece. 
for  shoe. 

Droits 







2  trunnion  pi 

1  lunette. 
1  shoe. 

793.71 

43.5 

I 

n.. 



13.5 



43.5 

.v..'.:, 

15.37 

2  rondelles. 
1  rond< 



06. 

15.37 

Cast  b 



15.37 

r  K  rew. 

88 


CHAP.    III. —  ARTILLBRl     CARRIAOE8. 

Bill  of  iron  fc  -  'arriagi    Whet  I. 


Wiillli. 


■  m        Length. 


In. 

In. 

Elound 

0.25 

1.5 

0.375 

1.5 

0.75 

1.75 

0.18M 

1. 

n.7. 

Feet. 
I  33 
2.1-2 

7. tin 

.67 

6.08 

1.46 

1  5.5 


braSS 


.11 

1  I  h 

•J  29 
156.24 

I9b.47 
21. 


Tire 


■ :  in  one  piece. 


Nave  box. 


Bill  of  iron  for  one  Siege  Carriage  Limber. 


Width.        Thickness 


Weijrht. 


111. 

In. 

Feet. 

LbS. 

0.25 

Round 

(1.17 

0.5 

RoiiihI 

1  1.83 

'.1.70 

0.75 

1 !  i  mmhI 

15.5s 

■J -J '.in 

1.0 

Round 

1.5 

3.91 

1.25 

Round 

•J. 71 

11.08 

0.3 

0.3 

1.01 

.31 

0.37.7 

0.375 

1.83 

.66 

1.0 

H..7 

.17 

.28 

1 . 1 25 

O.-iS 

.on 

.08 

1.5 

(1.5 

•   0.5 

1.26 

1.5 

0.625 

•JA-2 

7.62 

1.5 

d.75 

3.21 

12.13 

1.75 

0.5 

1 .33 

3  91 

•J. 

0.2 

.63 

l.il 

'> 

(1.5 

1.33 

i.i'-. 

2.5 

0.1SS 

2.0 

(1.5 

.83 

3.48 

Hammered; 

2.5 

0.625 

6.08 

::i  92 

1  [ammered. 

•2.5 

l  .25 

.2] 

l 

2.5 

•.'.5 

.9>l 

20.16 

1  [ammered. 

2.75 

0.625 

30.75 

3.0 

0.625 

3. 

1^. '.in 

0.625 

.96 

7.05 

Hammered. 

l.d 

0.75 

4. 

10.32 

5.5 

1. 

.83 

15.34 

'  IHI 

1  Irafl  lor  axletree. 

limit  l'<>r  pintle  plate. 

513.93 

BILLS     <>F     IRON. 

Bill  of  Trnn  for  om  Mortar  Wagon. 


&» 


Width. 

Thickness. 

Length. 

\\  . 

1!  KM  AUKS. 

[n 

In. 

Feel. 

Ll.s. 

(i  25 

1!  mi  ml 

0.42 

0.06 

0.375 

1!  'Hind 

0.5 

Kniiml 

.62 

.46 

0.625 

R<  mid 

17.81 

0.75 

Elound 

17.37 

1. 

Round 

2.92 

7.62 

1.25 

Round 

.83 

1.5 

Round 

2.75 

L.I  15 

Round 

1.08 

7.46 

• 

0.25 

().■.'.'» 

8.03 

1.68 

0.3 

0.3 

8.40 

u  375 

0.375 

!  56 

1. 

o.-j-) 

.42 

.35 

1. 

II..-! 

.37 

.62 

1 ,25 

0.2 

2.89 

•-',13 

1 .25 

0.625 

1.67 

4.37 

1.5 

0.375 

Ids 

-.'.ii  1 

1.5 

i).:. 

1.46 

1.5 

0.625 

7.62 

1.5 

0.75 

1.21 

15.91 

2. 

0.125 

■2. 

\.w 

•2. 

0.75 

■_> 

2 

..-,11 

fi.72 

2.5 

0.188 

3.12 

1.90 

2.5 

I).::::, 

6. 

18.90 

2..r) 

0.5 

L.67 

7.H1 

•J.:. 

0.625 

.50 

Hammered. 

2.75 

0  5 

:,.17 

3. 

1..-) 

4.re 

0.5 

7.33 

ii.:..; 

3.5 

.92 

■A-r, 

0.75 

:i'.'l 

4. 

if 

.42 

5. 

:,.:> 

0.3 

19.83 

6. 

0.3 

1. 

1  04 

B. 

i)  T5 

''> 

11  ::  i 

6  5 

1.08 

6.5 

ii  :: 

.--.ii 

- 

0.5 

l>rafl  f(ir  asltf  N 

■ 

584.61 

6.75 

ii  79 

• 

«.)() 


-  \l.  I  II  I  l  I:  Y    (    \i:iil  Ai.i  S. 


Bill  of  < 

p  lr.  or  one 

1 

SIZE    OF    IRON. 

QDNCAI 

CHAi 

.  \L. 

Wide.     Thick. 

•:ks. 

In. 

■ 

0.75 

1. 

I  . 
2. 

'.'.:i:.ri 

0.5  • 

. 
1.0 
1.0 
1.5 
1.5 
1.5 
1.5 
1.5 
1.025 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.5 
3.0 
3.0 
3.0 

. 
3.25 
3.5 
4.0 
4. 
1. 

4.5 
4.5 
5. 

6.625 
8. 


In. 
Round 
Hound 

K d 

Round 
Round 

. 
0.5 
0.125 
0.5 
l.o 
0.3 

. 
0.5 
0.75 
1.5 
0.125 
0.25 
0.4 
i).  75 
1. 

0.188 
0.5 
1.0 
1.25 
0.188 
0.25 
0.5 
0.5 
1.0 
1.5 
0.5 
0.675 
0.5 
0.25 
1. 


Feet. 

. 
18.2b 

3.5 
1.75 

Lb*. 

1.47 

7. on 

17.:: 

L.JM 

Feet. 

ii. ye 

1.  » 

• 
1  1.21 
1.82 

. 

.12 

1  .09 

-- 

1.64 

.50 

.7.17 

2.0b 
1  .(in 
1. 00 
18.80 
1.21 
.7.17 
6.03 
.63 

.37 
5.5 

1 .02 
2.60 
1.19 

.7'.) 
L.10 
3.94 

1.0 

1.62 

L.5b 

7.75 

1.03 

7.92 

.12 

.03 

1.54 

.17 

. 

1.04 
.50 

2.1;' 
.94 

5.17 
2.08 
1. 00 

.27 

13.02 
7.86 

.lb 

1.3'J 

13.80 

1.21 

.'.in 
31.61 

5.17 

.83 

1.30 

.37 

26.05 

21.50 

1.30 

6.55 

19.02 

I.B9 

4.80 
1  .62 

9.1V 
1.  12 

•j. -ii 

16.  hi 

1.10 

.7'.! 

1.10 

10.61 
23.  II 
29.70 

1  .6 

1.62 

1.5b 

13.  II 
0.0 

12.  17 

111. 

•  i- 1  iron  .  i 


brass . 


I. 
270. 
206. 


480. 

II. 


31(5.89 


130. 


130. 


9. 

7 
Bl. 

1. 

I 

1. 
6 

1. 
9 

13 
7. 
7. 
1, 

31, 

10 

1 

6 

3 

69 

1  l 

I 

16 

7 
1(1 

29 

13 

g 

42 

1  11 


1068.75 


I. 
270. 
206. 
130. 

610. 

11. 


Addfiin.for  lb-pdr 
Hammered. 


'.'  pieces,  11  ft.  4  in. 


limit  for  nxletree. 
I  L  .751b.  for  18-pdr. 

2  bevel  washers. 

2  rollers. 

2  naves. 

2  traverse  wheels. 


Nut  f>>r  screw. 


Bill  of  iron                         Barbette  Can 

iage. 

SIZE    OK    IRON. 

GUN  CA! 

chassis.                      TOTAL. 

Wide.  |  Thii  k. 

BEMASKS 

In. 
Round. 
I!  ound. 
Round. 
Ro  u  1 1  d . 
Round. 
Round. 
Round. 

0.5 

<).:, 

1.125 

0.3 

L.5 

0.1 

0.75 

1.0 

1 . 1 25 

0.I8S 

0.5 

1.0 

1 .25 

O.l&S 

0.5 

0.183 

0.5 

1.0 

1 .-. 

0.5 

0.5 

1.0 


Feet. 

2.35 

I  91 

5.21 
.33 
2.5 
1.08 
1.75 


7.92 


.10 

3.11 


5  ifl 

1. 1 

.•J  7 


5.17 
2.54 

.S3 

:U'i 
:.r, 

2*94 
1.62 


1  8 
1.27 

1.17 

1.15 


I  :  I 

ii  :,n 

I3.«i3 

1 .9 I 

-Mi  17 

14.31 


6.65 


.27 
13.34 


13. 
11.03 

.18 


Feet. 
12.96 


13.69 


3.75 


1 
7.75 


.12 
.91 


1.64 
0.5 


26.05 

17.07 

7.05 

1.30 

15.62 

1.76 


4.10 
10  7'. 

33.1  I 


1.3  I 

is. 71 

1.21 


:>.:> 


Lbs. 


19.63 
1.62 


0.03 

1 .52 


2.49 
.94 


.90 

31.43 

3.2 1 

19.01 


1  -- 


13.44 


Feet. 

15.31 

1.94 

4.21 

1 .08 

7.7.'. 
7.92 
.12 
1.07 
3.1  l 
1  64 

5.16 
2.92 
1.0 
1.60 

is  7'. 
1  21 
5.17 

- 

- 

3.10 

5.5 

1.62 

1  - 

B 
1.17 

1 .  1 5 


Lbs. 
10.01 

l.'.'l 

1  1  31 
45.46 

1  62 

.03 
1.79 

2.49 

.04 

13.00 

11.03 

7.56 

1.08 

3.24 

7.".'. 
15.62 

10.87 

1.76 

l<  .87 

I  in 

13.44 

117. 


f 
n I 


■ 
II. 


• 


■  r<-,l 


2  piece".  11  M    1  in 


twh'la 


92 


<  ii  \i\    m. —  \i;  i :  ill  i  \    <  IRRIAGF.S. 


Bill  of  m                                    B  irbettt   1  'ai  ri   \ 

(II  u 

,    _                         NCARR1AUE. 

Thick. 

l.'T.U,.                               BKMAIIKS. 

111. 

0.7.-. 
1.00 

2, 

2.5 

ii..':, 

0.5 

0.75 

l.o 

1 .25 

L.5 

L.5 

L.5 

1.5 

•j. 0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.5 

3.0 

3.0 

3.20 

3.5 

I. ii 

1  ii 

4.0 

1.125 

1.25 

4.. 'I 

5.5 

7.0 
6.0 


In. 
Hound. 
Hound. 
Round. 

Ii  'dud. 

Kouud. 

ii.:, 
0. 1  25 
0.5 
1 .2  5 

ii.:! 

0.5 

0.7.', 
0.125 

o.i 

0.7.'> 

1.0 

2.0 

1 .25 

0.5 

1. 

L.25 

0.18S 

0.5 

0.5 

Id 

1.5 

0.25 

0.25 

0.875 

0.5 

0.5 

l.o 


|Yrl. 

. 

1  . 7-', 
1.17 


.p. 


5.17 
1.3-1 


5.17 
3.67 

1.17 
.83 

3.10 
.11 


5.0d 


2 .  I  .' 

.7:' 

1.17 

■J.  0  1 

1.56 


Lbs. 
1.70 

. 

18.65 
3H.64 

19.1  I 


Feet. 
1  1.96 


.    . 


5.0 
L.33 


. 


.27 


1.64 
.50 


13. 
5.02 
.18 


l  .33 
18.62 

1.21 


26.05 

15.72 

-.71 
15.62 

I.  II 


3.67 


10.32 


16.26 
10.6:2 
23.61 

II  .60 

12.13 


205. 


2.98 


5.5 

1. 


1 .66 
.67 

1  .  5s 


Lbs. 


71. sa 


19.63 


L.62 


.ill 
1.52 


2.  19 


31.26 
3.24 


24.66 


15.01 


69.30 
8.16 
19.52 


7.88 
12.  13 


Feet. 


17 
,75 

I  l 

,ii7 

.61 
1.64 

.50 
5.17 

. 
1  .60 
18.62 
1.21 
5.17 
7.51 
1.17 

.83 
6.08 

.11 

. 


9.06 

2.42 
.79 

1.17 
2.04 

22.61 

1 .   6 

l  .66 

.67 

l  .58 


I.  - 
11.48 

133.18 

-.'.5 
I 

45.46 

19.1  I 

1.62 

6.65 

.04 

1.79 

2.49 
.M 
13. 

5.02 

1.06 
31  A 

3.24 
26.05 

8.71 
30.63 

1.11 

LS.4S 

10.62 

23.61 

7.06 

11.  r,o 

42.13 
9.23 

7.68 

1 2  is 
205 


Cast  iron. 


« last    brass 


934.94 


7.5* 
292.  J 
206. 


505.5 


I  1. 


50.+ 


180. 


57.5 
1 22, 

•jor,. 

685.5 


I  lauiiuered. 


2  pieces,  11  ft.  I  in. 


Draft  It  ax;  itree. 


*2  wash's  11  pipe*. 

+2  rollers,!]  2  w  h'ls. 
2  naves. 


Nut  for  screw. 


Bill  of  iron  for  one  %4nch  Howitzer  Bfirbette  Carriage. 


S1/.K 

»F     IKoV 

dVH  CARRIAGE. 

CHASSIS. 

TOTAL. 

Wide. 

Thick. 

In. 
().:. 
0.75 
1.0 
1  25 

In. 
Round. 
Round. 
Round. 
Hound. 
Round. 
Hound. 
Hound. 
Round. 

0.25 

0.5 

0.125 

0.5 

1 .25 

0.3 

o.:t7.r> 

0.5 

o.7."> 

0.125 

0.25 

0.4 

0.7.'. 

1.0 

2.0 

1 .25 
0.5 

l.o 
1 .25 

0  i-s 

0.5 

0.5 

1.0 
1.5 

o:.'.'. 

0.5 
0.25 

0.5 
1.0 

1 

5.12 

22.55 

1..  G 

:;  25 

1.7-'. 
1.17 

Lbs. 
1.70 

1^-  65 

Feel 
1  1.96 

27.52 

9.75 
71.*»3 

5.12 
1.56 

3.06 

1.17 
7.7-7 
7.92 

.11 
1.07 

1.04 

.•".() 
5.17 

.10 
1  0  - 

1.21 

.7.17 

1.17 
.12 

6.0& 

2.42 

1.17 
2.04 

1." 
l.5s 

Lbs. 
11.4a 

I-  .,.7 

1  94 

45.46 

I'M  1 
1 .62 

.01 

1.79 
20.00 

2.49 

.94 

13.00 

1.08 

26.05 
19.59 

1 5  72 

7.06 

1,', 
2.0 

2  5 

1  94 
34.03 

19  i  i 

1 .33 

19.63 

Hammered. 

0.25 

0  .") 

7.75 

1.62 

0  7.7 

.1  1 
.91 

.01 

1.52 

1.0 

1  25 

.10 
3.S1 

.27 

1  5 

1.64 
,5ii 

2.49 

1  .7 

1  5 

5. 1 7 
.16 

13.00 
.60 
.18 

J  5 

L.625 

2  0 

1.33 
18.62 

1 .2 1 

31. 2b 
3.24 

2  (1 

2.0 
2.0 

2  o 

5.17 

.■171 

1.17 

.42 

3.10 

20.05 

_,  1  .,  | 

1.7. 7'..' 

B.7I 

15.02 

3  73 

2  5 

2  .7 

::  o 

2.9a 

15.01 

.'{  0 

l  0 

&  16 

3  5 

1  o 

1.17 
2.01 

1 1  i  21 . 

-  :;■; 

4.0 

1  o 

1 1  6(1 
42  13 

I  125 

1  25 

4.5 

5  5 

.110    1  in. 

1  66 

l  :.« 

1.1- 

7  0 

I)r.iM    fnr  atlrtrrp 

" 

! 

ron. . . .  -J 

1 

■ 

7  5* 
505.5 

whla 

L. 





M 

ill 


CIIAI'.     III. ARTII.I.r.ltY    CARA1 


Bill  q                          [2                 ,"               '  nrniije. 

BIZK 

CIIA- 

1       I'AI.. 

,..     ,             .                 UUNCAKHIAOB. 

U  i.li-         1  luck. 

BKMARKS. 

1 

0.5 

II.;:. 

1.0 

1.23 

•J.  ii 
2.375 

•J..'. 

0.5 

. 
l.o 
1.25 
1.5 
1.5 
1.5 
l.:. 
L.82S 
•J.D 
•j.  ii 
2.0 
•J.D 
•J.  ii 
2.5 
3.0 
3.0 
3.0 

3.5 
4.0 

I. n 
I. ii 
1.125 
1.5 
1.75 
6. 
. 
7. 
8. 


In. 
Round. 
Hound. 

I ; . '  u  n  1 1 . 

Hound. 
Hound. 
Hound. 

0.5 

0.125 

0.5 

1.25 

0.3 

0.5 

0.75 

1.25 

i).  I 

0.75 

1.0 

2.0 

1.25 

0.5 

l  .0 

1.25 

O.lbb 

o.r> 

0.5 

l  j) 

1.5 

0.25 

O.S^  i 

0.  25 

0.5 

0.25 

0.5 

1.0 


Cast   iron. 


Cast 


Feet. 

2.5 
25.05 

4.74 

1.75 
1.17 


.17 
3.94 


5.n 

I  .33 
.27 


5.17 

3.fi>7 
1.17 

.37 


•_'.  12 

1. 17 

■J.  HI 

3.25 

l .  5s 


Lbs. 
1.76 

19.3b 

25.83 
19. J  I 


Fi  et. 


. 


. 


.2b 


13.02 

5.02 

.18 


•jii.ii.', 
26.00 

7.05 
15.62 


.1  I 


l.r.i 
.5 


1.33 
1.21 


10.32 


10.26 

10.62 

23.61 

7.06 

299.09 

46.16 


5.5 

I. ii 
3.42 


•'  . 


.<i:. 


1.06 
.67 


10.33 


79.11 



- 
19. 6J 


1.63 

.    i 


2.  19 

.'.i  I 

. 


.'.i. 


15.01 


&.16 
20.11 


7.8b 
42.4b 


Feet. 
1.74 

i.n 

7.92 

.1  l 

.1"/ 

3.94 

1.64 

. 

1.33 
l-i.i 
18.59 
1.21 
5.17 
7.51 
1.17 
.83 
6.09 

5.5 
9.06 
3.  12 
2.42 

- 
1.17 

'J.  in 

l .  5b 
1 .66 

.»',7 
1 .  5b 


Lm 

12. 

1  10, 
19. 

19, 

I, 


•j  i 
•J 

15 
5 

1 

:: 

.Ml 

15 

7 

3D 

3 

l> 
20 
16 
in 
23 
7 

12 

46 
!> 
7 

42 
213. 


7.r>* 

200. 
~ll. 


mi  .ij.-i 

i 'j.  I 

130.  || 


179. 


1 3o4 

50. 

■I  ■--.'. 

206. 

6&T 

"Tl" 


uy 


Hammered. 


.'  pieces,  1 1  ft.  4  in. 


I'ral't    for  axlrt  n-r. 


1*2  wash's, -|  I  pipes. 
[2  rollers,  jJ2wn'ls. 

'.'  I i  :i  v  es. 


Nut  lor  screw. 


BILL      01     IRON. 


95 


Bill  of  iron  i'>r  om   24-pounder  I  '     Carriage. 


SIZE    OF     IKON. 


Wide.     Thick 


UIIN  CARR1AGF.. 


In 

0.5 

0.75 

1 

L5 

2. 

0.3 

0.7.') 

1.0 

1.25 

1.25 

L.5 

1.625 

2. 

2. 

2. 

2. 

2..r> 

3.0 

3.0 

3.25 

3..r> 

5. 


1  draft 
1  draft 


In. 

Feel. 

4.2fi 

.Hi 

6.1(5 

10.44 

1.12 
.42 

Lbs. 

.10 

86.73 
61.49 

11.61 

Lh8. 

1!  on  nd 
1!  ound 
Ho  u  ii  d 

1.12 

0.S9 
1.(54 

27.11 

Round 

0.3 

12.5 

3  7^ 

0.375 

::..-) 

.in 

i 

ii  375 

l.ll 
7.  OH 

n  75 

0. 1 25 
0.25 

.19 

.12 

9  10 

0.7-') 

2.33 

1.5 

1. 

11.71 

0.189 

•.'.HI 

0.5 

0.188 
0.1&8 

.29 

11. V« 
•0  1 

142.75 



Cast  iron. 

l>  ... 

Do... 

Do.... 
I)  .... 


Cast  I 


4.2-') 
1.53 

10.11 

1.12 

.42 

12.50 

3.5 

.1(5 
3.0^ 

1.87 

.10 
5.42 

5.06 

1.5 

1. 


61.49 
111.06 

11.01 

4,11 

.12 

0.  in 
11.71 

1  12.75 


11. 
1.'!. 
II'-.. 


I.  for  pintle. 


26.5  in.   for  traverse 
wheel*. 


41 

- .  11  I": .  1  m. 

Pork, 
tie. 


.    ite. 

■     ■ 


- 


'.'<; 


\k  i  i:  i  iky    i  \kki  \<;i:s. 


iron  for 

1 

• 

C"    • 

\!.. 

Wide.  |    Thick. 

REMARKS. 

1.1 

1. 

1.5 

1. 

1 .25 
.1.5 
1.625 

•j. 
v. 
2. 
:_-_ 

3. 
3. 

5. 
5.5 


In. 

Round 
Hound 
Round 
Round 

Rou  M'l 

Round 
0.3 
0.375 
0.5 

0.75 
0.125 

d.7.'. 
1. 

1 .25 
0  |vs 
0.2 

0.18S 
0.188 
0.375 

ii.:. 


;   J.;.  1 1 

i  drafi 


.1''. 
6.16 

:   ,6a 

1.12 

l-' 


Lbs. 

'.»•:.'',  I 

52  35 

1. '..:..: 
11.61 


3.5 


3.0S 
1.87 


2  33 

1.50 

1. 


- 


3.29 


2.59 

1.11 
7.06 


11.71 

2.35 
2.01 


11. mi 
.64 


402.52 


Feet. 


1.62       1.05 

1.12       1.61 

2S.10 





12.50       3.78 

.1.-. 


0.19 
5.42 


2.33 


'.'ii 
2.89 


.1-.' 
'...in 


L5.65 


3tj  -I 
5.90 


1  12.7.1 


I',  .i. 
1.78 

in..',' 
1.12 
.42 

J.'. 

1.87 

.1'.' 

2.33 

5.66 

.66 

1.0 

7.711 

. 
22.60 


117.49    


Lb*. 
1 .56 
1.15 

10.69 
121.74 

111.68 
16.53 
11.61 

:s.7-> 

■ 

Ml 

7. ii-. 

.12 

'.'.in 

11.71 
5.  "•  l 

■J...I 

17.7'.' 
.til 

28. 
b3. 


(  . 

54  g 

1 1  ■> 

i  i  5 

1 ,,,                

II. 

1 16. 

l  i 

1)  1 

1>, 

60. 
198 





■  in 

1 

198 

92. 

526. 



350. 



876. 

12. 

12. 

II. 

I. 

Do 

14. 

8  journal  Imnc--. 

14. 

II. 



58. 

13.5  in.  for  pintle. 
26.5  in.  for  traverse 


5,    11    ft.    1   III. 


Ti mp  iic  fori 
T  .nsrue. 


Bed  plate. 

1 1  an.ll.'  for  B«!rew, 

Roller. 

'2  truck  wheel*. 

2  wheels. 

.1... 
Pintle. 


BILLS    OF    IRON.  !)? 

Bill  of  iron  for  ont  12-pdr.  or  oru  ■    lumbiad  Carriage. 


SIZE    OF    IRON. 

OPS  CARRIAGE. 

TOTAL. 

Wide.  |  Thick. 

ch  ksais. 

REMARKS. 

In. 

0  .'!7.ri 

In. 

Round- 
Round. 

Hound. 
Round. 

1 ;  1 1  u  1 1  ( i . 
Rou  id. 
Round. 

Round. 

0.375 

0.5 

0.2 

0.375 

0.75 

0.125 

0.25 

0.75 

l.i) 

1 .25 

0.188 

0.2 

0.5 

0.188 
0.375 

0.5 

Feet. 

4.25 

.16 

6.16 

10.77 
5. 

1.12 
.42 

U.S. 

1.56 

in 

9.05 

97.98 

63.43 

16.53 

11.61 

Feet. 

Lbs. 

4.25 
1.80 
7.28 

10.77 

10.66 

1.12 

12.50 

3.50 

.16 

3.08 

1.-7 

.19 

5.42 

2.33 

.66 
1.50 

S».0e 
8.72 

Lbs. 

L.56 

1.18 

10.69 

126.63 

63.43 

111.66 

L6.53 

11.61 

3.78 

.26 
2.59 
4.44 
7.06 

.12 

9.10 

11.74 

5.54 

2.35 

2.01 

10.72 

17.79 

.64 

l  12.75 

91.52 

0.5 

ll.7.r. 
1.(1 
1.5 
2, 

•737.'. 
3.25 

l.r.l 

1.12 

10.98 

5.66 

1.08 
1.64 

13.5  in.  fur  pintle. 

26.5  in.   lot  1 
wheels. 

0  :: 

12.50 

3.78 

0.75 

1  •) 

.16 

1.25 

1  25 

1.67 

4.11 

7.0(1 

1.5 

.19 
5.42 

.12 
9.10 

2  0 

1.50 

1. 

11.71 

5.54 

2  35 

2,11 
2 

15.65 

'J  5 

.'i  0 

2.01 

::  ii 

b.OS 
2.89 

10.72 

3.5 

11. Vi 
.64 

5 

142.7-'. 

i,  11  ft.  4  in. 

0.08 

83. 

1   dra 
1      dc 

ft 

■    fork. 

_  MP. 

H8.06 

119.98 

Cast  ir 

ll  5 

11.5 

14. 



Do 

l  1. 
1 16. 

2  truck  wli-  • 

Ii. 
I.. 
Lfc 

1). 

11. 

14. 

ue 


III. AIM  ll.l.KKY    CARRIAGES. 


Hill  cf  iron  for  >•!<<  24-pdr.  Howitzer  Casemate  Carriage. 


SI7I      "t      lltllN. 


Thick. 


'■.I  \  CARRIAGE. 


In. 
0  15 

In. 

Round. 
Round. 
Round. 
1 »"  ■  •  1 1 1 1 . 1 . 
Round. 
Round. 
Round. 
Round. 
Round. 

Round. 

Round. 

R d. 

0.3 

0.5 

0.7.'! 

0.375 

0.75 

(1.125 

1.75 

0.75 

1.0 

II    |VS 

0.5 

0.7.7 

2. 

0.5 

0.188 

0.25 

0.5 

1.0 

0.75 

0.5 

3.75 

l.VI 

4.16 

1 5.92 
1.06 

.50 

2.0 1 

1.   - 

0.37 
.32 

•J.i  H 
U88 
6.11 

1.71 

1 1 .55 
5.23 

21.35 

Feet. 

Lbs. 

Feet. 

2.3! 
3.08 
1.8 

•  '..71 

21. .7'.) 
1.06 
2.37 
2.711 
2.12 

.42 
1.66 

.17 
1. 

.25 
2A1 

.27 
1. 

.58 
6.66 
1.69 
•J.  7.7 

(.42 

l. 

5.25 

:t.7n 

1.31 

2.78 

5.33 
.56 

1. 

Lbs. 

0.81 

.32 
2.01 
L.88 
9.84 

1.71 

13.95 
29.20 
49.95 
11.61 

..71. 

.28 

3.15 

.17 
in.-.. 

.1*- 
10.29 

•1  1.70 

2.65 

11.  .7.7 
27.84 
16.80 
26.46 
7.54 
:i.7.t 
14.85 

8.77 

20  I' 

•I  .' 

(i  5 



0  -7-'. 

-•..'•I 

1.0 

1.37J 

1.8 

2. 

3. 

1*87 

.75 

14.79 

11.  hi 
7.35 

1  '.".'.' 

.42 
1.68 

.17 

11. ci 
.26 

o.:t 

l  ii 

1  25 

1. 

8.15 

J..'. 
1.S 

i.ear 

i  ~'' 

- 
1. 

.27 
1. 

.56 

1 .02 

.17 

3.76 

.16 

lo  2fl 

1.87 

7.D7 

2  0 

L.60 

2.(1 

2   5 

.117 
2.71 
I.I. 
1. 

.83 

22.36 
1.0! 
11.55 
27.84 
16.80 
26.46 

25 

2. 1 2 
.54 

1.3S 

1.17 

.;  ii 

1. 

20.16 

12  0 

210.33 

454.37 

lea 

200. 

12. 

100. 

■j.  in. 
12. 
28 

Do 



Do 

Do 

28. 

372. 



26. 



inn. 

(  .i~l  lir 

15. 

.5 

12. 

15. 
.5 

12. 
2. 

Do 



2  journal  plates. 

I ). 

Do 



29.5 

I'll  1  -    n|      IRON. 


99 


Bill  of  iron  /<»•  Field  and  Siegt   Gin. 


i 

• 

- 

-C 

■3 

a 

B 

-e 

b 

!> 

h 

J 

Chain.  No.  2 

Rivets  and  nails 

Holts.  No.  3.  aod  keys  for  g  u 

Key  boll 

Bqfts,  No.  5,  eye  pin  and  handle. . . 

Sheave  bolt 

Bolls  for  pulley  I  dock 

heads  for  pulley  block 

Collars  for  gudgeons 

Nats,  No.  3 

Bands  

Nate,  No   4 

Hook  lor  pulley  block 

ers,  No.  3 

washer    

Gudgeons  and  points • 

Oval  washers 

Head  straps , 

Straps  for  pulley  block 

Pry  pole  tongue 

Journal  boxes 

I e  p I al e   i 


Three  sheaves  for  pulleys. 


In. 

0.2 
.375 
.626 
.70 

1  . 

I  .2.r) 

1.5 

2.5 

0.0 

1.25 

1.5 

1.5 

1.75 

2. 

2. 

2. 

2--r) 

2.5 


In. 

Round 
Round 

Rou  n'l 
Round 
Round 
Round 
Round 
i;>  mil.  i 
0.5 
.025 
.2.r) 
.7.'. 
I  .  7-r> 
0.125 
.625 
2. 

0.125 
.31 
.5 
1. 

1.75 
0.3 


In. 

12. 
129. 

71  . 
10. 
27. 
L6. 
S. 

16. 

10. 
212. 

r>. 
12. 
18. 

3. 

13. 

30. 
12. 
24. 
16. 


0.36 
3.95 
6.03 

1  .  22 

.'..-7 
5.45 

i .  i  a 

2.19 

■ 
1.57 

10.2'J 
1.26 

1 .  05 

1.14 

7 . 

:o.r>o 
11  .76 
11.16 
1 2 .  32 

197.66 


Hammered 


Hammered. 
Harm 


100  «  i!  \i\    ill.  —  ai:  I ILLER1    <   LRR1  101  - 

Bill  ■ 


iioi    N  •    I 


Hi 

Rlvel  liulis   No.  1 ■ 

Pin  l<  r  i-U-v  i>  l>"ll 

Eye  pins 

Bolts,  No,  -r>.  and  pry  p  ile  handle.. 

No.  3,  lor  paw  la 

Braces  and  cleria 

-  boll 

Bolt  bead*,  No.  5,  and  pointa  for  ' 


Nails,  No.  3 

Nats,  No.  l 

f£eys  for  braces 

Nuts,  No.  3,  and  pawls. . . . 
Byes  for  pulley  blocks  . . .  • 

Keys  for  clevis  boll 

Nuts,  No.  I 

Hooks  for  blocks 

Washers,  No.  3 

\\  iddle  bands  for  windlass 

( !ollara  for  points 

Journals 

Washers  for  handle 

Washers,  No.  5 

End  bands  for  windlass. .  . 

Lower  bands  for  legs 

Cross  beads  for  blocks.  •  •  • 

I  pper  bands  for  legs 

Partitions  for  blocks 

Si  raps  for  Msjuks 


Wide.  Thick.    Long.    Weight.      remarks 


Two  ratchets 


Two  journaH>oxe 
Five  sheaves. .... 


1... 

0.15 

0.5 

0.67J 
1. 

1.25 
l  .5 
I  .  75 


1. 


In. 


.25 
.25 
.25 


I 

1 

1 

1.5 

L.5 

1 .  75 

2. 

2. 

2. 

2. 

3. 

.'!. 

:;. 
I 
I 

8 
8 
S 


25 


i: id 

Hound 
Round 
Hound 
Hound 
Hound 
Hound  'i 
Hound  22 
Hound    2 

Round 


0.5 
0.125 
0.625 
1 .25 
0.125 

. 
1.7."- 
0.125 

. 
1. 
2. 

0.188 
0.J8S 
0.25 

1.25 
0.25 
0.25 


9.41 

0.16 

1.16 

2.54 

2. 

1.16 

. 
l  .83 

l  1.58 

0.5 
2.16 

1.12 
5. 


0.52 

18.02 

41.88 

1.42 
0.26 

10.50 

18.83 

. 
24.  10 
13.44 

0.94 

I. in 
15.67 

. 
39.1  l 

. 
18.48 

180.28 

.TJ. 


Tlii-  lull  in- 
cludes  iln 
in  ;i  i  i 

for  006 

doul   • 
one    triple 
pull  e  v 
block. 


Hammered. 


Hammered, 


13. 


- 


1   .i-i  iron, 
-i  brai 


I'll  I  -     01      IRON. 


101 


Bill  of  iron  for  one  Sling  Cart. 


Pole  prop  chain,  No.  1 

dings,  No.   i 

Rivets,  No.  2 

Chain,  No.  -r>.  and  rivets,  No.  3.. 

L'ole  rivets 

H"li>.  No.  1.  L'hains&  pole  staple 

Eye  pin,  No.  1 

Bolts.  Nos.  2  and  ■r>.  and  rings  •  ■  ■ 
Bolt  beads,  No.  I.  and  eye  pin*  . 

Screw  handle 

Bolt  beads,  No  5 

Nails,  No.  3 

T<  ggle  for  pole  prop  chain 

Axle   washers,  upper   skeans,  > 

nuts,  No. 2,  and  chain  hook.  .  i 

l?urrs  for  pole  rivets 

Nuts,  No.  3 

Bolster  hooka 

A  xle  bands 

Nuts,  No.  I 

Hook  for  sling  chain 

Axle  hook- 

!>rop  ferrule 

Linen  pins 

Washers,  No.  3 

Bands  tor  houods  and  pole 

Brow  bands  for  naves 

r  tkeau  \"  stirrups  |  in  pari). 

Bridle 

Stirrups  and  pole  (traps 

Nuts,  No.  5 

Upper  skeans 

Nuts,  No.  7 

Washers,  No.  4 

End  bands,  f"r  nave* 

n— body 

Hoisting  screw  |  i  n  one  i 

•  <>.:> 

Pole  prop  socket 

Sock ■  

So.  ~ 

Was  hers  for  axli   V  '•    »tei 

T\vii  wheel  tin  - 

Lower  axle  skean —  middle   part 


Thick    Lon? 


Bed  plate  for  screw 

-   |nr   two  V 


N  nt  f>r  hru«tine  - 


In. 
fl .  1  5 
0 . 2 
0.25 
0.375 
0.5 
0.7-'. 
0.S75 
1. 
l..r. 
1 .  75 
2. 

0.375 
0.5 

1. 

1  . 1 25 
1  .25 
1.25 


1.3 
L.5 
1.5 
1.5 

1 .  75 


7-' 


. 
•J. 'J.'. 
2.25 
2.S 

3.5 
I. 
1.8 
1.5 


In. 
Round 

Round 
Round 
Round 

Round 
Round 
Round 
i:  ound 

Hound 
0.375 
0.25 

0.5 

0.25 

0.625 

L.25 

0.2 

0.75 

1. 

1.5 

0.375 

0.125 

0.375 

0.75 

J. 
0.5 
I  .2.' 

0.188 

0.5 

::. 
0.188 

0.5 


Feet. 

0.31 
0.50 
9.06 
0.50 
89.58 
o.i  l 
9.91 
1. 

0.50 
12.04 
0.16 

11.25 


Weight. 


18 

in 
33 
no 
25 
33 
50 
66 

33 

37 

:.s 

n 
54 


Lbs 
0.26 
0.03 
0.08 

3 .  33 

131.69 
0.28 

5.86 
42.69 
5.23 
5.66 
0.06 

18.90 


42. 


II. 


♦Pole  prop. 


Hammered. 


I  l;lln  • 

I  lammered. 

In  4  i 


('  II  A  l'TK  R       POUBT  II 


AKTIU.KKY    tMPLEMBNTS  AND   EQUIPMENTS 
NOMENCLATURE,  DIMENSIONS,  WEIGHTS 

Rammer  ff><ids. 

Rammer  heads  are  made  of  ash.  maple,  birch,  beech,  elm,  gum,  or  other  tough 
woods;  the  head  is  bored  |  of  Ha  length  with  a  hole  0.25  inch  less  than  the 
diameter  of  the  slat),  which  enters  with  a  tenon.  The  stall  is  driven  into  the 
head  and  fastened  with  a  pin  of  hard  wood  0.3  inch  diameter:  the  neck  has  a 
copper  band  0.5  inch  wide  and  0.5  inch  thick,  fastened  with  3  c»)>)«r  nail*. 

Hammer  heads  for  howitzers  are  countersunk,  to  receive  the  fuzes,  in  ram- 
ming: shells. 

"Dimensions. 


42-poiinder  sun.  10-nv  and  10-inch 

eolumliiad 

32*pounder  gun.  Gkinufa  see  coast   howftier,  an.. 

oolumbiad 

24-pounder  gun 

inder  gun 

■ 
32* pounder    howitzers,   13-iocfa    and    LO-inch     mortar- 



S-pooDaer  gon,  13-pounder  field  Ii"w:i/m.  10*in< 

',    in-rlnr  Sod   SlOM   1 1 1 "  r  t  :i  r 


DIAM1 


Body. 

Neck. 

In. 

In. 

8.13 

3. 

:..i 

3. 
3. 

3. 

). 

2.5 

101 


CHaP,    i\         niri  i  mi  \  i  >    AND    BQ1  li'Mi  \  i  S. 


8pong<   Heads. 

Diameter   l  Inch  less  than  the  calibre  of  the  piece;  ihia  i*  tin'   size  required 
for  tin-  v.  ove  .\  oollen  sponge. 


, ,.       ,       ,      ,  .    ,     f  Bore 

10-incli  e.ilnmliiad  .   ■   , ., 

|  (  bamber 

o  .       i         ,         ,        ,      i    I'.'  ir«- 

B-inch  cciI'iiiiIji.kI  . 

i  (  namber 

12-p  hiikIit  it iim  and  10-inch  sea  coa*t  howitzer 

32-pounder  gua  and  8-incb  sea  coasl  howitzer 

24-pt-under  gun 

18-pounder  gun 

12-pounder  gun,  8-inch   siege   howitzer,  24-pounder  and 

32-pdr.  howitzers,  13-inch   and  10-inch  mortars  (heavy) 
6-pounder  gun,    12-pounder    howitzer,    10-inch    mortar 

(light).  8-inch  mortar  and  stone  mortar 


Length. 

D 

a  meter. 

In. 

In. 

g , 

'.'. 

B. 

'  7. 

b. 

7. 

p. 

:..t 

B. 

6.0 

> , 

5.4 

B. 

1.8 

B. 

1.3 

7..r> 

3.6 

7.5 

•J.  7 

Sponge  heads  are  made  of  elm  or  poplar,  etc  The  head  is  bored  i  of  its 
length,  with  ii  hole  0.25  inch  less  thau  the  body  of  the  Mali',  which  is  inserted 
with  a  tenon  and  fastened  by  2  hard  wood  pins  0.3  inch  diameter; 


Sponges. 

Spongea  arc  made  of  coarse,  well-twisted  woollen  yarn,  woven  into  a  warp 
of  strong  hemp  or  flax  thread,  alter  the  manner  ci'  Brussels  carpet  j  the  loop* 
are  n.7.r>  inch  long. 

They  are  woven  in  webs  with  selvages  between  them,  which  being  cut,  the 
sponges  are  sewed  to  lit  formers  of  the  same  dimensions  as  the  sponge  heads. 
One  end  of  the  sponge  Is  drawn  together  with  strong  twine,  and  a  lull  of  wool- 
len yam  is  inserted  at  the  centre  ol  the  gather  or  folds  j  a  circular  piece  of  strong 
canvass  is  stitched  inside  of  the  boltorn  ;  the  other  end,  after  receiving  the 
sponge  head,  is  nailed  t<>  it  around  the  staff  with  6  coppei  nails,  1  inch  long;  3 

copper  vails  should  also  be  driven  into  the  bottom  of  the  s| ge.  to  secure  it  to 

the  bead. 

Similar  sponges  are  made  by  working  the  yam  with  needles  Into  canvass 
ml  the  wove  sponges  are  equally  good  and  less  expensive. 

Sponges  are  likewise  made  of  sheep  skin  alutn-dresr>ed,  with  the  wool  on  j 

bill  they  are  Inferior  In  those  made  of  yarn. 

For  dimensions  of  s| ges,  see  table  ol  sponge  heads. 


NOMENCLATURE,    QIMEN8IONS,    WEIGHTS. 


105 


Spongi    Covers. 

They  are  made  of  Russia  duck  or  canvass,  painted  ibe  same  en  I  or  as  I 
carriage. 

The  lengt  hs  are  : 

For  the    6-pounder  sponge B  inches. 

For  the  L2-pounder  and  IN-pounder  sponge 11  inches. 

For  the  24-pounder,  32-pounder,  and  12-pounder  sponge 12  inches. 

The  interior  diameter  is  equal  to  the  calibre  of  the  piece.  A  hem  0.5  inch 
wide  around  the. top,  receives  a  cord  0.2  inch  diameter,  by  which  the  mouth  ia 
drawn  together  and  lied  around  the  sponge  stall':  a  loop  of  canvass  0.75  inch 
wide  is  sewed  on  the  end  of  the   cover,  to  draw  it  oil   by. 

The  covers  are  marked  in  while,  with  the  calibre  of  the  gun. 

Ladle  Meads. 


DIMENSIONS. 

42-pdr. 

32-pdr. 

24-pdr. 

IS-pdr. 

12-pdr. 

In. 

7. 
Q.7 

3. 

In. 

o.l 

6. 

3. 

In. 
5.8 

5.4 

.7. 

In. 

5.3 

5. 

1.9 

3. 

In. 

f  Above  the  shoulder. 

Diameters. <  Below  tie  shoulder. 
I  Neck 

4.3 

1.-.' 

Ladle  heads  are  made  ol  tiie  same  kinds  of  wood,  and  are  fastened  to  the  Slaves 
in  the  same  manner,  as  rammer  heads. 

Rammer,  ladle,  and  sponge  head-  should  he  sain  rated,  when  new.  with  linseed 
oil,  to  prevent  Splitting  from  alternate  wetting  and  drying  mi  service. 


"Ladles. 

-  an-  used  (bf  !  -    D,  and  sea-OOest   guns  only.     They  are  made 

■  i  opper,  \o.  ]s. 


7'IMF-.  - 


--pdr. 


Whole  length 

■  li  ol  hand,  developed 

Willi  I  del  el<>|>ed 

Width  "i  band  [included  in  whole 
length  ■ 


In. 

11. 
2..") 


In. 


2 1  -pdr. 


In. 
11.1 

11.6 


1-  pdr. 


In. 

13.1 
15.4 


In. 

11.2 

13.2 

!'.2 


106 


•  ll\l'.    IV. — IMPLEMENTS    AND    Ky  I  I  r  >i  i  \  I -. 


Toward  the  mouth  >>f  the  ladle  the  copper  (a  spread  ■  Utile,  to  as  i"  increase 
the  diameter  ol  the  ladle  0.3  inch  ;  ihe  eornera  are  r<>u n.l«-«]  with  a  radius  of  from 
2  inches  to  3.5  inchea.  To  stiffen  the  ladle,  the  copper  la  plum  sin, I.  after  being 
bent  and  braxed.  The  ladle  i»  attached  to  the  head  by 6 to  in  eopptr  hoMi,  1  inch 
long,  driven  in  two  rowa  ar d  the  body,  about  1  inch  apart. 

Worms. 


DIMENS 


S  ege  and 
garrison. 


Field. 


In. 


In. 


Length  of  sockel  and  neck 

Length  of  one  branch  from  neck  t<>  point  (developed i 

Depth  of  socket 

Exterior  diameter  of  socket  at  top 

I  ha  meter  of  neck 

Thickness  of  the  iron  of  the  BOckel 

I  liameter  of  branches  at  the  neck  i  tapering  to  a  point) 

Length  of  socket  and  worm,  complete 

Diameter  of  worm  complete  (exterior  circle) 

i  Length 

Size  of  iron  for  worms  . .  •   Width ' 

(.Thickness 

Weight  of  worm U» 


L6. 

13. 

1.5 

4.5 

1.7.r) 

1.5 

0.8 

".7 

0.125 

0.125 

0.6 

0.5 

0.5 

9. 

•1. 

3. 

7. 

6. 

3. 

3. 

0.5 

0.5 

1.75 

1.5 

The   staff  is  pointed   to   fit  the  conical  form  of  the  socket,  driven  in  hard,  anil 
fastened  by  2  iron  rioatt  0.25  inch  diameter. 


Staves. 

Staves  for  implements  are  made  of  tough  ash. 

The  diameter  of  the  tenon  is  0.25  Inch  less  than  that  of  the  staff  j  its  length,  3 
ol  that  of  'he  head  into  which  it  is  inserted, 

For  field  ^nns,  field  and   sie^i    howitzers  and  mortars,  the  rammer  and  sponge 

beada  are  on  the  same  staff;  for  other  pieces,  on  separate  staves. 
For  the  coehorn  mortar,  the  body  of  the  staff  forma  the  rammer  and  sponge 

head. 


NOMENCLATURE,    DIM  I  N810N8,    WEIGHTS. 


107 


Dimensions  of  Staves  for  Implements. 


LENGTH,  INCLUDING   TENONS. 

KIND. 

,; 

tl 

L.      G 

i.  ~ 

1. 

- 

o  £ 
j-  - 

0   i- 

42-pounder  sea  coast  gun 

32-pounder  sea  coast  gun 

'.' l - [m> ii mil- r  siege  and  garrison  gun. 
18-pounder  siege  and  garrison  gun. 
12-pounder  siege  and  garrison  j>iin. 

10-iiul)  columbiad .  |PI       ', 

(  Chainlier 

c  •     i       •       i •    j     f  Bore  

S-i nch  com m hind  .  >  , ..         , 

I  <   ha  in  l  per  ...  . 

10-inch  sea  const  howitzer 

B- 1 n eh  sea  coast  howitzer 


SJ-inoh  siege  howitzer 

j  1 -pun ml cr  casemate  howitzer 

12  pounder  Held  pun;    32-pounder  and 

24-pounder  field  howitzers 

6-pounder   field   gun,  and    12-pounder 

field  howitzer 

13-inch  and  10-inch  heavy  mortars 

h  light  mortar;  8-inch  mortar,  and 

stone  mortar 

24 -pounder  coehorn  mortar 


In. 

1 .  75 
1  . 7-7 
!  .  7-r> 
1.73 
1.75 
1.75 
1.75 
1 .  75 
1.75 
1  .7-'» 
1  . 7-7 

1.5 
1.5 

1.5 

1.5 
1.6 

1.5 
1.5 


In. 

125. 
125. 
I 'J.'i. 
L25. 
1 25  ■ 
115. 
125, 
115, 
1  -J.'. 
125, 
105 


In. 

Ill  .66 

IK!. 01 
113.  17 


In. 

125.8(5 
126.07 
126.23  115. 13 
126.17  117.:i»; 

125.66 

125.86 

125.66 

105.86 


51  .''.7 
7  .7.  -77 


91.67 


73.17 
3'.>.ti7 


30.17 
18. 


In. 


123. 


For  other  cannon  than  those  of  the  patterns  described  in  Chapter  I,  stare* 
may  !"■  made  of  sucfa  a  length   that   the   lini-hed   implement   shall   be  IS  inches 
than  the  bore  of  the  piece. 


ION 


CHAP.     IV. — IMPLEMENTS     \\!>     EQUIPMENTS 


/.      <ths  and  weights  of  Finished  Implements. 


WEIGHT. 

•f 

i 

D 

£ 

to 

B 

"3 

- 

■ 

- 

J 

/. 

J 

42-pounder  mm  coast  gun 

32-pounder  sea  coast  gun 

24-pounder  siege  and  garrison  gun. 
18-pounder  siege  and  garrison  gun. 
12-pounder  siege  and  garrison  gun. 


In. 

128. 

l  >. 
1 2S . 
1 28 . 
1 28 . 


10-inch  coluinbiad . 


S-incli  <■( 

(  I!  a  ii 1 1 nor 
10-inch  sea  coast  bo&jlzer  . . . 
fe-ineli  sea  coast  howitzer  ... 


5pi inge  for  bore IIs. 

Sponse  for  chamber  . .  128. 
Eta ut 128. 

1  Is- 
128. 
1 28 . 
1 28 . 
128. 


I  Sponge  for  bore 
:o!umbiad .     Sp< »nge  for  chain 


ber 


v-in<  1 1  Biege  howitzer 

24-pounder  casemate  howitzer 

12-pounder  field  gun;  32-pdr.  i  Sponge  and 

and  24-pounder  field  bowit-J      rammer.. 

/.or [Worm 

c  i  r   M  ,  I  Sponge  and 

O-pi  nindor       (n-lcl       ''iin       and  l      ' 

.'.,  ,      ,i,i  raminer- 

L2-pounder  iiold  howitzer.. 


(  Worm 
13-inch  and  LO-incfa  heavy  mortars  .... 

10-inch  light,  3-inch  and  stone  i 'tars 

24-pounder  coehorn  mortar 


56. 

60. 

95. 

87. 

77. 
7'.'. 
II. 
34. 


Lbs. 

lo.-.c, 

10. 
9. 68 
8.1 

7.15 

12. 

11. 

io'.25 

10. 


10.25 
8.5 


I.   - 

B.4 
B .  1 5 
3. 


9.75 


8.4 
9.75 

7. 


5. 


5.8 


4.5 

3.2 
2. 

0.8 


13. 73 
13.15 
12. J 

10. 

7.8 


Lbs. 


7..r) 


1.25 


3.6 


Plank  for  100  Implement  Staves. 

•— 

0      . 

■-  ' 
1)  J* 
—  - 

?  ~ 

DIMENSIONS. 

co.ntkn  rs. 

KIND. 

Width. 

Thick- 
ness. 

Length. 

Each 
plank. 

Total. 

Siege  and  garrison  • .  • . 

Field...  [I2-P°«»"|er, 

\    B-pounder. 


In. 

II. 

12.5 

12.5 


In. 


1.75 

17f> 


In.         Sup.   II. 


132 
102 

M 


25.66 
15.  19 
12.76 


Sup.  ft. 

136.22 
263.33 
216.92 


N0M1  M  LATURE,    DIMENSIONS,    WEIGHTS. 


100 


Bills  of  timbef  for  100  Implement  Heads. 


RAMMEB    BRADS. 

SPO 

iOB    BEADS. 

LADLE    BEAD8. 

KIND. 

/. 

r 

/. 

- 
9 

er 

t» 

v 

a 
u 

C 

0 

C_ 

V 
a 

er 
CO 

JS 

to 

a 
t) 

-1 

a 

V 

= 

0 

U 

1/ 
■ 

O" 
91 

5 

B 
U 

0 

5 
O 

In. 

Feet. 

Sup.fi. 

In. 

Feel 

Sap.ft. 

In. 

Feet. 

Sup.ft. 

L2-pounder.. . . 

6.625 

66 

241.40 

6.5 

72 

253.5 

7.25 

32-pounder . .  .  . 

6.125 

60 

[67.58 

6. 

72 

216.0 

6.5 

en 

211.95 

24-pounder.. . . 

.r).7'> 

53 

1 16.02 

5.25 

72 

165.37 

6. 

159.0 

lS-poninler .. .  . 

5.125 

50 

L09. 1 1 

1 . 7-r. 

72 

135.37 

5.5 

50 

126.04 

12-pounder.. . . 

1.5 

50 

84.31 

1 . 1 25 

68 

96.42 

4.75 

50 

94.01 

6-pounder.. . . 

3.75 

40 

16.87 

3.25 

68 

59.85 

Handspikes. 

Trail  Handspike,  for  field  carriages  (biokpiy.  young  oak);  whole  length  53 
Inches— the  largt  end  rounded,  diameter  2.2  indies;  largesl  diameter  3  inchei — 
the  small  end,  diameter  LIS  inch — the  stop.  iron,  projecting  0.3  inch;  distance  from 
the  large  end  to  the  farthest  side  of  the. stop  9  inches;  the  Btem  cliuched  in  '.he 
woo.]  and  tiled  down  smooth— 'the  strap,  iron,  fastened  by  1  rivet;  the  middle  of 
it  9  inches  from  the  small  end — the  ring,  round  iron,  1.5  inch  diameter. 

Manoeuvring  Handspike,  for  garrison  and  sea  coaal  carriages  and  tor  gins 
(hickory,  young  oak).  Whole  length  66  inches;  length  of  the  square  L9  inches; 
chamfered  part   is   square)   12  inches:  the  remainder  round.      Diameter  at  the 

upper   end    1.8    inch— upper  end  of  the  -uuare.  3  inchei lower  end.  2.36  inches. 

For  siege  service  and  other  heavy  work,  the  handspike  is  made  B4  inches  long — 

weight  12  lbs. 
Bbod  Handspike.    Upper  end  1.75  inch  diameter ;  tin- lower  end  of  the  round 

part.  2.5  inches  — square  2.5  inches  by  •'(  inches.  The  end  rounded  00  one  side. 
and  shod  with  an  iron  shot  fastened  vuh  3  rivets.  Length  of  round  part  1 
-square  11  inches  It  is  particularly  useful  in  the  .service  of  mortar*  and 
di  casemate  and  barbette  carriag i 

Truck    Handspikr,  for  casematt  ughl   iron),  whole  length  12 

Inches— point,  conical,  I  inches;  body,  cylindrical,  L2  inches;  ibe  handle  round. 
Diameter  at  ilia  ends  I.I  Inch— body  1.1  Inch. 

|;,,i  mi:  II  LNDSPIC1    i  It  is  made  of  1  inch  mund  iron; 

the    point    C    ii  cal,  I.S    inch    long,  tapered  to  055  inch  diameter — whole  length  31 


110  CHAP.    IV.    — IMPLBMEKTfl    \M>    BQUIPMBKTS. 

Ldotoci  (ash  or  •    phofwood  31.5  inches— diameter  of  head  1.5  inch — 

a  hole  o.7.r>  im  h  diameter  1.5  inch  below  the  lop:  the  lower  end  pointed  aod  shod 
wuli  iron. 

caal  braes  2.75  inches  long  : 
5  inch  diameter,  with  a  circular  plate  in  the  bottom  j  a  ■-!"</  at  the  lop 
for  a  thumb  screw ;  1.25  Inch  of  the  lower  part  forma  ibesfoel  toc&et,  in  which 
the  »tocli  !a  secured  with  1  rt'twt — the  thumb  •.cnu-.  \,,  hold  the  port-fire,  the  end 
riveted  inside;* the  hook,  i  Inches  from  the  top,  to  hang  in  the  loop  of  the  port- 
fire case-  i lit*  ••lor/.  \-.\>\\  or  oak  .  diameter  I  inch.  Whole 
length  '-'l  inches. 

Pass  l'"'\  (white  pine,  0.75  inch  thick)— interior  dimensions  7  inches  square 
by  11  inches  long  ■  one  Bide  turns  on  ~  hinge*,  and  i>  fastened  with  a  l>r.i ~-  hook- 
and  a  staph — a  wooden  haitdk  is  >>  t  diagonally  on  one  end. 

Budge  Barrel,  for  use  in   forts  and  batteries;  n  0.4    inch  thiok — 

bottom  (oak)  in   1   or  2  pieces,  0.4   inch  I  hick— 4   hoop*  (sheet    copper,  No 
1~-  niches  long,  L.I  inch  wide,  and  confined  lo  the  barrel  each  by  5  rivet*  Oil  inch 
thick;  they   are   joined   by   '-'   rivet*,   or  1. razed   together— height  of  barrel,  '20 
incho :   ixicnor  diameter  at  ends,  13  inches ;  at  bilge.  l-r>  inchei — cover 

leather  I  1  v  inches  Ihl'Ii  and    10  inches  wide,  secured  to  the  barrel  under  the  upper 

hoop  by  5  nnils,  and  by  the  5  rivets  through  the  hoop — 2  cords  0.6  inch  thick,  6 
feet  long,  passing  through   boles  in  the  cover  al  1.5  inch  from  the  top,  lo  draw 
the  mouth  together;  the  ends  of. the  cords  pass  through  a  cap  or  hood 9  inches 
deep,  sliding  on  the  cords. 
Gunner's  Haversack  (bag  leather):  2 aide*  13  inches  high,  IS  inches  wide  at 

bottom,  11    inches   at   top   of  flap — end   and  bottom  sruatets   5  inches  wide— Jtup  ^ 

Inches  deep,  with  a  strop  7  inches  long  passing  through  a  buckle  sewed  to  the 
front  side  -shoulder  belt  1.5  inch  wide,  one  pari  12  inches  long,  with  a  buckle 
and  loop  :    the  other.  .'i''>  inches  long. 

Poet-firs  Case  (sole  leather):  to  contain  12  port-fires;  length  of  oase  I5.fi 
inches;  interior  diameter  2.75  inches — conr  5.8  inches  high,  with  two  loops  for 

the  belt— 1  loop  On  the  cover  and  1  on  the  Case,  lor  port-tire  stock-  lilt.  1  inch 
wide    With    a    buckle    and    ttntp    like    that    of  the    haversack,  and   a  jmckif   lor   the 

port-fiie  c utters ;  length  of  long  strap.  55  inches,  short  strap  28  Inches;  the  simps 
are  sewed  on  the  case  so  as  lo  I  e  below  the  top  when  the  case  is  empty. 

Tubs  Pouch:  the  sides  155  inches  high,  ".'-'■r|  inches  long — lends  0.9  inch 
wide  at  bottom, 2  inches  at  top  -the  inner  cover — the  flap,  8  inches  deep,  with 

it-    Strap,  and    brass    button    attached  10   the    hollom    of    the    pouch-    2  hopt  lor  the 

bell  to  pa-s  through— the  belt,  1.37  inch  wide  and  42  inches  long,  with  a  bucile 

and  loop  at  one  end.  The  priming  wire  and  ^miner's  gimlel  are  carried  with  the 
tube    pouch    in    the    loop-,  attached   by  a  twine,  or  in  small  loops  on  the  Inside  o| 

the  llap. 

1'kimiv;  HoRH  the  horn  alioul  13  inches  long.  3  inches  diameter,  at  t  he  bot- 
tom, and    1    inch    at  the   neck — the  bottom   (poplar  or  ash)  1   inch  thick,  hollowed 


NOMENCLATURE,    DIMENSIONS,    WEIGHTS, 


111 


out  on  ihe  exterior  for  Ibe  convenience  of  filling,  having  a  hole  0.7.r>  inch  diame- 
ter, with  b  vcreu  plug  in  l be  centre — the  stopper,  a  conical  piece  of  wood,  mean 
diameter  0.4  inch.  Instead  of  the  stopper  the  horn  may  have  a  bra*»-moiifh' 
ptecs,  closed  by  a  valve,  which  la  held  fast  by  a  tpring.  The  *trap  (leather)  1 
inch  wide  and  IS  inches  long,  sewed  to  the  Deck  "I  the  screw  plug  in  the  hot- 
torn,  and  to  the  neck  of  the  horn,  or  to  a  ring  on  the  brass  mouth-piece.  The 
horn  should  contain  at  least  1  II).  of  |>owder. 

Privim;  Wire:  iron  wire  0.75  inch  diameter,  formed  with  a  rint:  2  inches 
diameter  at  the  head,  and  pointed;  length  of  stem,  lor  siege  and  garrison  guns. 
14  inches  :  length  for  field  guns.  8  inches. 

CrUNRBR'e  Gimlet,  like  the  priming  wire,  terminating  in  a  gimlet  point. 

Vent  Punch:  (he  b»dg  (steel  wire)  0.175  inch  diameter,  4.3  inches  long — 
head  i».17"i  inch  thick,  1  inch  octagonal,  with  a  hole  0.2  inch  diameter  in  the 
middle. 

Tht  mbstall  (buckskin)  :  cusAton,  Stuffed  with  hair,  &5  inches  long,  1  inch 
thick — the  Hrap  3  inches  long— the  itring  12  inches. 

Port-fire  Otter  :  blades  (steel)  tf.37  inches  long,  with  a  notch  1  inch  long  and 
0.4  inch  deep  in  one  o(  them.  1  inch  from  the  joint — handle*  with  bows  2  inches 
by  1  inch — whole  length  7  inches. 

Tangent  Scale  (sheet  bras-.  No.  ].'!)  :    flange  0.5  inch  wide,  cut  to  tit  tl 
ring  of  the  piece:  upper  edge  cut  into  notches  for  each  i  degree  elevation. 


Table  of  Tangent  Scales  for   Field   Chtm  "mi  Howii 


ELEVATION. 


1°   15' 
2° 

3° 

4° 


HOWIT/EFS. 


n-pdr.  12-pdr.  12-pdr. 


21-pdr. 


In. 


In. 


0.333 

. 

1.331 

2.051 

3.077 

1.006 

In. 

0.2.r)2 
0.945 
1.870 


In. 

'.271 


In. 

0.331 
1.310 


i'I.im   II  ussi:.  or  tana  ■ 
The    srah    i-    made    ol    sheet    br.i--.  No.  13       At   l he  lower  end  i«  a  bra->s  bulb, 
filled  with  lead.      Tin-  -li,h>   is  o|   thin    br.i«s.  and  i»  retained    in  an\   dl 
lion   on   the   scale  I  v  means  Of   a  bl  'ha  milled   head.     Tl  • 

is  passed  through  a  sin  in  a  pii  tfa  which  N  la  coaaected  by  a  bra«* 

n  a  hi.  b  tbi  *  made 


112  CHAP.    IV.  —  EMPLBVBMT8    AND    EQUIPMENTS. 

long  enough  to  allow  the  scale  lo  lake  a  vertical  position  in  any  ordinary  casea 
of  inequality  of  tbe  ground  on  which  tin1  wheel-  of  the  carriage  may  stand. 
The  ends  of  this  piece  of  steel  form  two  journals,  by  means  •>!"  which  the  scale 
is  supported  on  the  seat  Bttached  lo  the  gun,  and  is  at  liberty  to  vibrate  in  the 
direction  of  the  axis  of  the  p 

The  .'■dii  is  of  inm-  and  is  fastened  to  the  base  of  ibe  breech  by  '■'<  screw,  in 
such  a  manner  that  ihe  centres  of  ibe  two  .journal  notches  shall  beat  a  distance 
from  the  axis  equal  to  the  radius  of  the  base  ring. 

A  mitzzli  sight,  of  iron,  is  screwed  into  the  swell  of  the  muzzle  of  guns,  <>r 
into   the  middle  of  the  muzzle   ring  of  howitzers.     The   height  of  this  sight  is 

equal    to   the    dispart  o!   the  piece,  so  that  a  line  from  the  top  of  the  ii  uz/.le  Sight 

to  the  pivot  of  the  tangent  scale  is  parallel  to  the  axis  of  the  piece;  consequently, 
the  vertical   plane  of  sight   passing  through  tbe  centre  line  of  the  scale  ami  the 

top   of  the    muzzle    sight,  will    he   also   parallel  to  the  axis,  in  any  position  of  the 

piece;  the  tangent  scale  will,  therefore,  always  indicate  correctly  the  angle 
which  the  plane  of  sight  makes  with  the  axis. 

The  seat  lor  suspending  the  hausse  on  the  gun  is  adapted  in  each  piece, 
according  to  the  varying  inclination  of  the  base  <>l  the  breech  to  the  axis.  The 
hausse.  the  seal  and  the  muzzle  sight,  are  marked  lor  the  kind  of  gun  to  which 
they  belong.  The  hausse.  when  not  in  use.  is  carried  in  a  leather  pouch  sus- 
pended to  a  shoulder  strap. 

The  graduations  on  the  scale  are  the  tangents  oi'  each  quarter  of  a  degree,  to 
a  radius  equal  to  the  d  stance  between  the  muzzle  bight  and  the  centre  of  the 
journal  notches,  which  are,  in  all  cases,  one  inch  in  rear  of  the  base  ring. 


NOMENCLATIVE,    DIMENSIONS,     WEIGHTS. 


11:5 


Tangent  scales  for  Pendulum  Hausses  for  field  guns  and  howitzers. 


6-pdr. 


FOR    HOWITZERS. 


12-pdr.     12-pdr.     24-pdr. 


32-pdr. 


Radius  of] 
base  ring.  J 
Dispart . . . 


In. 
5.15 

1.025 


In. 
6.5 

1.33 


In. 
5.0 

0.0 


In. 
6.0 

1  . 1 25 


In. 
6.9 

1.3 


Height     of     muzzle 
sight. 


Tang. 


1° 
2 

3° 

40 

5° 


1.042 
2.084 
3.124 
1 .161 
5.203 


1.34V 
2.69-3 
4.046 
5.392 

G.737 


0.931 
1  .862 
2.792 
3.722 
4.650 


1.128 
2. 2  7  5 
3 .412 
4.548 
5.683 


1.310 
2.621 
3.933 
5.248 
6.566 


Gunner's  Perpendicular.  This  is  made  of  sheet  brass  ;  the  lower  pari  is  cot 
in  the  form  of  a  crescent,  the  points  of  which  arc  made  of  Bteel  :  a  small  spirit 
level  is  fastened  to  one  side  of  the  plate,  parallel  to  the  line  joining  the  points  of 
the  crescent,  and  a  slider  is  fastened  to  the  same  side  of  the  plate,  perpendicular 
to  the  axis  of  the  level.  The  instrument  is  useful  in  marking  the  points  of  sight 
on  siege  guns  and  mortars  when  the  platform  is  not  perfectly  level. 

Cannon  Lock.     Hidden'*,  patent. 

The  seat  is  of  cast  brass  ;   it  is  attached  to  the  gun,  on  the  left  side  of  ihe  Vi 
by  means  of  two  steel  steady  pint  and  one  tcrew  ]<id.  if  the  gun  has  no  lock 

piece:   a  small  brass    roller   is    set    into   the  rear  end  of   the  seal  for  the  lanyard    to 
pass  round. 

The  hammer  is  of  brass,  with  B  cone  of  hardened  Steel  Screwed  inlo  the  head, 

and  fastened  by  a   rivet;  the  hole  for  the  pin  on  which  the  hammer  tarns  Is 

oblong,  so  that   the   head   of  the   hammer   is   drawn  back  by  the  same  pull  of   the 

lanyard  which  causes  il  fir-t  to  strike  the  primer  on  the  rent. 

The  lanyard  is  a  piece  of  sash  cord  .25  in.  thick  and  6  feel    long  ;  one  end  i- 

Secured  to  the  shank  of  the   hammer   by   a    knot;   the   other  end   carries   an    iron 

le,  which   serves   for  a    handle,  and   also   for  a  wrench  10  turn    the  screw  pin 

thai  fastens  the  lock  to  l  he  gun. 

For  guns  thai  have  lock  pieces,  l  with  ■  Han. 

the  side  Of  the  lock  piece.  10  which  it    1-  fastened  by  two  bolts,  with  thumb  mil*. 

1.      It  is    made   of  black  bridle  or  harness  leather.      The   cap   which 

covers  the   lock    is  7   in.    long.   3   in.  wide,   ami   3   in.    high.     Two  UUttt   and   two 

hack!*  strap*,  with  black  buckles,  fasten  it  on  the  pun  :  the  length  ol  the  straps 
being  proportioned  to  the  diameter  <■!   the  p  ■ 


11-1  (  IIA1*.    iv. — MH.UIMTTC    AM'    BQIHPMBNT8. 

.  Cover,  for  field  pieces  without  loolu  (leather);  0  Inches  long,  1  inches 
wide,  wiili  a  topper  pin  riveted  to  it,  <>.i7-r>  Inch  diameter,  and  'J  inches  loi 
straps,  1  inch  wide,  with  buckles.    The  length  of  the  strap  varies  with  the 
at'  the  piece.     In  permanent  batteries  sheet  lead  may  be  need  for  vent  covers. 

I"i  /.i.  Setter  (brass);  the  handle,  upper  end  slightly  rounded,  the  <•/</' '-'.  1  inches 
diameter;  depth,  0.3  inch.    Whole  length,  5  to  6  inches. 

Fun  Mallet  (dogwood  or  oak),  in  one  piece;  head,  ft.5  inches  long,  1  inches 
diameter;  handh  7.5  inches  long,  L.2S  Inch  diameter. 

Fuze  Saw  (tenon  saw  |;  10  Inch  Made. 

l'i  zi  Rasp;  12  inch  wood  rasp. 

1'Yzk  Auger,  for  boriag  out  the  composition  to  any  required  depth.  Bit  0.2  inch 

diameter,  sliding  in  a  brass  socket  graduated  IO  LOths  of  an  inch,  anil  held  by  a 
thumb  serew  in  ihe  side;  handle,  of  hard  wood. 

Fuze  Gimlet;  common  gimlet,  05:   used  for  boring  across  the  i iposition 

instead  oi  sawing  off  the  fuze. 

SHELL-PLUG  SCREW  (iron;:  stem  3  inches  long,  OUt  With  B  deep,  sharp  thread; 
t  i/i  2  inches  in  diameter. 

Fuze-plug  Reamek.  A  conical  steel  reamer,  for  reaming  the  bole 8  for  paper 
fuzes  in  the  wooden  fuze  pli  .  - 

Fuze  Extractor.  The  inner  serew  and  Its  stem  are  made  of  steel,  and  riveted 
into  the  handle,  which  is  of  iron.  The  stem  is  contained  in  a  holloa-  screw  "I 
steel,  which  is  worked  up  and  down  by  means  of  an  iron  tint  with  two  handles  j 
the  serew  being  prevented  from  turning  by  a  slot  and  a  feather  in  the  frame  ;  the 
nut  is  kept  in  place  by  1  iron  set  screws,  the  points  of  which  enter  into  a  groove 
in  the  nut.     The  framt  is  of  cast  brass. 

In  using  this  fuze  extractor,  the  inner  stem  Is  screwed  into  the  fuze  or  plug 
to  be  extracted  by  means  of  the  upper  handle,  and  it  is  lifted  out  by  turning  the 
nut  of  the  hollow  serew. 

tii  \m:r's  Pincers.  Made  of  iron,  with  steel  jaws  1  inch  wide:  whole  length 
10.0  inches 

Gunner's  Callipers.  Made  of  Bheel  brass,  with  steel  points.  T/he  graduations 
show  the  diameters  of  guns  and  of  shot,  linear  inches,  degrees  ol  the  circle,  etc. 

Gunner's  Quadrant  (wood);  a  graduated  quadrant  of  6  inches  radius  attached 
to  a  rule  23.5  inches  long.  It  has  a  plumb  line  and  boh,  which  are  carried,  when 
not  in  use,  in  a  hole  in  the  end  ol    the  rule,  covered  by  B  brass  plate. 

Maul,  for  driving  pickets ;  head  (elm  or  hickory  |  6  Inches  diameter.  8  inches 

long  :  handle  (ash)  \\  inch  diameter,  24  inches  long,  With  an  iron  band  on  each 
end,  1  inch  wide,  i  inch  thick. 

Pointing  Wire,  lor  mortars  (iron  wire.  No.  7);  20  inches  long. 

Quoin,  for  siege  mortars  (oab  :  length,  19.5  inches ;  height,  7.b5  inches;  han- 
tiir.  ii  inches  long. 

Chock,  I asemati  carriage;  small  wedge,  with  a  handle  on  one  side. 

Plummet,  lor  mortars  ;  line  and  bob. 


NOMENCLATURE,    DIMENSIONS,    WE1CIITS.  '  11") 

Scrapkr,  for  <lo.  (iron | :  handle  n.r>  inch  by  0.3  inch  square,  27  inches  long  :  one 
end  formed  like  a  spoon;  the  other,  a  temper. 

Spatula,  for  mortars  (ash  or  hickory);  handle,  16.5  inches  long;  blade,  6 
inches  :  square  end,  3  inches  long. 

Splints  (white  pine);  6  inches  long;  0.25  inch  thick  al  the  large  end,  1  inch 

wide. 

Witer,  for  the  chambers  o{  mortars  ;  low  cloth,  1  yard  square. 

Gunner's  Sleeve,  for  mortars  (serge  or  flannel). 

Basket,  for  mortar  implements  :  ofstroi  g  wicker  work,  Is  inches  in  diameter, 
12  inches  deep. 

Tarpaulins  are  made  of  two  Bi'zes:  large,  15  by  12  feel  ;  small,  5  feet  square. 
For  the  manner  of  painting  them,  see  CHAPTER  VII. 

ToMPlONS,  lor  8-inch  siege  howitzers  and  mortars,  and  10-inch  mortar. 

Broom,  for  mortar  batteries  (hickory  or  birch). 

Shell  Hooks  (iron);  2  branches,  0.5  inch  diameter,  in  shape  of  an  S,  joined  by 
a  riiil:    upper  end  of  the  branches   connected   by  2  xma//  rings,  1.2-')  inch  diame- 
ter, and  1  large  ring,  3.1  inches  diameter;  straight  points,  to  insert  into 
of  the  shell,  0.5  inch  diameter,!).'.')  inch  long;  whole  length  of  branches 
inches. 

Tow  Hook  (ironj ;  honfllcOA  inch  diameter,  13  inches  long;  hook,  1  inch:  the 
other  end  forms  a  hammer,  0.6  inch  diameter.  2  inches  long. 

1'sed  for  unpacking  limber  chest. 

Funnel,  for  filling  shells  (copper  or  tin )  :  diameter  of  funnel  3.3  inches  :  diame- 
ter of  pip*  0.7  inch;  length  of  pipe,  2  inches. 

Powdeb  Measures.    They  are  made  of  sheet  copper,  from  No.  10  t< 
The   bottom    is   made  with  a  flange  .1    inch  deep,  turned  downwards,  and   it  is 
brazed  or  soldered  to  the  sides. 


lie 


CHAP.    IV.        1  MIM.l  Ml  \  I  »     \\1>    \    >\  IPMEN  I  S. 


Interior  dimensions  of  eylindrica    P  '.' 


t  '<  intents. 


Dianieter 
ami  height. 


Diameter 

anil  height. 


(>/.. 

In. 

Lbs. 

oz. 

In. 

(1 

1 

0 

L240 

0 

8 

•l .  57  i 

0 

1 

2.122 

0 

1.887 

0 

E) 

I 

0 

. 

1 

0 

I 

5 

1 

1 

6 

0 

15.120 

1 

8 

. 

8 

0 

Prolonge  :  3.5  inch  bemp  rope  of  l  strands;  on  one  end,  a  toggle  and  3  round 
links  in  a  thimble,  on  the  other  end,  a  hook  and  thimbt*  :  from  the  end  of  the 
hook  to  i  lie  centre  of  1st  ring,  31  nuhcs:  from  centre  of  1m  to  centre  of  2d 
.  8  feel ;  from  centre  of  2d  ring  to  end  of  toggle,  L6  feet.  Whole  length  of 
prolonge,  26  feel  7  inches;  the  toggle  of  round  iron  i)  75  im-li  diameter,  7.5 
inches  long,  with  an  eye  in  the  centre  Ings  of  0.5  inch  round  iron;  the 

ring  ih.it  enters  the  thimble  i^  3  inches,  ihe  other  two  2.75  inches  exterior  diam- 
etei  :  in,,/..  5.5  inches  long;  eye  of  0.5  inch  round  iron,  exterior  diameter,  2.5 
inches;  bodyof  hook,  0.70  inch  diameter,  tapering  to  a  point;  thimble*,  1.1  inch 
interior  diameter;  prolonge  riii  gs  of  0.6  inch  round  iron,  1.5  by  3.5  inches ;  the 
concave  flattened  part  that  is  lashed  to  the  rope  is  2  inches  long,  lashed  with 
mat  line. 

^iv\i  for  field  gun  carriages.     Ii  is  made  of  sheet  iron,  No.  13;  the 

lop  and  bottom  are  turned  over  the  sides,  and  fattened  each  by  four  riveU.  Di- 
ameter,  7.8  inches;  height,  0  inches. 

The  float  is  of  wood,  fastened  by  two  rivets  to  a  cross  bar;  it  is  put  in  before 
the  top  is  fastened  on.  The  hanal  of  the  float  is  fastened  to  it  with  two  rivets, 
and  n  is  connected  with  the  bail  of  the  bucket  by  a  chain.  The  bail  i-  fastened 
to  the  buckel  by  two  ears,  each  held  by  three  rivets.  A  toggle,  which  is  fastened 
to  the  bail  by  two  Unlet  and  a  ewivel,  Berves  Lo  attach  the  buckel  to  the  eye  of 
the  axle  strap  on  the  gun  carriage. 

Tah  Bi  i  kkt.  The  bucket  is  made  of  sheet  iron,  No.  i :;.  like  the  sponge  bucket. 

The    covet    i-    taste I    to    the    lop    hy    a    rivet    on  which    it    turns,    and    it    is  Kept 

closed  by  shutting  over  a  stud  riveted  into  tin;  top.  The  ears  are  fastened  to  the 
bucket  each  hy  three  rivets ;  a   ring,  for  suspending  the  bucket  on  ii-   hook,  is 

co i cted  with  the  ears  by  two  cltains.    Diameter  of  bucket,  7.2  inches;  height, 

8  inches. 

\v.\iu:  Bucket,  for  ihe  travelling  forge.    The  staves  and  the  bottom  are  of 


NOMKIfCLATURE,    DIMEN8IOXS,    WEIGHTS.  '  H< 

oak;  there  are  sixteen  Btaves,  and  the  bottom  is  made  of  noi  more  than  two 
pieces.  Three  hoops,  made  of  hoop  iron,  No.  10;  each  hoop  ia  joined  ' 
with  two  rivets,  No.  I,  and  fastened  to  the  bucket  with  two  rivets.  Two  ear* 
let  into  the  sides,  and  fastened  each  by  one  rivet.  The  bail  has  b  A'"/  connected 
with  it  by  a  swivel.  Diameter  Rt  top  11  inches;  bottom  10.25  inches;  height  11 
inches. 

Water  Bucket,  for  garrison  service.  It  i-  made  in  a  similar  manner  with  the 
preceding,  except  thnt  the  bail  has  no  link  and  swivel  attached  to  it.  Diam<  ter 
at  top  10.25  inches ;  bottom.  13.5  inches;  height  11  inches. 

Watering  Bucket,  for  field  service,  made  ol  sole  leather.  The  bottom  is  of  two 
thicknesses,  fastened  to  each  other  with  35  copper  rivets,  and  to  the  sides  with 
01  rivets;  the  side   seams   fastened  with  all  0.5  inch  Ion?.     A  rim  of 

sheet  copper.  No.  VI.  is  fastened  on  the  upper  edge  with  1  I  copper 
for   the   bail,  fastened    each  with    1    rivets,  0.62    inch    Ion-.     The   bail  i-  of  round 
iron  D.5  inch  thick.      Interior  diameter  of  the  bucket  at  top  12  inches  ■  at  bottom, 
10  inches  ;  height  0  inches. 

SHOVEL — blade  sheet  iron,  pointed  with  steel  —  length  12  inches:  width  10.5 
inches — handle  (ash)  1.5  inch   thick  at  bottom,  and    1.25  inch  at  top:  length  15 

inche. r«»lg,  1.5    inch    diameter,  seen  red    by    a    strap   to    the    handle    ■>!    ■  >  inches 

from  the  upper  end. 

Pickaxe;   iron,    pointed    at    both   ends   with    steel — length   of  each    bis 
inches  :  width  of  edge  of  axe  3  in.  lies—//,; milt  (hickory)  about  1.5  inch  l>y  1.25 
inch,  and  30  inches  long. 

Felling  Axe — blade  wixh  steel  edge,  length  7.25inchea;  width  of  top  .r:..r>  inches, 
•  1.75  inches  ;  thickness  at  top  0.75  inch,  at  the  eye  1.25  inch  ;  size  of  the 

eve  2.25  iu. -lies  by  0.7.r)  inch — handle  (hickory)  '-'7  inches  Ion?. 

Hand  Bill,  ob  Bill  Hook;  (iron  with  stet  Made,  whole  length  8.25 

in.  he-:   width    in    the    middle   •'!   inches,    near   the   shank    2.7    inches;   t 

0.25  inch — hook  1  inch  long — shank  v  inches  Ion? — handU  (hickory)  7.5  inches 

]>rag  Rope;   I  inch  K)  Ion?,  with   a  thimble  worked  in  a  loop  at   one- 

end,  and   a   thimble  and  hook  at   the  other  end— 0  /,..».//.'..  wood.  12  i n «  1  • 
l.'i  inch  in  diameter,  fastened  in  the  rope   ..t    the  distance  "I    1  feet    apart,  and    at 

e  distance  from  the  ends  of  tin-  i 
Mens  II.nhm.ss;  i  inch  ro|  •  \ble*  and  a  hooh  like  i    i 

rope — instead  of  handles.  10  /,.,,/,»   mad. 

ide.  are  fastened  to  the  rope    in    pairs,  each    pair   heing  secured  in  place 

by  two  knots  worked  on  the  rope ;  the  (ti 
tin-  othen  irt. 

v  .1  a<  k  ;  foi 

j  on  t l,e  top  .  i   the  stand 

each. 


118 


CHAP.  IV.  — IMPLEMENTS     \\H    EQUIPMENTS. 


ts  of  Implements  and  Equipments. 


Weight. 


f42-pdr.. 
|  32-pdr., 

,,-     H  !  24-pdr. . 

Woollen  sponges..    ,  lb.jjjr#< 

j  |2-pdr., 

I    6-pdr. . 

_  i  12-pdr.. 

Sponge  covers....   j    ^^ 

Trail  handspike 

Manoeuvring  handspike , 

Shod    handspike    und    long  I 
manoeuvring  handspil     ■ 

Truck  handspike  

Roller  handspike 

Linstock 

Port-fire  stock ■ 

Pass  box  

Budge  barrel 

Gunner's  ha\  ersacb 

Port-fii  e  case 

Tube  pouch 

Priming  horn 

Priming  wire 

On  liner's  gimlet 

Venl  punch  

Thumbstall 

Port-fire  cutter 

Tangent  scale 

Pendulum  hausse  and  case.  ■ 

i  '. '.ii  luck i 

Lock  cover 

Venl  cover 

Lanyard  for  friction  primers. 

Fuze  setter 

Fuze  mallei 

Fuze  saw 

Fuze  rasp 

I-  nze  aiiger 

Fuze  gimlet 

Shell  plug  screw 


Lbs. 

0.7 

it..-, 
it.  I 
0.33 

0.28 

n.  |  l 
7 .  25 

L2. 
18.5 


0.9 
0.65 

7. 

15.5 
l  .86 
1  .  55 
0.95 
0.86 

II. lis 

0.08 
0.08 
0.003 

0.77 

0.21 

0.65 

2.75 

0.9 

ii.  [5 

o.io 

2.66 

2.  7.'. 

0.75 
0.3 
0.1 
0.31 


Fuze  | > 1 1 1 lt  reamer 

Fuze  extractor 

Gunner's  pincers 

i  runner's  callipers 

; '«  quadrant,  wood 
G  unner's  perpendicular  • . 

Maul 

Point inur  wire 

< JimiM.  for  siege  mortars  . 

i  hock  

i    Plummet 

I    Scraper 

Spatula 

Splint 

i ;  unner's  sleeve 

Basket 


Tarpaulins 

Erlorlar  tompions 

Broom  |  hicki 
Shell  hooks  ..'... 

Tow  books 

Funnel 


i  Small.  • 
|  Large  • 
i  8-inch 
i  10-inch 


Powder  measu  res . 


|  l  oz 

'   s  oz 


[31b 

Prolonge 

Sponge  bucket  

Tar  bucket 

Water  bucket,  wood 

Watering  bucket,  leather. 

Shovel 

Pickaxe 


Felling  axe  • 

Hand  bill  ... 

1 1  rag  rope  •  •  • 
Men's  haroet 
Screw  jucfe  • 


Lbs. 

Il.s;, 

0.5 

0.84 

0.6 

In. 

ii.ii- 

7. 

1.1 

1. 

2.3 

0.75 

0.03 

0.25 

1. 

'.». 
54. 

5. 

7. 

2, 

0.6 

0.32 

0.3 

0.5 

0.75 

l  .6 

18. 

10. 
7. 

10. 

8. 
1.75 
6.5 
ii. 
2, 
16.5 


11«> 


Preservation  and  arrangement  in  Store. 

Implement*  collected  together  according  to  kind  and  calibre,  in  a  dry  place, 
arranged  on  shelves  or  racks,  in  bundles  or  bunches,  or  in  boxes,  according  to 
their  nature,  with  marks  and  labels  showing  the  kind  and  number  of  the  articles. 

Sponges,  rammers,  ladle*  and  worm*  complete,  placed  on  pins  in  a  vertical 
frame,  or  suspended  vertically  or  horizontally  by  racks  or  hooks,  from  the  joists, 
supported  so  as  not  to  bend.  When  in  separate  parts,  the  head*  piled  on  shelves 
or  on  the  floor,  and  the  otnrrn  tied  up  in  bundles,  according  to  kind  and  calibre. 

The  woollen  tponge*  should  be  preserved  from  moths  by  means  of  camphor, 
pepper,  etc.,  or  by  being  sealed  up  in  strong  paper  bags. 

Handspike*,  in  square  piles,  heads  and  points  alternating. 

Leather  equipment* — hung  on  pins  or  hooks,  in  dry  and  cool  rooms. 

All  wood  painted,  except  tool  handles.  Iron  either  painted  or  oiled — See 
Chapter  VII. 

r»'  and  miner*1  tool*,  arranged  in   piles,  the  iron. coated  with  varnish — See 
Chapter  VII. 


C  MATTER      F  I  F  T  II 


AETILLEBY   EARNESS.— Plati  L3 

The  construction  of  the  field  carriages  requires  a  harness  different,  in  some 
respects,  from  that  of  common  wagons.  The  limber  having  no  sweep  bar,  the 
pole  is  supported  directly  by  the  wheel  horses,  by  means  oi  a  chain  which  con- 
nects the  haines  with  the  pole  yoke  of  the  limber;  and.  m  order  to  diminish  the 
weight  at  the  end  of  the  pole,  the  leading  bars  an-  dispensed  with,  the  n 
the  leaders  being  attached  to  (hose  of  the  W  heel  horses. 

The  same  harness  i-  perfectly  adapted  also,  to  the  siege  carriages  j  Imt,  as 
these  are  arranged  foT  draught  in  the  ordinary  manner,  common  wagon  harness 
may  be  used  with  them  if  necessary. 

Black  leather  is  used  for  the  harness  when  not  otherwise  specified.  It  should 
be  of  the  best  quality,  ami  the  strongest  leather  is  selected  for  the  parts  which 
are  exposed  to  the  greatest  strain,  such  as  traces  and  breeching.    The  leather 

I  with  strong  waxed  thread,  in  double  stitch,  with  about  eight  slil 
the  inch.     The  seam   along  an  edge  is  0.1S  inch  or  0  '-'   inch   from  the  edge.     The 
awls  should  be  small  for  the  thread.    The  ends  of  the  thread  should  be  well 
fastened  before  they  are  cut  oft". 

Straps,  or  other  pieces  which  have  buckles  or  iron  hoop-  alia*  bed  to  them,  are 
generally  doubled  on  a  length  equal  10  twice  their  width,  to  receive  the  buckle 
or  loop,  which  is  fastened  by  two  seam-.     The  double  end  is  shaved  down. 

Stand     _  lo  the  buckles.    Their  ends  are  shaved  down, 

brought  together,  and  fastened  between    the  two  part-  of  the  simp,  if  it  is 

doubled. 

■   made  with  a  punch  corresponding  to  the  size 
of  the  tongue.    Their  d  ally  equal  to  the  width  of  tin 

and  the  first  bole  Is  at  double  that  distance  from  the  end  p.     This  end 

b  shaved  down  and  reduced  in  width,  to  facilitate  intothebi 

The  buckli 

■ 

;  then  it. 
A  <l  I    piece 

ol  lei 


I",!",'  CHAP.  \. —  \i:  I  hi  .  i:  11  v    BARSEM. 

'Jet  i«  :i  Mrap  winch  enters  R  buckle. 

A  toft  leather  placed  under  a  bockle,  etc.,  to  prevent  it  from 

chafing. 

//  i.i  Gear. 

The  head  gear  is  made  of  strong,  black  bridle  leather,  not  less  than  0.1  inch 
thick. 
Halter — One  crown  piece,  having  ■  billet  at  each  end,  for  the  buckles  of  the 

check  straps. 

Two  cheek  itrapt.  Each  of  them  Is  sewed  to  ■  square  iron  '""/>  and  has  at 
the  u|i|ier  end  a  bueklt .  with  one  ttanding  and  one  sliding  loop. 

<  iiie  brow  band,  having  a  I"",'  at  each  end,  through  which  the  crown  piece 

One  not<  band,  Bewed  to  the  same  loop  as  the  check  straps. 
TwocAtH  "tr.i/,*.    They  are  doubled,  and  arc  sewed  to  the  loops  of  the  cheek 
strap-,  and  also  to  another  tquare  iron  loop  in  rear. 
One  tkroat  ttrap.     It  is  made  double,  and  sewed  t"  the  last  mentioned  iron 

loop;   ils  upper  end  is  formed  into  B  loop  to  receive  the  throat  lash. 

One  throat  laeh,  With  one  buckle,  one  ttanding  and  one  tliding  l<"'j>  on  the  left 
side.     It  passes  through  the  loops  in  the  brow  hand  and  the  throat  strap. 

One  chain  (common  halter  chain).  It  consists  of  about  tJ5  links,  No.  I,  con- 
nected by  two  rings  and  a  swivel.  It  is  fastened  by  a  ring  to  the  loop  which 
connects  the  chain  straps  of  the  halter.  The  other  end  of  the  chain  lias  a  togglt 
and  a  loo$t  ring,  i"  bitch  with.     Whole  length  "<  chain.  l\  feet. 

Hhiihk. — One  crown  piece.  It  is  split  at  each  end,  so  as  to  form,  at  one  end. 
two  billets  for  the  buckles  of  the  cheek  straps,  and  at  the  other,  one  billet  and  one 
buokle  strap,  witha  buekU  and  a  ttanding  loop  f>r  the  throat  laeh. 

One  brow  band,  formed  into  a  loop  ai  each  end.  for  the  crown  piece  to  pass 
through. 

Two  cheek  ttrapt.     Bach  of  them  i>  sewed  at  the  lowei  end  into  an  iron  /""/<, 

and    has  at   the   upper  end    B   hitcl.lr,  with  one  ttanding   and    one  sliding   lu<>/>.  to 

fasten  it  to  the  crown  piece.  Two  hill,  is,  for  attaching  the  bit  to  the  loops  of  the 
eheek  straps.     Each  billet  has  a  Litrkh .  with  one  standing  and  one  sliding  loop. 

Two  reins.  Bach  rem  is  sewed  to  a  billet,  which  has  a  buckle,  a  standing  and 
a  sliding  /«<</>.  lor  attaching  it  to  the  bit.  The  short  rein  is  on  the  near  side,  and 
has  a  huc/./r.  a  standing  and  a  tKding  Iik,/),  for  the  billet  of  the  long  rein. 

Tin:  BlT.  Il  i-  made  of  iron,  tinned.  The  bars  are  riveted  into  the  cheek 
jitics.  Then  should  he  different  degrees  of  severity  in  the  curve  of  (he  port 
mouth.  The  width  of  the  Int.  between  the  cheek-  BUM)  varies  for  three  si/e-, 
inch.  5  inch,  and  5j   inch  :   about   three-liflhs   being  of  the  medium  size. 

The  curh  chain  consists  of  I'.i  links,  diminishing  in  size  from  the  middle 
toward  each  end.  It  is  attached  by  an  S.  to  the  ri- lit  cheek  piece,  and  by  a  hook 
to  the  left. 


123 


Driver's  Saddle. 

Wood.  The  frame  of  the  tree  la  made  (if  beech,  and  consist!  of  the  pommel, 
the  cantle,  and  two  tub  Sar«,  which  arc  notched  into  the  pommel  and  cantle. 
The  frame  is  covered  with  canvas,  which  is  glued  on  and  painted. 

Irox.  Two  pommel  plate*.  The  upper  one  is  fastened  by  six  rivets,  passing 
through  both  plates ;  the  lower  one  by  two  additional  rivelt  in  each  end,  one  of 
which  holds  one  end  of  the  stirrup  bar.  One  cantle  plate,  fastened  on  the  under 
side  of  the  cantle  and  the  side  liars  by  ten  rivets. 

Two  stirrup  tare.  The  front  end  fastened  to  the  pommel  by  one  of  the  rivets 
of  the  lower  pommel  plate;  the  rear  end  fastened  to  the  side  bar  by  one  rivet. 
The  stay  is  formed  of  a  piece  of  iron  bent  round  the  stirrup  liar,  and  fastened  to 
the  side  bar  by  one  rivet.  Tin-re  la  a  roller  on  each  side  nl  the  stay,  for  the 
stirrup  and  girth  billets  i"  pass  over. 

Two  loops,  with  rollers:  one  fastened  to  the  pommel,  the  other  to  the  cantle, 
by  two  nl'  the  rivets  which  hold  the  plates.  The  saddle  tree  is  covered  with 
hemp  webbing  and  strong  low  linen,  stretched  on  and  nailed  to  the  tree. 

Leather.  The  seat  is  covered  with  black  upper  leather,  and  stuffed  with  deer's 
hair.     Two  skirts  are   sewed,  with  welts,  to  the   cover  of  the  seal      Two 
loops,  lor  holster  Straps,  are   fastened   to  the   front  of  the   saddle   by  leather  loops 
which  pass  through  slits  in  the  skirts,  and  are  nailed  to  the  tree. 

Two  inner  skirts,  <  r  flaps,  nailed   to  the  side  liars,  protect   the   pad   from  being 
chafed  by  the  stirrup  and  girth   leathers.     The  ]im1  is  made  of  russet  sheep  skin, 
lined  with  strong  linen,  and  faced  with  black  sheep  skin  ;   it  is  stull'ed  with  d< 
hair,  and  quilted. 

Two  iron  hmp*,  for  cloak  straps,  arc  fastened  by  leather  loops,  which  are  nailed 
to  the  under  side  of  the  cantle. 

One  billet,  for  the  collar  strap,  is  sewed  to  the  upper  loopOD  the  pommel. 

Two  girth  billets,  and  two  billets  for  the  trace  loops,  an  I   the  stirrup 

bars,  behind  the  middle  slay. 

Two  stirrup  leath*  i  I  pass  "ut  the  stirrup  bars  in  front  of  the  stay  :  the  buckle, 
with  one  standing  and  one  sliding  h,<<j,,  is  sewed  to  the  thin  end  of  the  strap, 
which  is  doubled  and  Stitched,  on  a  length  of  !?  inches,  where  il  passes  through 
the  eye  of  I  he  stirrup. 

The  girth    i~  nl  thick   black    leather.      Il   baa  a  bmckls  and  a   i 
teued  to  each  end  by  a  layer. 

The  pommel  and  ihc  can  lie  are  plated  with  »/-•  fastened  with 

brass  tacks. 

Va 

\\  BOD.      The  frame  ol   the   tree  i«  made  like  lhal  - 
in  its  dimensions. 


1-2  1  CHAP.  V.  —  ARTILLERY    HARNESS. 

[bos. — The  /  fastened  by  ten  of  which  also 

hold  the  npper  plate.    These  plates  have  boles  In  them  for  the  shank  of  the  bri- 
dle book.    Tin*  bole  in  the  upper  plate  is  square  ;  that  in  the  lower,  round. 

The  eantl*  /./.ir.  is  fastened  under  the  cantle  with  eight  rioet 

The  hook  for  the  reins  is  fastened  i"  the  lop  of  the  pommel  l>y  b  »"t.  The  end 
of  the  shank  should  be  riveted  over  ihe  nut. 

Two  /"'<y,v.  for  the  collar  strap  and  the  crupper,  are  fastened  to  the  pommel 
and  cantle,  as  in  the  driver's  saddle.  Pour  oval  ring*,  for  the  valise  straps,  are 
fastened  by  staples  which  are  driven  into  the  tree;  two  of  them  in  the  side  bar-. 
and  two  in  the  cantle. 

Lbathkb.    The  n  at  and  the  pad  are  formed  as  in  the  driver's  saddle,  but  the 
seal  is  not  stuffed.     The  tkirt*  are  joined  in  a  similar  manner  lo  the-  cov< 
the  seat. 

The  girth  is  ol  leather,  and  is  sewed  lo  the  off  skirl  of  the  saddle;  it  has  a 
buckle  and  two  loop*,  fastened  lo  it  by  a  layer.  A  billet  lor  the  girth  i-  sewed  to 
the  near  skirt. 

Two  billet*,  for  thf  trace  loops,  pass  through  the  skirls,  and  are  nailed  lo  the 

side  liars. 
Two  valitt  etrape,  each  with  a  buckle,  a  ttanding  and  a  gliding  loop. 
A  billet  lor  the  collar  strap  is  sewed  lo  Ihe  iron  loop  on  ihe  pommel. 
The  crupper  itrap  is  double.     It  is  sewed  lo  the  iron  loop  on  the  fan  tie,  and 

has  another  loop,  with  a  roller,  attached  lo  the  rear  end.  for  the  hack  strap  of  the 

crupper  lo  pass  through,  bo  that  ihe  same  crupper  may  lit  both  saddle.-. 

Valise. 

The  valise  is  made  of  black  bridle  leather,  and  lined  with  cotton  ticking.  The 
lining  is  pasted  lo  the  inside  of  ihe  valise  ;  il  is  sewed  round  the  holder-  of  the 
outer  cover,  forming  a  pocket  which  has  an  opening  in  ihe  middle.  The  inner 
il"/,  i.-  held  down  by  a  itrap  passing  through  six  itaple*  of  iron  woe.  No.  12,  and 
fastened  by  n  buckli  and  a  /<>"/-  .•  a  Btrip  of  leather  i-  stitched  o\ er  the  inner  ends 

of  the  staples. 

The  end-  of  the   vali-c  arc  double. 

The  cover  is  fastened  down  by  three  billet*  and  ihree  bucl  tnd  l"»/i*. 

The  handle*  are  of  leather,  rounded  and  sewed  into  the  end-.      Two  loop*,  1   inch 
wide,  for  the  vali>e  strap-  to  pa-s  through,  are  .-ewed  10  the  bottom  of  the  valise. 

Whip. 

The  itoek  i-  of  hickory  or  of  raw  bide,  about  30  inches   long.     It   is  covered 

With  braided  leather.      A   loop  for  the  hand   is  fastened  to  the  bull  ol    the  whip. 

The  leather  should  be  Well  fastened  together  at  ihe  small  end.  A  /«»/<  of 
thread  is  lied  on.  and  nol  plaited  in  with  the  leather. 


DRAUGHT    HARNESS.  125 


Leg  Chiard. 

The  body  is  made  of  Stout  kip  leather;  two  layers  are  Pitched  to  the  upper 
and  lower  parts.  The  under  strap,  to  pass  under  the  fool,  is  sewed  to  the  bot- 
tom Four  tkg  straps,  each  with  a  buckh  and  a  loop,  are  fastened  to  the  body 
of  the  leir  guard,  under  the  plate.  The  billet  ends  of  these  Straps  pass  through 
slits  in  the  body. 

The  plate  is  of  iron  0.1  inch  thick",  and  is  fastened  to  the  body  with  G 

Nose  Bag. 

The  bottom  is  made  of  stiff  leather,  6  inches  diameter  and  ■!  inches  deep,  to 
which  a  ba;r  of  strong  linen  is  sewed.  Width  of  bag  at  the  top.  IS  inches; 
whole  height,  1  -r>  inches.  The  head  strap,  1  inch  wide,  has  a.  buckle  strap  6 
inches  long,  and  a  billet  34  inches  long,  sewed  to  the  hag. 

Draught  Harness. 

The  Collar.  The  rim  is  made  of  bridle  leather,  and  stuffed  with  uncut  rye 
straw.  The  belly,  made  of  upper  leather,  in  two  pieces,  is  stuffed  with  straw 
cut  into  pieces  not  longer  than  1  inch.  The  collars  are  ol  '-'  sizes,  17  and  20 
inches  ;  they  are  made  open  at  the  top.  and  the  size  is  further  varied  by  two 
l.n.ll     strap!    and    two    billets    sewed    In  the    open     ends.       A    )><nl.  made    of  Mack 

sheep  skin,  stuffed  with  deer's  hair,  protects  the   neck  of  the   horse  from  being 

chafed  by  these  straps. 

The  IIaiies  are  made  of  iron,  and   painted    black.     The   branches  bare   studs 
forged  on  them  to  receive  the  bolts  of  the  joint  loops  lot  the  trace  I 
loops  turn  freely  on  the  bolts.     Two  ltn&«,  for  supporting  the  breasl  >i r.< ; ■ 
welded  into  the  eye-  of  the  bolts. 

Two  ring*,  for  the  trussing  straps,  are  welded  into  the  rectangular  eyes  at  the 
upper  ends  of  the  branches,     The  branches  are  joint  the  lower 

ends,  by  a  ./<,«/,  which  is  made  fast  lo  the  ofl  branch.     The  chain  and  toggle,  t"r 
connecting  the  pole  yoke  with  the  names,  are  fastened  lo  the  ban  i 

Two  leatht  r  safes  are  sewed  round  the  branches,  ler  the  joint  loops,  t"  pr.  ■ 

tect  the  collar  from  being  chafed  by  the  trace  lug 

Two  i  made  ol  four  layers  ■!  leather,  0.63  inch  thick,  are  stitched 

into  the  joint  loops  and  into  iwo  loop  rings  through  which  i 

Two  i 
pass  through  the  rings  in  lh«  d  lor 

trust   i  -   Up  the  harie 

One    Immi     .-.hay.     with    a     hucUr    and 
1   the  top. 


12(1  <  II  IP.   I .  —  ai:  i  11  i  :  i;\     HARNESS. 


(>in-  rnlliir  .:ttnj\  having  fin'  hucku   Mini  oofl  /'■  round  the  bamea 

strap,  and  la  buckled  to  the  In  I  let  on  the  pommel  of  the  saddle,  to  keep  tin-  collar 
in  pla 

Tin.  Tn  m  i  i,  for  t)"-  wheel  and  the  leadiog  barneea, are  :i!r k<-.  except  in  i lie 
length  ol  ibe  leather  part. 

The  leather  (nirr  i-  made  of  three  layers  of  leather,  making  a  ibickm 
Inch.     An  """  loop  i-  fastened  to  each  end  with  l  ,0.28  inch  thick. 

The  tract  chain*  are  made  of  iron  0.3  inch  diameter.  The  front  chain  has 
five  In:/.-  and  a  toggle.    The  rear  chain  has  fourteen  IuUm.  four  .  and 

Tv<>  fro«  loop*.  The  loop  is  formed  by  doubling  the  leather.  Ii  has  at  the 
upper  end  a  buckU  and  a  ttanding  /«.»/..  by  meana  of  which  it  i»  connected  with 
the  billet  on  the  saddle*  At  the  lower  end  of  each  trace  loop  is  an  fro*  !■■■/<.  to 
which  the  bellyband  is  sewed.  The  bellybamd  is  made  in  two  pan-,  one  being 
a  billet,  and  the.  other  having  a  buckle  and  a  ttanding  loop. 

( ine  loin  ttrap,  for  supporting  the  traces.     Ii  is  the  same  for  the  wheel  and  the 

leading  harness,  except   in   length.     A  lager  is  sewed  under  the  middle  of  the 

wheel  loin  strap,  forming  a  loop  through  which  t  lie  hack  Bt  rap  of  the  crupper 

passes.     Bach  end  of  ihe  loin  snap  is  buckled  into  a  loop,  like  those  just  de- 

ed,  through  which  the  trace  passes. 

Tim:  <'m  ppbb.  The  dock  is  made  of  a  piece  of  leather,  3.5  inches  wide  and 
M  inches  long,  winch  is  doubled  and  rounded,  without  being  stuffed.     A  1 

and  a  ttanding   /•"</<  are  sewed  to  each   end.      The  body  Of  the   crupper  is  split,  at 

ilM.  rear  end.  into  two  billets  which  connect  it  with  the  buckles  of  tin-  dock-. 
At  the  other  end  are'a  buokit  and  four  /..../<»  for  the  billet  of  the  ba<  k  strap.  A 
layer,  10  inches  long,  is  sewed  on  the  body,  leaving  an  opening  for  the  hip  snap 
to  pass  through  :  a  .-lion  layer  is  Inserted  under  the  lirst,  in  rear  ot  tin-  opening. 

The  back  .-t'H/,  is  sewed  in  under  the  I i i—  t  layer  in  Iron!  of  the  Opening  lor  the 
hip  strap.  The  hack  strap,  passing  through  the  loop  in  the  middle  of  the  loin 
strap,  and  through  the  iron  crupper  loop  on  the   saddle,  returns  to  the  buckle  00 

the  body  oi  the  crupper.     A  tliding  loop  holds  the  two  parts  together,  near  the 

saddle. 

/)/■<  i  ching. 

The   breeeh   ttrap  Is   made  of  thick   harness  leather.  also  of  stout 

leather,  is  stitched  on  the  outside  ol  the  strap.  A  buckli  and  three  ttanding 
loop*  are  fastened,  at  each  end,  hy  both  these  piece-  ol  leather,  which  are 
turned  hack  three  oi   lour   niches   and    stitched   down.      Two   iron    A."y<«   are   fast- 

by  chapes  sewed  to  the  breech  strap. 

Four  tug*,  for  the  hip  straps,  are  fastened  to  the  lu'ccch  -trap  ;  two  ol'  them  in 
the  buckles,  and  two  in  the  iron  loop-.  These  [UgS  are  made  doable,  and  have 
each   a   buokit    ami  three  Handing  /"iijix  attached  to  thelil.      A    tafi    i-  BOWed  to  the 

inside  oi  each  lug,  to  prevent  it  from  chafing  the  horse. 


DRAtT.UT    II  \l;M  SS. 


127 


The  hip  strap  is  made  in  one  piece,  split  .'it  each  end  into  two  billets  which 
buckles  into  the  tngs  of  the  breech  strap. 

The  breast  ttrap  is  made  ol  three  layers  nul  together  In  such  a  manner  as 'to 
make  the  strap  0.83  inch  thick  in  the  middle,  and  0.S  inch  at  the  enda,  where  it 
is  buckled  to  the  breech  strap.  The  breast  strap  is  supported  by  the  iron  loops 
on  the  hames,  and  by  the  trace  loops  attached  to  the  saddle  An  iron  loop,  with 
an  eye  lor  the  pole  chain  hook,  slides  on  the  middle  part  of  the  breast  strap;  it 
is  covered  with  leather,  to  prevent  n  from  chafing  the  strap. 

The  poh  chain  hook  is  like  the  trace  hook  of  the  limber;  it  is  welded  into  the 
eye  of  the  sliding  loop,  and  forms  a  direct  connection  between  the  pole  and  the 
breeching,  independently  of  the  collar  and  hames. 


Harness  requin  d  for  each  / 


WI1KELKRS. 

LEADERS. 

Near 
side. 

Off 
side. 

Near 

side. 

1  Ifl 
side. 

Halter 

Bridle 

Driver's  saddle 

Valise  saddle  and  valise 

Collar  and  hames 

r>  r  .  '  Wheel 

Fair  of  traces  •      ,       , 

/  Lending , 

Trace  loop-,  and  bellyband 

Loin  si  raps  anil  trace  loops •  ■      ,        , 

'         (  Leading  . .   . 

Crupper 

Breeching,  hip  strap  and  breast  st  rap 

t  uard  

Whi| 


Wt.p-ii  i. 


Lbs. 

<  i  r. .  i  "i 


t  2  horses 


121  .05 


U.S. 

. 
::. 
18. 
11.5 
16. 

11 .5 

1.1 

1. 
I. 

0.5 
1.15 


Plate  IS  represents  the  h  ie  man- 

ner in  which  the  parts  are  put   together,  and  also  the  manner  ol  hitching  the 


128 


<    II  \l\    \  . Ali  I  II  1  I   K\      HARN 


pal  leather  parts  of  urtiUer*  -.  with 

the  niinti><  r  and  sizt  oj  bit* ;. 


Col. 


i-Ii.mI 


,  -lr;i|>*. 
|  Brow  band. . . 
Halm 

I  I  'liin  Strap!  .  . 

|  Throat  strap  • 
I  Throat  laah  .. 


Bridle 


f  Crown  piece 

Throat  laah  . 
Brow  band. . 
( Iheek  straps. . . 
Bit  billets.    .   . . 

Reins,       , 

Billets  for  reins 


Driver's 

Saddle. 


Valine 
Saddle. 


j  Flaps 

I  Skirl 

\  Billet  for  collar  strap 

(Jinli  billets 

e  loop  billets  ..  . 

Stirrup  leathers 

(iirlh 


Skirts 

Girth  billet 

Cirlli 

Trace  loop  billets. . . . 
Billet  for  collar  strap 
< Irupper  str*| 

Valise  >I  r;i|i> 


i  Body 

,  Ends 

I  I  ii n<- r  Bap 

Strap  for  flap 

I  lover 

Buckle  straps 

Billets  for  buckle  straps 


.............. 


In. 

1.23 

1.28 
I. 

1.78 

1. 
1. 
1. 

1. 
1. 
1. 

. 

1.28 

11. 

. 

1. 

18. 

i. 

.88 
.10 
.88 
.88 


In. 

30. 

. 

21. 

1  - . .'. 
12. 

II. 


II 

". 

12.3 
12. 

- 

14. 

in. 
17. 
17. 
64. 

15. 

. 
II. 
18. 
n». 
II. 
37. 

. 

. 
16. 
18. 

I. 
7.8 


In 

. 

B. 
15. 

II. 

. 

12. 

16. 
B. 
0. 

. 
0. 


B. 

18. 
15. 

. 
18. 

. 

11. 

16. 

B. 

5. 

. 


18. 


2. 


IMMI   \M<I\S. 


129 


Table  of  Dimensions — Continued. 


Cm. 


Fin- 
ished. 


No.    Wi.lih 


(Body 

Ot  Mr;t|> 

(  Leg    > I  r; 1 1 > 

("Collar  billel 

_  I  Trace  luirs 

Collar  and      rp 

, ,  -    1  mssillK  straps 

I  Hames    Mra|) 

[  Collar    sirup 

r  Wheel  1  races 

II  -■  ndins    i  races 
ii  n  ipa 

I    T>     II     I  1 

\  lie    vnand 

APS. 

f  " 

!  ,     •  ,  leading 

Loin  straps.  -,  . 

*■  '       |  layer. . 

(.  I" 

fDock 

r.  J  Body  

i  r  for  body 

[  Back    strap 

Ii    strap 

,,  

""  • 



•I    strap 

a 


In. 

.17 
.66 

I. 

1.75 

I. 

1.25 

L.25 

1.75 

I  .  75 
1  .2.r) 
1 .23 
L.25 

1  .25 
1.25 
L.25 

3.5 
1.75 

1  . 7.') 
1.79 


In. 

In. 

20., 'j 

14 

14 

24 

4 

11 

11 

2 

17 

7 

34 

2 

21 

L8 

1 

15 

B 

1 

so 

21 

31 

2.r. 

1 

L6 

L3 

19 

18 

6 

6 

23 

Id 

11 

11 

20 

1 

10 

10 

31 

31 

18 

42 

42 

13 

1 

III. 


1. 

1. 

1.2-r) 

1  .2.r> 


1.2.r> 


1  . 7.'. 


|:M 


<   II  \1'.    V. ARTIM.I  KY     HARNKSS. 


/.   ither,  etc.,  required  for  l   8d  "/  wheel  and  1  set  0/  leading 
harness,  for  -  horpes  each. 

Harness  leather s    sides. 

Bridle  leather 5}  aides. 

Collar 6     Miles. 

Horse  skin 3    tides. 

Russet  sheep  skins 6] 

Black  sheep  skins '-' 

Deers'  hair L2    lbs. 

Hemp  webbing  •>    yds. 

1  side  of  collar  leather  makes  1 1  \\  hips. 

"Preservation  of  Harness  in  Store. 

The  store  houses  should  be  well  ventilated,  not  loo  dry,  but  tree  from  damp- 
ness. The  different  articles  should  be  arranged  according  to  kind  and  class, 
separated  or  in  bundles  according-  to  their  nature,  so  placed  as  to  touch  each 

other  and  the  walls  as  little  as  possible,  having  a  free  circulation  of  air  about 
them — noddles  on  trestles  or  liars — collars  li ti n ir  <m  pins — homes,  with  their  straps, 
and  traces  with  chains  and  hook.-,  hung  upj  the  traces  hanging  virtually — side 
pipes  and  bellybands  piled  on  the  (lour  or  on  shelve^ — surcingles  and  breast  straps 
stretched  on  racks— Aoftsrs,  bridles,  reins,  etc.,  hung  n|>  in  bundles  of  five  or 
ten — homes  straps,  cullor  straps,  etc,  bung  up  in  bundles  of  ten  or  twenty — bits, 
curb  chains,  tract  hooks,  in  boxes. 

All  these  articles  should  be  examined  and  cleaned  at  least  lour  tunes  a  year. 

The  leather  article.-  are  brushed  and  greased  with  neafo  foot  oil,  as  often  as 
their  condition  requires:  ii  they  have  a  reddish  hue.  mis  a  little  lamp  Mack  with 
the  oil.  Fir.-t  brush  the  leather  carefully,  then  paaa  over  it  a  sponge  wet  with 
lukewarm  water,  grease  it  slightly  on  the  hair  side,  spplying  the  oil  with  a  Bofl 
brush  before  the  leather  i<  quite  dry.  In  general,  new  leather  is  not  greased 
until  it  has  la-en  in  -tore  three  years,  mile--  n  should  be  found  to  require  it. 

Iron  parts  which  are  not  japanned  or  tinned,  or  from  which  the  coating  is  rubbed 
oil',  are  greased  with  tallow. 


Chapter    Sixth 


MOUNTAIN  ARTILLEEY. 

The  carriage  and  most  of  the  equipments  for  mountain  service  heing  of  a 
peculiar  kind,  all  the  details  relative  to  them  are  collected,  for  more  convenient 
reference,  in  this  chapter. 

The  ordnance  for  mountain  service  i--  the  light  12-pdr.  howitzer,  described  in 
Chaptkr  I. 

The  gun  carriage  is  adapted  to  transportation  on  n  park  horse  ;  but  for  occa- 
draught  whsn  the  roads  permit,  it  is  furnished  with  a  thill,  which  is  used 
with  the  same  saddle  that  carries  the  pack. 

<;rx  carriage. — Plate  14. 
Wood:   1  stork,  in  two  pieces;  2  dowels:   1  axlelree. 


Iron. 


bolts ;  i  washers  j  3  nul  ■ 
2  washer  boi  iks  |  drag   hooks). 
2  trunnion  plates  :  6  nails. 
2  holts,  for  do.;  2  nuts. 
2  chin  bolts  :   -'  n  ill  ~ . 

2  key  bolts  .  2  nuts. 

eye  pins. 
2  rap  si|nar«-  chains  j  2  <-\<-  pins. 

|uare  keys. 
2  key  chains    3  eye  pins. 
2  implement  hooks. 

2  staple-,   for  -1  r:i  |><. 

1  lunette  j  2  rlt  eta  :  6  nails. 

1  trail  plate  |  h  na 

1   knee,  for  trail  plate  ;  3  rivets. 


1  handspike  staple. 

2  friction  plates,  for  shaft  :  I  nails. 

1  Iion  tor  elevating  screw. 

2  holts,  tor  do.  :   2  washers  ;  2  nnl« 
I   eleval  ing  screw. 

1  axle  akean. 

1  axle  bolt  :  2  washers  j  1  nut. 

arms  j   I  lmrrs. 

2  ferrules,  lor  axle  arm-  :  2  rivets 

•   bands;  I  nails. 
2  underst  raps. 

2  linch  pins. 

2  vhrtU. 


Wheel. 

1   nave  :   I  Jowels. 

\r."--     I  nare  bands  {  i  .'  nails. 

I  tire  ;  6  lire  boll  aula. 

l  ii  i    ■ 


132 


<    II  \T.     VI. Mill    N  I   \  I  N      \l;  I  II. 1. 1   K\  . 


Thill 

■bafts  j  l  eroM  bar. 
1 1  ,.s     i  cross  bar  plate :  'J  bolts  and  2  o     -  I  rivets;  11  screws. 

I  supporting  bar. 
I  key  :  l  key  chain  ;  l  eye  pin. 

1  burrs,  for  do. 

In  attaching  tl"1  thill  t<>  the  ^'"n  carriage  the  supporting  i^r  Is  laid  on  the  irail 
plate  near  tbe  handspike  staple,  and  ili<-  knee  In  rear  of  the  lunette  rests  on  the 

cross  bar  plate,  the   boles  for  the   key  in  these  two  pieces  corre»| dii 

each  other. 


lMi-i  I  Ml  \  I  -     LND    I  Ql  ii'Mi  \  1  9. 

One  handspike  (HICKORY  on  oak).  At  the  small  end  it  lias  a  stniy  fastened  l>y 
two  rivets,  forming  a  l"<>p  by  which  to  bang  the  handspike  on  its  h  ok  Ai  eight 
inches  from  the  other  end  there  is  a  stop  like  that  on  the  handspike  of  a  ii«-l<l 
carriage.  A  loop  of  ropt  fastened  in  two  boles  at  the  middle  "i  the  handspike 
isist  in  placing  the  :'iin  on  the  pack  saddle.  Length  15.58  inches. 
pongt  "in/  rammer.  Tbe  Uaff  (ash]  lia>  a  tenon  at  one  end  ii>r  tbe  ram- 
mer head,  which  is  fastened  by  one  wooden  pin,  and  at  the  other  for  the  sponge 
bead  fastened  by  two  pins.    The  rammer  head   is  countersunk  at  the  end,  i" 

avoid  striking  the  fuze  in  ram ig  a  shell.    The  neck  lia-  a  eoppt  r  land,  fastened 

by  three   nails.     Diameter  <>l   rammer  bead  3.24   Inches;  of  sponge  head  2.5 
inches.     Wl  yi  Inches. 

Near  the  rammer  head  an  eyt  pin  Is  riveted  into  the  staff,  for  the  purpose  of 
attaching  ili<-  Implement  to  the  carriage,  and  in  the  middle  of  the  staff  la 
ropr,  like  that  in  the  handspike,  and  for  a  similar  use. 

(>,,.  linstock.    Diameter  l  Inch;  length  24  inches. 


One  /""'<  reach . 

u,i<  in!,,  pouch,  for  primers. 

Our      i/tttu,      for  luaei 

Ohi  ■/ "  '.-'  r"r'  '■ 

Out  priming  wire, 

(>„,  gunner'*  gimlet. 

(  ),n    ii  hi  r..r.  / . 

OtU     I  ii  -■  1'li'X  iriiiiu  r. 

a, a  ,iiiinti  r'j  pitut  re. 

Two  lanyards,  for  friction  tubes 

(),n  •■mull  tarpaulin. 


\  Like  those  for  field  sen  ice,  <  !haptbh  IV. 


TACK    SADDLE. 


\m 


p  \(  B    -  \  i > t » i  r.      PlaU  14. 

Wood.  Two  arcs,  for  the  frame.  They  are  made  each  of  three  pieces,  tilued 
together  ami  fastened  by  six  screw*  in  the  trout  arr,  nml  eight  screws  in  the  rear 
arc. 

Two  transoms.  They  have  circular  notches  for  the  trunnions  of  the  gun  to 
lie  in.  They  arc  fastened  to  the  arcs  by  bolls  which  traverse  their  whole  length, 
ami  by  one  screw  in  each  end. 

One  cross  bar.     It  i>  let  into  the  transoms,  and  fastened  to  them  by  two 
in  each  end. 

Two   inner  side  bars.     They  are   fastened   to   the   arcs   by  three  terews 
end. 

Two  outer  tide  bars.  They  arc  mortised  into  the  arcs.  Bach  of  these  bars 
has  a  piece  of  leather  nailed  on  the  outside,  where  the  lashing  rope  passes  round 
it.  for  securing  the  pack  on  the  saddle. 

Two  round  bars.  They  connect  the  lower  end-  of  the  arcs,  to  which  they 
are  joined  l>y  round  tenons  and  mortises,  and  fastened  by  one  screw  in  each 
end.  This  screw  serves  also  to  strengthen  the  bearing  notch  for  the  ammunition 
chest. 

Ikon.     Two  arc  plates.     They  are  fastened  on  the  outside  ol  I  Bcb  by 

two  rivet*  and  by  the  assembling  bolts.  They  have  hooks  al  each  end  for  attach* 
tag  the  lashing  chains  of  the  ammunition  and  tool  chests.     Each   plate   b 

staple  riveted  to  it  in  the  middle.  To  the  staple  on  the  front  plate  a  wooden 
luitlon  is  strapped,  to  hook  the  bridle  on.  The  crupper  strap  is  attached  to  the 
staple  on  the  rear  plate. 

Two  assembling  bolts.    They  pass  through  the  transoms,  connecting  lh< 
and  rear  arcs  together.     Two  nuts  for  these  bolts. 

Four  staples,  tot  confining  the  lashing  straps.  They  are  fastened  to  the  arcs 
by  two  rieits  in  each.     Four  notch  plates,  fastened   to  thi  by  four 

I,i  \ t in, i:.     Four  billets,  for  lashing  straps.    They  are  (a -ten. 
the  arcs,  e  tch  by  one  screw  and  a  staple. 

Four  buckle  straps,  for  the  same.  The]  are  fastened  to  the  inside  of  the  arcs 
at  th.  .  each  by  one  sen 

Two  buckle  straps,  for  the  billets  of  the  shoulder  straps.    The\ 
to  the  front  arc,  each  by  one  icrew  and  two  -nails. 

One  cover  (bridle  leather).    It  is  stretched  i  I  nailed 

to  the  inside  ol  the  arcs      A  strip  of  thin  li  "t  under  i  I  the 

nails.    Two  flaps,  of  barm  to  the  lowi 

Two  //;;//  the  round  !.ar».  and   ' 

of  the 

le  of  the  ar 

.  to  the  il ',  - 


131  CHAP.  vi.  —  Mm  main    ai:  1 11 .1  i  i;\  . 

They  ;•  r<-  tewed  lo  the  lining,  three  on  •■•><.-!i  tide  of  the 
saddle. 
Pour  inn  loop*,  for  the  breeching  tad  breast  straps.    They  ire  held  by  leather 

-   which  nn-  sewed  to  the  iioing. 
One  girth  (strong  hemp  webbing),     ii  has  three  buckles  sewed  t  •  each  end 
with  leather  loops. 

'  toe  pad.  The  upper  side  Is  made  of  sheep  skin  j  the  Iioing,  of  strong  canvas. 
It  is  stuffed  with  straw  and  deer's  hair,  and  stitched  in  the  usual  manner.  The 
i>;i<i  is  faateued  to  the  lining  of  the  saddle  with  tea  leather  tfa 

ii  \i:\r-s. — Plah    1  I. 
The  same  harness  is  used  lor  the  packs  and  for  draught,  except  that  the 
lashing  girth  and  lashjng  rope  are  not  required  for  the  latter  purp 
The  harness  Is  made  of  black  leather,  like  that  for  field  artillery. 

Bridle. 

One  troutn  piece.    One  end  is  split  into  two  billets,  and  the  other  into  a  billet 

and  buckle  strap,  lor  the  throat  lash  and  cheek  pieces. 

I  hie  buckle  and  one  Handing  loop,  for  the  throat  lash. 

i  me  buckle  and  loop,  attached  lo  the  top  of  the  crown  piece,  for  the  billets  of 
the  winker  straps. 

One  brow  band.  It  is  formed  into  a  loop  at  each  end.  through  which  the 
crown  piece  passes. 

Two  clmi.  itraps.  Each  strap  has  Iwo  bvcklee  and  five  Handing  loope.  The 
upper  end  of  the  strap  is  buckled  to  the  billet  of  the  crown  piece;  the  lower  end 
through  the  ring  of  the  bit. 

TWO  Winker*.     They  are  sewed  10  the  cheek  Strap8,  and  Supported  al  the  Iront 

pari  by  two  etrape,  which  are  fastened  in  the  buckle  al  the  top  of  the  crown  piece- 
One  leading  rein.     It  is  sewed  (nto  the  ring  on  the  right  end  of  the  bit,  and 
passes  through  the  other  ring.     A  wooden  button   is  sewed  into  a  loop  at  the 

loose  end  of  tin-  rein,  with  a  leather  wa-her  Inside  Of  it. 

'I'm:  Hit.      Il  consists  id'  a  hnr  and  two  ring*,  made  of  iron  and  tinned. 

Walter. 

The  halter  and  its  chain  are  like  those  used    for  the  field  artillery.     I'mi'ii  i:  V. 

( rupper. 

The  tlncL.  with    a   buckle   and   loop   at    eaeh    end,  hy  which    il    is   OOI (led  with 

the  body  of  the  crupper,  the  rear  end  of  the  latter  being  split  into  two  billets  lor 
thai  purpose. 


HARM  SS. 


1  35 


The  back-  strap.  It  is  sewed  to  the  crupper,  and  passes  through  the  staple  on 
the  rear  are  plate  of  the  saddle.  One  buckle,  with  tboee  it  an  ding  loops  and  a 
sliding  loop,  for  the  billet  of  the  back  Btrap. 

The  loin  star]'  passes  between  the  back  strap  and  the  body  of  the  crupper 
The  ends  are  two  billets,  to  which  the  breeching  is  bnckl  'I 


Breeching. 

The   brur/i    strap.     To  each   end   Ol   it   is   sewed  a  tide  strap,  with  a  buclh  and 
four  Handing  loops.     These  side  straps  pass  through  two  iron  loops  on  the  pack 
saddle,  or  through  the   staples    in    the   shafts,  when   the   harness   is  n 
draught. 

Two  baclle  strops.  Each  strap  has  a  buckle  and  three  Handing  hops.  It  is 
fastened  to  the  breech  strap  by  an  iron  loop  and  a  chape,  A  to/t  is  sewed  under 
each  strap,  its  whole  length.  These  buckle  straps  receive  the  billets  of  the  loin 
strap  which  support  the  breeching. 

Breast  Sirup. 

The   brotut  plate     A   billet  ttrap,  with   a   buckle  and  three   loops,  is  sewed  to 
each  end  of  the  breast  plate.     These  billets  are  buckled  into  the  front  iron   loops 
on  the  pack  saddle,  or  into  the  staples  on  the  shafts,  when  the  harnc^- 
for  draught. 

Two  thoulder  Hrape.  They  are  sewed  to  the  breast  plate,  which  they  lupport 
by  means  of  the  buckle  straps  on  the  front  of  the  pack  saddle. 

/.     king  Girth  and  S 

The  firth  is  a  broad  piece  •■(  thick  leather,  to  each  end  of  which  an  iron  hook, 
i-  fastened.  The  lathing  rope,  -;i  Inch  rope,  10  feet  long;  it  i-  used,  With  tfie 
girth,  to  secure  the  pack  on  the  saddle. 


i:w 


t    II  \1\    VI    MOIN  I   \IN      \K  I  III  BR1  . 


AMMUNITION. 

The  ammunition  for  the  mountain  howitzer  conaUta  of  §Ml»,  tpheri 

to  all  of  which  the  cartridge  ia  fixed,  by  meana  oi  a  sabot. 
For  inatructiona  relative  to  the  manner  jof  fixing  the  ammunition*,  see  Chap.  X. 
The  okarga  of  powder  is  uniformly  S  ox. 
The  cartridgt  bag  ia  made  <>f  woollen  Bluff. 

Diameter  of  circular  bottom,  cut I       inohea. 

Length  of  rectangle 10.49 

Heighl 

Diameter  of  cartridge  linisln-d '-'.s 


Sabots. 


Dl  HENSIONS. 


For  Shell 

IT 

Sph.  Case 


For 
Canister. 


Whole  height 

Heighl  of  conical  part. 

Diameter  of  conical  part.  \  ,,"''"'" 
1         |  Bottom 

I h'ameter  at  the  bottom  of  thi 


Ti 


Cavity  for  the  shell  I  I!''1;"'"-;. ;" 

j  Radius  of  curvalui 

o  ,.    >      r     .■  I  I  h'ameter. . . . 

Cylinder  lor  tin  canister.     ,,       , 


Distance  from  middle  of  groove  to  botl f  sabot. 

Width  of  groove 

I).'|iih  of  groove 


In. 


4.2 

3.24 

2.8 

1.8 

2.26 


0.85 
0.3 

0 . 1 5 


In. 

3.73 
2.55 
4.52 
3.24 
2.8 


I.  17 

0.5 

0.55 

0.3 

0.15 


Straps  and  Rings  for  Shells. 

The  shell  or  spherical  case  is  fixed  to  the  sabot  by  ana  of  I  (traps  of  tin 

w  bich  are  hooked  into  slits  in  a  rino  of  tin  round  the  fuze  hole,  and  are  fastened 
lo  the  sabot,  each  by  2  iron  taok*. 

i,  c  ■       r  Exterior 2.25  inches. 

Diameter  ol  ring.  ■,   ,    .  .     ,r 

n    (Interior 1.15 

W'idil,  of  straps 0.15        " 

Length  of  strap 7..r>         " 


AMMUNITION.  183 


( 'apsfor  Cartridges. 

The  cartridge  is  covered  with  a  paper  i  ap 

Height  of  paper  for  cap 4.55  inches. 

Width  (cylinder  developed  ) 10.         " 

(  Length,  exclusive  of  handle  ... 

Pl  ,  f  c  i  Width  at  large  end 4/»0 

Flat  former  lor  cap.  -     ,..    ,,,,,,  i   ,-       . 

1    j   width  at  small  end l.l-> 

(^  Thickness 0.1 

Height  of  cap 2.9         " 

i-i_i.    i  ■     ,  r        r       i    i  ■  f  Diameter 2.9        '• 

Cylindrical  form  for  chokm- caps .       ,  ,. 

'  ,   Height 9.  " 

Shells  and  Spherical  Case  Shot. 

The  shells  and  spherical  case  .shot  are  the  same  as  for  other  pieces  of  the  same 
calibre. 

The  fuzes  are  like  those  for  field  service,  riz:  The  composition  is  contained  in 
a  paper  case,  which  is  inserted,  at  the  moment  of  Bring,  into  a  wooden  plug  pre- 
viously driven  into  the  fuze  hole. 

These  fuzes  being  all  of  the  same  length,  the  time  of  burning  is  regulated  by 
the  proportions  used  in  making  the  fuze  composition  ;  see  Chapter  X. 

The  2-second  fuzes  are  colored  bind.- ;  the  .'{-second,  red;  1-second,  green. 

After  the  shell  or  spherical  case  has  been  strapped  t<>  the  sabot,  it  is  <  barged 

with    powder;   the  fuze    plug   is  then    driven    in,  and   the   hole  for  the   paper  fuze 

reamed   out.     This    hole    is    then    stopped    with   a    plug  of  tow,  pressed    in    hard. 

The  wooden  ping  should    project  ahout  .1  inch  from  the  fuze  hole. 

( Ikargt  of  shell 7    oz.  riile  powder. 

/i I. r      i       •      i  .   f    -14  OZ.  rifle  powder. 

(iiiirge.  of  spherical  case ,  ,, 

°     '    '  -     musket  balls. 

Canisters. 

The  canister  for  the  mountain  howitzer  is  filled  with   musket  balls  j   il«  dimen- 
'  are  as  follows  : 

Length  of  tin  for  the  cylinder  (lap  included)  14.4    inches. 

Height  of  do 4. 

Interior  diameter  of  cylinder 1.17 ■     " 

Diameter  of  plates i  12 

Thickness                                    0.25     " 

Thickness  of  sheet  iron  corci 

Number  ol  balls  in  each  lit  r 

Number                           l 

Whole  number  ol  balls 11^ 

Height  of  finished  canister,  im                      I ■  -  5 

Weight  ol  finished  canister,  incl  I  


I3S 


(||\i>.     \l. — MOUNTAIN    AKTII.IIl;\. 


/'      /  Ammunition. 


DIMENSION!    UtD  \s  I  i ■ :  1 1  I-. 

Shell. 

erical 

<  Ian  • 

Height  of  shell  strapped,  or  canister  with 

1... 

In. 

. 
-.17 

11. 

In. 

6.8S 

9  1 

i  Hi  projectile,  ^1  r.ippe-.l  and  loaded 

1.'  ■. 

11.2 

11.8 

Prim*  rs. 

n  tube*  sre  generally  n>r<l  for  the  mountain  howitzer,  I  r  which  they  are 
particularly  convenient,  In  dispensing  with  the  lock.  But  the  lock  with  percus- 
sion primers  may  be  used,  "r  the  common  tithe  and  match. 

Packing  Ammunition. 


DIMENSIONS    \Mi   WEIGHTS  OF   BOXES. 


Shells. 


(  Length 

I nterior  dimensii >ii-  .  ■  Width  . 

(  Depth  . 

\ umber  <>i  rounds  in  a  tx >\  •  ■ . 


Weight  "i  ammunition 
Weighl  hi  bos  packed  • 


Spherical 
1  i  anisl 


In. 

In. 

1... 

27.. r> 

•j  7.:. 

u.23 

. 

12. 

12. 

\-:. 

1,1.-. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

l  17.6 

i  ii  .6 

I7J. 

17:.. 

The  ammunition  i-  placed  upright  m  the  box  ;  the  projectiles  below,  with  thin 
strips  of  wood  under  the  shells  ami  spherical  case,  to  prevent  the  fuies  from 
bearing  mi  the  bottom. 

For  further  instructions  relative  to  the  manner  in  which  the  boxes  are  made 
.mil  packed,  see  Chaptbb  V 
lu  each  l"'\  there  are  placed,  with  the  ammunition  i 

>'<  2-sec I  fuzes,  .{/i/iir/.  i. . . . ") 

second  fuzes.. (red) for  the  shells  and  spherical  i 

r.  4-seci  'ml  fuzes. .  |  gn  <  m   . .  ) 
l(i  priming  tubes ;  l  port-fire  j  2  yards  slow  match. 


EQUIPMENT.  188 


AM  Mi  NITION  OH] 

WooP     '-'  ciuls;  2  sides;  1  bottom—]  panel  and  2  clamps,  for  Ibe  lid. 

2  beckets,  for  t he  handle*  ;  v  screws.     2  handles  of  1  inch  rope. 
Ikon  :  1  brace;  1  screw:  1  stud  plate;  1  rivet:  1  screw;  1  (urnbuckle. 

1  corner  plates ;  40  screws ;  2  bin  rews. 

2  lashing  chains;  2  bridles:  1  rivets;  1  hasp;  4  screws. 

1  linen  cover,  painted,  and  fastened  by  160  copper  tacks. 

2  leather  loops,  lor  linstock  ;  s  screws. 

Interior  I>i\  isionb  :  B  long  chats,  lor  supporting  the  upper  tier  of  ammunition ; 
they  arc  glued  to  the  sides  and  fastened  by  32  mnls.    H  short  cleat*,  fastened  with 

8  Strews  and  16  noils. 

Manner  OF  PACKING. — The  chest  contains  S  rounds  of  fixed  ammunition,  viz.: 
2  ihells,  5  spherical  case,  and  1  canister.     Four  of  the  spherical  case  arc  placed  in 
the  bottom  tier,  with  the  balls  down;  the  remaining  spherical  case,  the  shells  and 
the  canister  in  the  upper  tier,  with  the  cartridges  down,  the  canister  in  r 
hand  end  of  the  chest.     In  each  chest  are  placed  : 

■  Olid  fuzes   [black) 4 

■  cond  fuses  {red)  " 

L-second  fuzes  [green) 3 

Priming  tubes > 

Friction  primers 10 

Port-fire 1 

w  match 2 yard*. 

The  fuzes  and  primers  wrapped    in  water-proof  paper,  and  the  whole  load  well 

packed  in  tow. 

A  supply  of  friction   primers,  equal  to  half  the   number  of  rounds   of  ammuni- 
tion bi  i  the  battery,  should  be  carried  in  resi 

Implements  and  Equipments  for  each  Carria 

!  ,,;"",-'"k'--|  'on  the  earn, 

1   sponge  and  rammer,  J 

1  sponge  cover,  on  the  sponge. 
l  v.ni  a iver  .  n  i hi-  goo. 

1   linstock,  in  the  loops  on  the  ammunition  chest. 

l  haversack,  ~\ 

J  """'  l"""!1-  ,,„  Hm  pack,  with  the  ammnnit 

1    luze   pouch,  . 

1    small    larpan  ) 

1    | » r 1 1 g  wire,  in  the  tube  pOUob. 

poock, 

ii  tubes,  J  ' 

I  gut 

1  III.-. 


1  M  <  ii  IP.    1 1  — MO!  H  i  mn    LR1  n.i  i  Rl  . 


P0RTABL1 


The  hearth  Ii  of  sheet  iron.  No.  13,  bent  Into  a  hollow  form,  and  riveted  to  an 

■if.    The  back  of  the  hearth  is  benl  un-Jer  the  bottom  and  riTeledto.il> 

;  the  hearth   i>  benl  round  the  back,  and  la  riveted  to  it  and  to  the 

frame.    The  back  of  the  fire  place  ia  ol  sheet  iron,  No.  13  connected  with  the 

back  "i  the  hearth  !>y  two  bras*  hinges,  which  are  riveted  to  each.    The  - 

both  the  back  piecea  arc  stiffened  by  strip-  of  sheet  ir.m  riveted  m  them.     An 

air  Lad  i-  formed  l>y  a  piece  of  sheet  iroo,  N  ».  ~.  bent  hot  in)  •  ■  shape, 

and  riveted  to  the  inside  of  the  back  plate  ol  the  Ore  place.     A  button  turning  on 

an  axis  which  is  riveted  to  i  ervea  to  ratten  this 

i  stud  in  the  (r.mt  bonier  of  the  hearth,  when  the  back  is  turned  down 

on  ,is  binges. 

The  frame  ia  supported  l>y  thret  lege,  which  are  connected  with  it  by  b 
that  they  can  be  folded  i  the  frame.    The  front  leg  is  divided  Into  two 

branches,  which  an  tee*  thai  are  riveted  to  the  sides  of  the 

ir.ime.    The  two  oilier  legs  are  co cted  together  by  a  cross  bar,  with  a  nut  at 

each  end.    This  bar  supports  also  the  fork  in  which  the  bellows  handle  works. 

The  legs  "I  the  Inline  have  round  tenons  Bt  the  lower  end-,  with  shoulders 
which  rest  cm  three  socket  plate-  attached  to  ||,,.  -ide  of  the  forge  chest,  lor  the 
forge  to  -land  on   when  set   ti|i  for  u-e. 

The  bellows  handle   is   of  iron,  with   A    wo. .den    head.      It    i-   attached    10 

which  tits  in  a  square  hole  iii  the  crosa  bar  joining  the  rear  lega  ol  the  frame. 

The  lower  end  ol  the  handle  ia  hooked  into  a  Connecting  roil  attached  to  the  re.ir 
end  .1    the  bellows  ;    it  is  fastened  to  thi>  rod    by  a  sliding  crtr/i,  w  Inch  Is  secured 

by  a  thumb  screw.     When  the  betlowa  la  dismounted,  this  rod  into  an 

eye  on   the   Upper  side  ol    the  bellows,  to  kee|i  it  elo-ed. 

Tin;  Bellows.    The  frame  cousists  of  an  upper,  a  lower,  and  a  middle  pUmh\ 

(walnut)  and  two  rib*  (poplar), connected  by  a  one*  head,ct  in  a  common  smiths' 

bellows.     There  are  valw-  in  the  middle  and  the  lower  plank. 

A  Imr  Ol    iron,  attached  |o  the  middle  plank,  terminate-   in  two  journal-,  which 
support  the  bellows,  lit  tin-  in  the  Joints  of  the  r<  ar  lega  ol   the  Ir.ime  ol  the  lor-e. 

The  nozzle,  ol  sheet  iron,  is  inaerted  into  the  cross  head,  above  the  middle 

plank.  It  enter-  into  a  COtt  i'",i  pipi  which  i-  attached  to  the  rear  of  the  forge 
hack  by  mean-  of  a  bridle  bolted  to  the  hack  plate  of  the   hearth. 

A  handU  i-  attached  to  a  plate  winch  i-  fasleued  on  the  upper  bellows  plank* 
A  A..-,/.  |  one  pound  i-  attached  to  the  inside  of  the  lower  plank  by  the 

rivets  which  hold  the  eye  plate  on  the  connecting  rod. 

The  ;<llci':\  leather  (calfskin)  i-  fastened  to  the  planks  by  small  bellows  nail-. 

'I'm-  Foaoi   Bi  i  km  i-  of  sheet  Iron,  stiffened  with  a  hand  at  top,  and  furnished 

with  a  handle. 

'I  ii  K  AnVIL  IS  fitted    into  a  block  (d'  tOUgh    oak.  or    rather   hard    WOOd,  and    fast- 


PORTABLE    1OR0E.  •  Ml 

encd  by  an  iron  pin.     The  block  ha*  ;i  hand  round  the  top.     Two  rings  fastened 
by  staples  serve  lor  handles. 

The  Coal  Sack  is  made  of  strong  leather.  It  is  1 1  inches  in  diameter  and  18 
inches  high  j  it  is  closed  atthetopbya  leather  strap  passing  throuj 

the  sack. 

TOOL   CH i 

Chests  for  the  Forge  and  Smiths'   Tools. 

The  forgo  and  the  smiths'  tools  are  packed  in  two  chests,  which  are  alike, 
accept  in  the  interior  divisions.  The  forge  chest  baa  socket  plates,  lor  i lie  legs 
of  the  forge  to  stand  on. 

Wood  (walnut).  Two  aids  and  rtra  tides,  dovetailed  together.  One  hottom 
let  into  the  ends  and  sides  and  fastened  by  thirty-tvo  nails.  One  I'd.  made  with 
two  end  clamps,  like  that  of  the  ammunition  cheat. 

Iro>.s.     Four  corner  plates,  of  sheet    iron.  No.   Is,   fastened  each  by  e\ 
screws . 

Tiro  handles.  The  strap*  are  turned  under  the  bottom  of  the  chest.  They  are 
fastened  each  by  one  rivet  and  four  screws. 

Tiro   hinges.     The   short   strap    is  fastened  to  the  inside  of  the  lid  by  " 
and  three  screv.i.    The  long  strap*  an-  bent  under  the  bottom  of  the  chest  and 
fastened,  each  bj  three  rivets  and  ekvt  i  screws.    Two  of  these  rivets  hold  the 
bridle  for  the  lashing  chain,  which  is  placed  at  the  same  distance  from  the  bottom 
as  in  the  ammunition  chest. 

One  hasp.  The  strap  is  let  into  the  inside  of  the  cover  and  fastened  with  four 
screw*. 

isp   staple    hikI   plate.      The    Staple    is    riveted    into  the  plate.  vhu 

tened  to  the  box  with  two  rivets. 

One  linen  covering,  like  that  of  the  am  m  n  n  it  ion  I 

Three  socket  plates,  fastened  on  the  back  ol  the  forge  i  best,  each  by  font 

They  have  holes  in  them  lor  the  leg*  of  the  frai  ;  in.  when 

■  Hilled   lor 


142  CHAP,    n,  —  Mm  \mi\     \i:iiM!i:\ 


■  ■i  ih.    /•'  it  and  manner  of  packing. 

The  leu*  nrr  folded  up  close  to  the  frame,  nml  the  baok  of  the  fire-place  i« 
niriifil  down  "ii  the  hearth  :iu<l  fastened  by  Ita  catch. 

The  '  ■  ■  ■  and  fastened  by  the  connecting  rod,  i  ho  handh 

detached. 

T/if  fire-place  and  from  it,  the  iir;irili 

outward.     They  are  kept  lo  place  by  ■  clamp  which  tit*  over  the  i<>i>  of  the 
n.imi-,  iniii  an  iron  >i ;i j>l«-  fastened  by  two  screw  -  i"  the  bach  of  tin*  cheat 

The  heUom  is  placed  < > ■  >  ita  side,  with  its  t"i'  against  the  front  of  th< 
One  journal  goes  into  ■  hole  in  ■  deal  screwed  to  the  bottom.    The 
supported  by  a  notched  board,  which  is  framed  into  a  deal  screwed  on  the  !><>t- 
tcjin  of  the  chest,  and  it  i»  beld  fast  by  a  buckle  strap  passing  through  *  »laple 
in  the  board.     A  clamp,  with  a  hole  for  the  npper  journal.  .  ibe  lop  of 

the  bellows,  and  i*  beld  by  staple  plates  screwed  to  the  trout  and  back  oi  the 
cheat 

Tin  beOowi  luiiiiUr  hangs  mi  a  deal  in  the  front  of  the  bos,  toward  the  right 
hand,  the  hook  downward. 

■finch    (for  nut*  .\u~.  1  and  I'./uri.  in   two   iron   brackets  On  the  rigbl  end 

of  the  chest,  near  the  front 

(  hie  hiinil  lin  in  tin  r.  I    ...     ,    .         ,,  "J 

\\  i'.Ii  handles, 

i  me  nvetmg  hamtm  m        i        ■   ,  ■  i 

O,  Placed  iinriu'lil  near  tin'  wreneh. 

in-  fort  punch..  \f.  in 

'  }  On  same  handle. 

Ttn pound*  of  horn  >li<»  nail*,  in  two  strong  linen  bags,  packed  in  low,  in  the 
vacam  space  to  the  right  of  the  bellows. 


smiths'  tools.  I  i;> 


Contents  of  Smiths'  Tool  Chest  and  mannei  oj  packing. 

The  anvil  and  its  Mod  are  placed  in  I  il  the  chest;  the  bead  of  the 

aovil  in  a  mortise  made  in  a  deal  screwed  on  the  bottom.    Tin-  block  is  fastened 
by  a  leather  strap  and  buckle  to  an  iron  staple  in  1 1  •  *  -  bottom  of  the  ohest. 

inter  bucket   (iron),  i>n  the  anvil  block,  resting  on  a  movable  cleat,  which 
is  hollowed  out  to  fit  the  block  and  the  bucket. 

Owe  voir  shoeing  pincers,  )  T  ,         .     ,         ..     P «...       . 

zi      '  '  In  a  wooden  cleat,  on  the  front  of  I  lie  chi 

One  i-in ,  J 

One  nailing  hammer.  \ 

One  shoeing  In  iron  brackets,  against  the  front  of  the  chest. 

One  splitting  chisel,    ) 

One  pair  tongs,  I  1()  R  tnangl)|ar  c|ealt  jn  lhe  u,a  rron,  ,.urner. 
One  jmtcliel,        ) 

One  bardie,  ~\ 

Our  clinching  iron.  I  In  a  wooden  rack,  on  the  left  end. 

thoeing  knife,  J 
One  poker,  *j 

j  In  two  wooden  racks,  on  the  back  of  the  cheat. 
One  rake, 

One  nail  punch,  J 

One  buttress,  hong  on  two  hooks  in  the  front  of  the  upper  shovel  rack,  and 
he'd  fast  by  a  wooden  lmtton. 

One  toe  knife,  in  two  cleats,  on  the  l»ack  of  the  chest,  near  the  top. 

,  '."  '"*'  '      ri     I  In  two  racks,  on  the  hack  of  the  chest,  near  the  top. 
:u n  re  file.  J  • 

T>ro  flat  files  fastened  by  two  cleats  and  a  button  to  the  inside  of  the  lid. 

otind*  of  /hum  ehoe  nails,  in  iwn  bags  j  one  on  the  bottom  at  the  left  end, 
lhe  other  in  lhe  water  bucket. 

The  baps  of  horse  shoe  nails  should  be  distributed  in  the  two  chest"  «o  as  to 
equalice  and  adjust  i  b  side.     They  should  be  packed  in  h  i 

prevent  injury  to  the  I 


1 11 


(  II  \1\    \  I.  —  MOUN  I  UN     \i:  I  II  II  R1 


Carriagt  mah        /  SH  res. 

The  loola  and  Horea  for  the  use  of  cat  rs,  in  repairing  the  rai 

and  equipments,  ere  packed  in  two  chests,  which  are  like  those  Tor  ihe  ammu- 
nition, but  without  the  interior  divisions. 

Thr  hasp  and  li<t*p  Hapht  are  like  i d. >■-■■  <•("  the  forge  cheat. 

Tin-  i\^"  obeata  arc  deaignated  by  the  lettera  A  and  1>. 


Contents  of  Carriagi  makers'  Tool  Chests. 


<lli-l    A. 

i  iu>  r  B. 

1  claw  hatchet, 

1  band  axe, 

l  nailing  hatchet, 

1  claw  hatchet, 

2  Brmer  chisels,  \  and  }  tach, 

1  nailing  hatchet, 

1  trying  square, 

2  Ji r ii if  r  rhisels, 

1  bevel, 

1  firmer  gouge, 

2  augers,  \  and  5  in.,  and  one  handle, 

1  pair  compasses, 

1  riveting  hammer, 

l  i rying  square,  ms  inches. 

1    hand  MV, 

1  scriber, 

l  jack  plane. 

1  riveting  hammer, 

1  screw  driver, 

1    mallei, 

1  rule  (two  I'cet), 

.'(  gimlets, 

:i  gimlets, 

]  screw  driver, 

2  hand  saw  lile*, 

l  wood  rasp, 

2  \\ 1  files,  twelve b, 

1   Oil  Stone, 

2  aicklea, 

li  brad  awl-, 

l  g  unner'a  gimlet, 

L-les, 

l  priming  wire. 

l  gunner's  gimlet. 

1  gunnera  pincers, 

1  priming  wire. 

1  fuae  plug  reamer, 

2  papers  tacks,  v  os.  and  1 

2  papers  oi  -|>n--.  l  in.  and  1J  inch, 

\  [b.   twine. 

2  papers  of  tacks,  8  os.  ami  12  ■ 

leather  thongs, 

60  m  '""1  screws,  i  inch,  N 

36  wood  screw  a,  1 1  In.  &  l  in,  Wo, 

1  1. 

2  lbs.  sash 

12          do.                         '-'  In.  Ho. 

16, 

4  II).  twine. 

\\:  nuts,  No.  1;  2,  »              Mo.  i. 

19  W  a -her-.   No.  1. 

The  aicklea  are  fastened  to  the  front  and  had;  of  the  ohesta  (inside),  with 
small  clean  at  the  neck-  and  pointa.  The  other  artiolea  are  securely  packed  In 
low,  tl Igea  "i  the  outting  tools  hem-  carefully  wrapped  up,  to  prevent  in- 
jury. 


PI  Ml   \KIDNS     AND     WEIGHTS. 


1    IS 


Dimensions  and  Weights  of  gun  carriage  and  equipment. 


DIMENSIONS. 

I »i stance  between  the  inside  of  trunnion  plates 

Diameter  of  trunnion  holes 

Depth  of  axis  of  trunnions  below  upper  lace  of  trunnion  plate 

Distance  of  axis  of  trunnions  in  rear  of  axis  of  axletree,  tbi 

being  in  battery,  on  horizontal  ground  

Distance  from  axis  01  trunnions  to  a xi-  of  axleiri-e 

Height  of  axis  of  trunnions  above  the  ground 

■,-     ,i     ,  r  , ,     .-  c         f  above  the  horizontal  line 

\  ertical  field  of  fire,  ,  ,   , 

[  below  the  horizontal  line 

Distance  between  the  points  of  contact  of  wheels  and   trail   with  the 

ground  line 

Distance  from  front  ol  wheels  to  end  of  trail,  the  piece  being  in  battery 

Distance  of  the  muzzle  of  the  piece,  in   battery,  in  rear  of  wheels. •< 

Length  of  gun  carriage,  without  wheels 

Length  of  thill 

Whole  length  of  ihe  axletree 

Track  ol   I  lie  wheels 

Height  of  wheel 

1  m>Ii  oi  finished  wheel 

Ammunition  Chut,  f  Interior  length 

or  J  '•       width 

Carriage  Makers'  Tool  Chest.    (         "      depth 

gs  Cheit,        f  Interior' length 

or  I  "      width 

Smiths' Tool  Chott.  {         "      depth 

WK1GH  IS. 

Howitzer 

Qua  carriage,  without  wheel- 

One  wheel 

Handspike 

Sponge  and  rammer 

Gun  carriage  complete,  with  implements 

Thill 

Bridle 

Halt.r 

I  laddie  and  harness 

Lashing  tnli  and  rope 

Ammunition  cheat  Iters'  tool  chest,  empty 

'  V 

Ammunition  chest,  packed 

Led 

Smilhi  ■    packed 

Coal  sack,  tilled  with  charcoal 

10 


7. 

2.5 

27. 
7° 
9° 

13.7 
71  .6 
2 .  44 
SI. 

73. 

30.2 
2. 

S. 

Pounds. 
157 

3 

3 

M 

20 
42 
119 

lift 

117 

45 


110 


(HAP.    \  I. Mill   M   \l\      AH  I  II   : 


Packs. 

1.  Tin*  howitzer  :m<l  (In-  thill  of  tin-  i-.irr,.  pi  Is. 

2.  The  run  carriage,  with  wheels  and  implements.     Weight  295  pounds. 

:i.  Two  ammunition  oheatat  with  the  haversack,  tube  pouoh,  and  fuse  pouch, 
covered  with  the  tarpaulin.     Weight  239  pound*. 

i    The  iwii  forge  cheats      Weight  232  i nda. 

■">.  The  two  cheats  for  carriage  makers' ti  unds),  with  the  coal  seek 

(25  pounds).    Weight  115  pounds. 

The  same  kind  of  pack  saddle*  -cni".  for  each  of  these  paoka.  Weight  of 
saddle  and  harnena,  complete,  53  pounds. 

Bill  of  Timber  for  Mountain   //■'■rit:,r  Carriage,  etc. 


NAMES  OP  PASTS. 


<~ 

a 

ft. 

V 

o 

E 

1) 

— 

55 

DIMENSIONS  OP  EACH 
I'll  I  B   .  ROI  OH). 


Length. 


Width 


Thick- 
ness. 


(jun  ( 'arriagt  body. 

Stock  

Axle  tree  

'I'iril     ir In  i  Is. 

N;ivc 

Spokes  

Fellies 

Ons  thill. 

Shafts 

Cross  bar 

i)in  ammunition  tkttt. 

Sides  and  ends 

Bottom 

•  '<  >\  i-i  and  partitions 

Om  pad  suilillr. 

Ires  

Transoms 

i  'i 'OSS  li.ir 

Side  bars 

K' mud  bars 

( hi,  handspUtt 


24 
12 


In. 
11 


11 

'.'(I 

21 


72 

33 


II 
36 

Ml 


50 
20 

I  I 
12 

50 


9. 
2.5 


:t. 
3.5 


11. 
7. 
8. 


In. 

7. 
3. 


Round 
L.5 
2.5 


12.         1.25 

12.        1.75 

1.25 

12.        0.75 

1.5      1.5 

2.5      2.5 


Oak. 

\  oung,  tough 

hickory. 

Oak. 

Do. 
Do. 


Ash. 
Do. 


Poplar. 
Do. 
Do. 


Aeh  or  beach. 
Da 

1).). 
Do. 

Hickory. 

Hickory. 


im.i.    OF    IRON. 


147 


Bill  of  Iron  for  Mountdin   Howitzer  Carriage. 


NAMES    OF    TARTS. 


' 

'/; 

11 

c 

-=' 

^ 

-.1 

-c 

= 

V 

£ 

- 

- 

* 

G«w  carriage  body. 

( !an  square  and  !»<•>"  chain*  No.  1    •  •  •  ■ 
Rivets  No.  2,  nails  No.  1,  and  staples. 

Nails  No.  - 

Handspike  staple,  bohs  No.  1.  and  i 

rivets  No.  •'( j 

Implement  hooks,  and  boll  No.  3 

v     i 

I  a  e  pins  No.  I 

Elevating  screw 

Nuts  No.  1 

Handspike  strap  and  linch  pins 

Washers  No.  1 

Vxle  bands 

'  !ap  square  key 

Nut  No.  3 

Heads  of  Key  and  chin  bolts 

Nuts  No.  4 

Ferrules  i 

Washer  hi  i     - 

Understraps , 

I I  ;i  ii '  1 ! i'  -  foi  elevating  screw 

Trunnion  plates  and  cap  squares 

Washers  No.  I , 

K  nee  of  lunette 

Trail  plate 

•kean 

Lunette 


In. 

(i .  1 5 
.25 

.:; 

.375 

.7.-. 

.875 
1  . 7.r, 
0.75 
1. 

I  .  25 
1  .25 
1  .25 
1.25 
1 .25 
1  .5 


2. 

2.5 

1. 
I. 
1. 


In. 

do. 
do. 

do. 

do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 

0.5 
0.125 

0.625 

0.75 

0.75 

0.25 

0.375 

0.5 

I  .  25 

1. 

0.186 

1. 


Two  whet 

Band  naiN  No.  1    

alts  \  >.  I 

Brow  bands 

Nuts  No.  1 

End  bands 1  . 

Wash*  

Tm- 


In. 

54. 

18. 

II. 

11. 
B4. 

7. 
11. 

1.5 
16. 

34. 

3. 

1.25 
16. 

11. 
15. 

8. 
. 

:>. 
12. 
10. 

I. 
12.  J 

18. 


Lbs. 

0.13 
0.73 
0.36 

1.35 

0.94 

10.30 

1.16 

7.:!  I 
0.12 

0.11 

0.27 
1.20 

.'{.17 

2.10 

I  .68 

10.08 

1.31 
10.08 


112.13 


10J) 


1 1 :« ti.  ■ 

1 1  :ili   I 


Hammered. 


Hami 
Hnmi 


1 1* 


-MOl   \  IAIN     AKT1I.I  I   K\  . 


Hill  of  Iron  for  Mountain  Howitzer  Carriage. — Continued. 


8    OP    PARTS. 


i. 

~ 

— 

Jtt 

-3 

- 

- 

t 

H 

J 

£ 

K  KM  ARKS. 


Thill. 


Key  chain  No.  1 

Rivets  N.».  2 

Staples 

Bolts  No.  2 

Key 

Supporting  bar  

Cros*  bur  plate 

A  luimniiti'iii    I  'lirst. 

Chains,  and  rivets  No.  2. . . . 

Hinges  and  hasp  strap 

Bridles  and  brace 

Hasp 

Turnbuekle  plate 

Corner  plates 


Turnbuekle 

Pack  Saddle. 

Staples  and   rivets 

Bolts 

Nuts 

Are  plates 


III. 

In. 

In. 

0.15 

Round 

12. 

0.06 

0.25 

do. 

12. 

0.16 

do. 

0.80 

0.5 

do. 

7. 

0.38 

0.75 

do. 

1. 

0.40 

1. 

0.5 

18. 

6.72 

2.75 

0.25 

30. 

0.25 

Round 

43. 

14.39 

0.(10 

I. 

0.375 

1.00 

1. 

0.5 

I. 

1. 

0.625 

3.5 

0.61 

1.5 

(i.l 

0.15 

2.1 

No.  18 

40. 

1.35 
7.27" 
0.10 

0.16 

0.25 

Round 

12. 

0.375 

do. 

37. 

1.13 

().7o 

0.375 

l  .25 

0.10 

1.25 

0.2 

30. 

2.52 
3.91 

Ranges  of  Mountain  Howitzer. 


Charge. 

Hall. 

Elevation. 

Range. 

REMARKS 

0.5  1b. 

Shell 

0° 

1 

2 

2°  30' 

3° 

1 

5 

170  yds. 

3(H)' 

500 

7vr> 

10(1.-. 

Time  2  seconds. 
Time  l!  seconds. 

0.5 

Sph.  ease.  . 

0° 

2°  30' 
3 
4 

r  :ki' 

1 50 
450 
500 

7(H) 

soo 

Time  2  seconds. 

Time  'j. 7  seconds. 
Time  '.',  seconds. 

0.5 

<  'anfster.  • 

4°  to  5° 

250 

(  '  II  A  V  T  K  U      S  E  V  K  N  T  n 


PAINTS,   LACKERS,  HTC. 

COMPOSITION     AND     PREPARATION. 

The  proportions  are  Riven  for  100  parts  by  weight  of  prepared  colors,  etc.. 
when  not  otherwise  designated. 

A  gallon  of  Linseed  oil  weighs 7.5    lbs. 

Spirits  of  turpentine 7.25  lbs. 

Japan  varnish 7.       lbs. 

Sperm  oil 7.12  I  lis. 

Nealsfoot  oil 7.r>.3  lbs. 

Boiled  Oil. 

Raw  linseed  oil 10.1. 

Copperas 3.15 

Litharge 6.3 

Put  the  copperas  and  litharge  in  a  cloth  bag  and  suspend  it  in  the  middle  of 
the  kettle.  Boil  the  oil  4J  hours,  with  a  slow,  even  tire,  so  that  it  may  not  be 
burnt:  then  let  it  stand  and  deposit  the  sediment 

"Drying*. 

Mixture  of  copperas  and  litharge  taken  from  the  boiled  oil. GO 

Spirits  turpentine 

Boiled  oil 2 

The  mixture  taken  (nun  the  boiled  oil  to  be  ground,  ami  mixed  with  the  tur- 
pentine and  oil. 

Fatty. 

tiling  rrnrt\  ui  imori. 

•    ! M  1 

Boiled  oil 

DtO  a  Miff  p.-i«i,..     If  not    intended   for   immediate  use.  raw  oil  should  be 
-  tin-  putty  made  with  boiled  oil  harden*  quickly. 
Atioihrr  kind  of  putty  lor  |  ide  by  mixing  fine  sifted  nnU 

»aw  dosl  with  linseed  oil  wi,  l  until  it  assumes  a  gjntinot 

sisleney. 


1  ■">'*  CHAP.    vii.  —  PAINTS,    LACKBR8,    i   1  <  . 


White  Paint. 

For  Inside  work.       Por  outside  work. 

White  lead,  ground  in  oil BO    BO 

Boiled  oil L4.5 0 

Raw  oil 9 

Spirits  turpentine s    1 

Grind  the  white  lead  in  the  oil,  and  add  the  spirits  of  turpentine. 

New  wood  work  requires  about  1  lb.  to  the  square  yard/fbr  '■'<  coats. 

Lead  Color. 

White  lead,  ground  in  oil 75. 

Lampblack 1. 

Boiled  linseed  oil 

Litharge 0.5 

Japan  varnish 0.S 

Spirits  turpentine 2.8 

The  lampblack  and  the  litharge  arc  ground  separately  upon  iii.-  stone,  In  oil, 
then  stirred  into  the  white  lead  and  oil ;  the  turpentine  and  varnish  are  added  as 
the  paint  is  required  for  use,  or  when  it  is  packed  in  kegs  for  transportation. 

Black  Paint. 

Lampblack > 

Litharge l 

Fapan  varnish 1 

Linseed  oil,  boiled '-'; 

Spirits  turpentine 1 

Grind  the  lampblack  in  oil ;  mix  it  with  the  oil,  then  grind  the  litharge  in  oil 
and  add  it,  stirring  it  well   into  the  mixture.    The  varnish  and  turpentine  are 

added  last.      Tlie  pain  I  is  USed  for  the  iron  work  of  ran. 

Olive  Paste. 

YellOW  ochre,  ptll  verized 6S. 

Lampblack 11 

Boiled  oil  37. 

Spirits  turpentine ".I 

Make  a  thick  paste  with  the  ochre  and  oil.  in  a  paint  pot.  and  with  the  lanip- 
tdack  and  oil  In  another;  grind  them  together  in  Small  portions,  and  keep  the 
mixture  in  a  tin  vessel. 


151 


Liquid  (Hive  Color. 

Olive  paste 61.5 

Boiled  oil 29.5 

Spirits  turpentine 5-5 

Dryings 3.5 

Jnpan  varnish '-'. 

Stirred  together  in  a  paint  pot. 

Br  dinar d' 8  Paint. 

Dissolve  10  lbs.  of  shellac  in  10  gals.  of  boiling  water,  adding  30  oz.  of  salera- 
tltS  Mix  this  solution  With  an  equal  quantity  of  paint  prepared  in  the  usual 
manner.     Tin's  paint  is  economical  and  durable. 

Quantity  of  paint  required  for  a  carriage. 


KIND  OF  CARRIAGK. 


Lead 
color. 


Olive. 


Black. 


Field  gun  carriage  and  limber,  with  implements.. 

Caisson,  with  limber  and  implements,  etc 

Forge,  with  limber 

Battery  wagon,  do 

Casemate  carnage  and  chassis,  with  implements. 
Barbette  carriage  and  chassis,  with  implements.. 


Lbs. 

6 
8 
8 

7 
7 
6 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


10 

0.7.r. 

15 

0.8 

10 

1. 

13 

it.  9 

1  i 

0.7.r. 

11 

1. 

A  priming  of  lead  color  and   two  coats  of  olive  color  are   applied  to  new  wood 
work,  and  1   coal  of  lead  color  and  1  of  black,  to  the  iron  work. 


Paint  for  Tarpaulins. 

A  square  yard  takes  2  lbs.  for  3  coat*. 

1. —  (Hut. — Liquid  olive  color 

•  a  X 

spint-  turpentine 

turpentine,  with  ■  gentle  heat,  and  mix 

the  painl  warm. 

2. —  ,\<bl   1  .  -wax    to    1    pallon  of   linseed    oil.  and    bml    it    two   hours  : 

prime    the    cloth  with    thii    mixture,  and    n-<-    the    'amr,  in    place  ot   Ui/i.i 
mixing  the  paint.     GIVi  nnt. 


1  •">',!  CHAP.    vii.  —  paint*.    I.acki  i;-.    I  re. 


drey,  or  Stone  Color  (for  Buildings 

1st.  3d. 

Wlnic  lead,  in  oil 78 100. 

Boiled  oil 9.5 20. 

Raw  oil '.'..' 20. 

Spirits  of  turpentine 3. 

Turkey  umber  0.5 

Lampblack 0425 0 

Yellow  ochre 3. 

M ixed  like  the  lead  color. 

A  square  yard  of  new  brick  work  requires,  for  -'  coats,  1.1  lb.;  for  3  coats, 
i.r>  ib. 

Cream  Color  (for  Buildings 

1st  cost.  I  .-oat. 

White  lead,  in  oil 86.66 70. 

French  yellow 3.33 3.33 

Japan  varnish 1 .33 1.33 

Raw  oil 98 24.5 

Spirits  turpentine 2.25 258 

A  ^cpiare  yard  of  new  brick  work  requires,  for  1st  cat.  0.75 :  for  '-'d  coat, 
0.3  II). 

Wash  for  Buildings. 

■  Boil  half  a  bushel  of  flaxseed  In  5  gallons  of  water,  and  use  this  for  slaking 
1.5  gals,  of  lime.  Add  1  "gal.  of  salt,  1  gal.  of  fine  sand,  and  as  much  water  as 
may  lie  necessary  to  thin  it.     Stir  it  frequently  to  prevent  the  sand  from  settling. 

To  give  this  wash  a  cream  color,  add  yellow  ochre  ;  lor  a  grey  or  stour  color,  add 
lampblack,  previously  deadened  with  whiskey,  and  a  small  quantity  Of  ochre. 

Linseed  oil,  with  B  small  quantity  Of  glue  mixed  in  it,  is  sometimes  Used,  in- 
stead ni  flaxseed. 

To  make  ihe  wash  incombustible,  add  I   lb.  ul   alum  and  \  lb.  of  potash. 

Lacker  for  Iron  Ordnance. 

1.— Black  lead,  pulverized 12 

Red   lead 12 

Litharge 5 

Lampblack ' 

Linseed  oil 66 

Boil  it  gently  about  twenty  minute-.,  during  M  Inch  lime  it  mii-l  be  constantly 
stirred. 


LACKERS. 


153 


Lacker  for  Iran  Ordnance. 

2. — Umber,  grou nd 3.78 

Gum  shellac,  pulverized 3." 

Ivory  black 3.75 

Lilharge "*~:> 

Linseed  oil ,s 

Spirits  of  turpentine «••» 

The  oil  must  be  first  boiled  half  an  hour.  The  mixture  It  then  boiled  24 
hours,  poured  ofi'  from  the  sediment  and  put  in  jugs  corked. 

3. — Coal  tar  (of  good  quality) 2  gals. 

Spirits  of  turpentine 1  pint. 

The  turpentine  to  be  added  in  small  quantities  during  the  application  of  the 
lacker. 

In  applying  lacker,  the  surface  of  the  iron  must  be  first  cleaned  with  a  scraper 
and  a  wire  brush,  if  necessary,  and  the  lacker  applied  hot,  In  two  thin  coats, 
with  a  paint  brush.     It  is  best  done  in  summer. 

Old  lacker  should  be  removed  with  a  scraper,  or  by  scouring,  and  not  by 
heating  the  guns  or  balls,  by  which  the  metal  is  injured. 

About  5  gallons  of  lacker  are  required  for  100  field  guns  and  1.000  shot;  about 
1  quart  for  a  sea  coast  gun. 

Lacker  for  Iron  Ordnance  (used  in  the  British  servii 

Anti-corrosion bi  His. 

Grant's  black,  ground  in  oil  I 

Red  Lead,  as  a  dryer 3 

Linseed   oil    I  gab. 

Spirits  turpentine 1  pint. 

This  mixture,  when  well    stirred    ai  d    incorp  >raled.  will  be  lit  for  u-e;      but    US 

by  long  keeping  in  this  state  il  bee >i    hard,  do  more  should   be  mixed  than 

may  be  required  t < > r  immediate  use. 

Avti-corrosioyi. — Slag,  from  iron  foundries,  pounded 12 

Chalk 12 

common 1 

Lacker  foi  Small  Arm:-,  or  for  Water  /'     i  Paper. 

W ax 13  lbs. 

Spirits  turpentine 13  gals, 

1  gali 

All  the  ingredients  should  be  pure  ,md  .  quality.     Heat  them  to- 

getaei  in  •■  i  ippef  or  earthen  ressel, over  a  gentle  inc.  In  ■  water  bath,  until 
they  are  well  mixed. 


164  <  ii  \r.   \  II  — PAINTS,    LACKBR8,    i   I  C. 


/  for  bright  lr<>,t  Work. 

Linseed  oil,  boiled 

5 .  S 

White  lead,  ground  in  oil II  .23 

Rosin,  pulverized 'J.T.'i 

A<ld  the  litharge  to  the  <>il  ■  let  it  simmer  over  a  slow  fire  '{  hours  j  strain  it. 
.tin]  add  the  rosin  and  white  lead;  keep  il  gently  warmed,  and  stir  ii  until  the 
rosin  ii  dissolved.    Apply  it  with  a  paint  brush. 

Famish  for  Holsters,  Scabbards,  etc.  (or  Patenl  Leather  , 

/•'/r  ].\t  <t  nd  2d  cant*  : 

Prussian  blue,  in  lumps i. 

Sugarol  lead 0.1 

Aquafortis 0.7 

Linseed  oil,  boiled 70. 

Spirits  turpentine 24.6 

The  ingredients,  except  the  turpentine,  arc  boiled  together  in  an  iron  kettle  B 
hours,  when  the  mixture  will  assume  a  brilliant  black  color.     When  the  varnish 
i>  nearly  cool,  Mir  in  the  turpentine     The  kettle  in  which  the  varnish  is  made 
should  be  of  a  capacity  to  hold  double  the  quantity  of  varnish  to  !><•  boiled. 
"Forth*  '■'•</  or  fillislll  '   OPAL    Vahmsh. 

(rum  C  tpal  (in  i- lean  lumps) 26. 5 

:  linseed  oil 12.5 

Spirits  turpentine 31. 

This  varnish  is  made  in  a  i  ippei  vessel,  smallest  at  the  lop,  in  the  form  of  a 
■till. 

I'm  the  copal  in  a  vessel,  sel  u  on  a  ohareoal  lire  lor  one  hour,  in  which  lime 
It  will  melt,  and  all  the  watery  particles  will  evaporate.  Add  the  oil  whilst  the 
copal  is  warm,  but  not  boiling  hot.  When  nearly  cool,  add  the  turpentine,  which 
will  jive  it  a  proper  consistency  for  use. 

I  <  i  9  lbs,  copal  and  the  proper  proportions  ol  oil  and  turpentine,  the  vessel 
bhould  hold  mx  gallons. 


VARNISH,    GREASE    FOR    WHEELS.  ■  155 


Japan  Varnish. 

Litharge 4 

Boiled  oil 87 

Spirits  turpentine 2 

Red  lead 6 

Um1>er 1 

Gum   shellac 8 

Sugar   of  lead 2 

White  vitriol 1 

Japan  varnish  is  generally  purchased  from  lie  paint  sellers.  It  is  made  by 
boiling  over  a  bIow  charcoal  lire  for  five  hours,  alt  the  Ingredients  except  the 
turpentine  and  a  small  portion  of  the  oil.  The  latter  is  added  as  required,  to 
check  the  ebullition  and  allay  the  froth  which  rises  to  the  surface.  It  must  be 
continually  stirred  with  a  wooden  spatula,  and  great  can'  i-  necessary  to  prevent 
it  from  taking:  fire. 

The  turpentine  is  added  after  the  varnish  is  nearly  cool,  and  it  is  stirred  well 
in.    The  varnish  must  be  put  in  demijohns  or  close  cans,  and  kept  tightly  corked. 

Urease  for  Carriage  Wheels. 

Hog?*  lard,  softened  (if  fresh)  by  working  it. 

If  this   cannot   be   procured,   tallow  or  other  iy  be   used;   if 

should  be  melted  with  fish  oil. 

About  1  lb.  of  grease  is  required  for  four  wheels. 

Booth'*  Patent  Grease  for  Railwa 

Water 1  pal. 

n   tallow 3  lbs. 

Palm  oil 0  lbs. 

Common  Soda $  lb. 

nr.  Tallow B 

Palm   Oil 10  lb». 

To  be  healed  to  about  210°,  and  to  be  well   Mirred  until  it  oools  down  to  70°. 


Chatter    Eighth 


SMALL  ARMS   AND   ACCOUTIiKMHNTS. 


NOMENCLATURE. 
P<  mission  Musket. — Plate  15. 

Barrel.  1st  reinforce  (from  the  breech  to  the  corner  of  the  flats  and  ovals 
1.89  in.);  2d  reinforce  (to  the  lower  band,  s.v  in.) :  chase  (to  the  top  of  the  upper 
band,  2S.6G  in.);  muzzle,  bayonet  stud,  breech,  flats  and  ovals,  cone  seat,  fence. 
rent,  bore,  thread  for  breech  screw,  thread  for  the  cone. 

Breech  Screw.     Plug,   with    its   thread;  tenon,  shoulders,  tang,  Ian;: 
hole,  notch  for  side  screw,  chamfer. 

Tang  Screw:  shoulder. 

Cone:  Screw  thread,  shoulder,  square,  cone,  vent. 

Bayonet.     Blade:  point,  face  flute,  back  flutes,  edges  of  back  and  bladt 
ers,  elbow,  neck.     Socket:  muzzle  end.  bridge  end,  bridge,  mortice,  shoulder  lor 
the  clasp,  stop  pin.     Clasp:  body,  studs,  bridge,  groove,  stop,  clatp-tertte1, 

Lock.  Lock  plait  :  front  and  rear  ends,  middle,  sides,  bolsters,  chamfer,  c  >n- 
vex;  3  holes,  for  the  pivots  "f  the  main  spring,  and  bridle,  and  l"r  the  arbor  of 
the  tumbler :  6  screw  holes;  1  mortice  for  the  sear  spring  stud.  Hammer  body, 
head,  comb,  countersink,  slit,  tumbler  hole — Tumbler:  body,  friction  shoulder, 
arbor,  square,  pivot,   book,  half-coca:   notch,  cock   notch,  sere*   bole— -  Tumbler 

tCfW.      Bridle:    body,  ere,  pivot,  three    holes    tor    the    tumbler   pivot,  scar    screw 

and  bridle  »cnw—-Bridli   tcrew.    Start   body,  i  •    fric- 

tion shoulder — Sear  tcrew.     Stat  spring:  blade  (upper  ami   lower  branch   and 
elbow  i.  eve.  stud,  notch,  chamfer,  screw  bob — Smr  if  ring  ■  <»  spring 

blade    (upper  and    lower  branch   and   elbow),  Book,  pirot,  eye    (rest  and   point), 
chamfer,  screw  hole    -Main  spring  seres*. 
Two  Si  pi 

hi  all  llif  teratM  the  part-  are      the  -tern,  the  head,  the  Mil.  the  thread 
5£ot   .  body,   pipe    for  the    rod.    back,    upper    and    lower 


I  .".s  i  ||  u..  \  m.  —  ^v  mi     ixua 

l~}<ptr  band 
item,  wire,  shoulder,  punt.     Middle  band:  body,  Mud,  creases,  bole 
(or  tli«-  »w  iv<-l  rni-t.     Middle  band  twivei:  wire,  eye,  holes  in  lh 
M11IM1  item,  wire,  shoulder.     Lowoi  band:  body,  i 

me  ss  mi. I.lli'  bsod  spring.     Side  plate:  body,  ej 

ardplaU:  body,  bolsters,  trigger  stud, 
-   i  r  the  guard  bow,  2  For  wood  screws,  l   for  tang  screw,  1   for  trigger 
screw.    Guard  bow:  body,  pillars,  stems  with  i ln-ir  screw  threads,  swivi 
tad  hole]  2  nut*  for  >i<-m  —  Swivel  and  rivet.     Trigger:  blade,  tang  or  Qnger 
tie  for  ili<"  screw.     Trigger  trrew-    I  guard  plate. 

Bun  plat*  :  body,  i",..  era,  tang,  s< 

butt  i 

Hamiu'Ii.     Stem,  head,  screw.     Ramrod  epr in g:  stem  B.     P<»   Ibf 

rod  spring      i  i  "l 

Butt,  comb,  handle,  head,  facings,  1st  and  2d  reini  .  shoul> 

ders  li  r  the  lower  and  middle  bands  ;  groove*  for  the  barrel  and  ramrod  |  t 

the  tang  and  tenon,  lock.  Bide  plate,  guard  plate,  nuts  of  the  guard  bow  and 

stud,  butt  | »I ;t t «- .  rod  spring  and  band  springs;    stortiaai  lor  tin- 
ami  rod  stop;  hole*  for  the  rod.  the  side  screws,  tang  screw,  guard  screws,  butt 
plate  screws,  band  springs,  and  pin  for  the  rod  >|>rini.'. 

Imi'i.kmkms.     Screw-driver,   with  cone  wrench.     Wiper — Ball-sen 
vice. 

Materials  of  which  the  parts  are  made. 

Tumbler,  sear,  loch  springs,  band  springs,  ramrod  spring,  ramrod,  blade 
,>i  the  bayonet,  screw-driver,  wiper  and  ball  screw, 
/.'  8  u-lit. 

d:  Block  (black  wain  ill  . 

rei  of  the  bay  met,  and  all  the  other  parts  not  enumerated  under 
the  three  preceding  heads. 

Noii..-- The  brass  lor  parts  of  small  arms  is  composed  oi  SO  copper,  17  line 

.  Illl. 

Flint  Musket.— Pattern  of  L840. 

-i  edition  of  Ordnance  Manual.) 
arm  i-  like  the  new  percussion  musket,  except  in  the  parts  relating  to 

the  i le  i  'i  priming,  via  i 

I'.ahki  i..     i  mot  .  on*  •■  at  and  eont . 

I  linit   hum  nn    . 

Add     /  ~*) — pan  screw— battery  and  battery  eerete — battery  t 

.  „■ — poeJfc — upper  j<iir — flint  »• 


\<>MI   M    I    VI  I    Rl 


1 59 


Flint   Musket.— Pattern  of   L822 


Of  this   kind  are  most  of  the  muskel 
being  altered  to  percussion.     The  bayo 

BARREL  :      hnl/mn  I  Html. 
BRl  I  CB    SCREW. 
T  LRR   II  i:i:\V. 

Batori  i  :  bladi .  socket. 
(  Lock  plate  :  L'  lid*  sen 

I    /'mi  ;    pan    \ 
liutii    y  :  I, mi,  ,  ,j  hi  ri  »■. 
I  fintit  i  ii  ipring. 
I'mtti  11/  ipring  > 

i  ir  :  J I i nt  urn  irx. 

►-2    I   Tvmblt  *■  :   tumblt  r 

I   llriilli   :    hriil i i   icrt  a- . 

\      ,  ,    ;    si  iir  H  ii  ir . 

I  Scar  ipring  .-  tear  ipring  screw. 
!  Main  ipi  ing  ;  main  ipring  screws. 

T  \\ .  i  si 

Tvi'i  imfnts. — S*  r*  w-drivt  i  —  Wiper — 


i  h<   A  i  senals,  \\  hicfa  are  now 

has   II"  r/n.yj. 

[  I  ppt  i  //<'. 

/  y.y.'  /■  l,n  ml  */,,  , 
Mi,  Ii  Hi   band. 

M  iilil'n   I, null  tu  i  1 1 1  and   - 
Mill  ill  i    I, nuil    -, 
/■mill. 

■'t  Lower  band  tpi  - 
Siili  plate, 
•  ii  \i;i>:  guard  plat*  :  guard  hum. 

Sn  in  I  anc]   i-in  I. 

Trigger  ;  trigger  pin. 

Guard  /ilnt'  ii  1 1  a  *  (2). 

Butt  plate  :  2  butt  plate  screw*. 


Ramrod. 

Bto<  k. 

'  ii — Spring-vi 


Materials. 

Steel:  Fare  of  the  battery,  lock  springs,  ramrod,  Marie  of  the  ba] 
driver,  wiper  and  hall  Si 
Pan  and  sight. 
Wood:  Block. 

Bayonet  socket,  bat  1>  ■<!  ii"-  battery,  and  all  the  other  |>art*  not  enum«< 
rated  under  the  three  preced 


Alteration  oj   Flint  Muskets  to  P  ion. 

Tin    Bab.ri  ed:  1st,  by  closing  the  rem  in  the  -     ■ 

vent  on  the  upper  part  by  ups<  n 

that  it  may 
not  project  into  the  ) 

Tiif  i 

and    iti  • 

tadad  m  the 


Hill 


(  ii  \r.  \  mi.  — sm  \i  i     \i;  m- 


/'» r<'\i.~  l:    | 


. .'-  .•  tang  • 
Lot  k     lock  /Jul*  tumbler;  (mm* 

;  bridle  :  bridlt  «< -r« »  . 
r  r   tpring  . 
>  uy  .-  main  • 
T  «  •  i  I  1 1  •  i    BCBBWB. 

Mountings:  "/./"  r  band,  wit  Ii  ttetm  Ittnd. 

I '/,/,.  ,■  band  -nil  •  I  and  riot  f. 

/  y./.r  /•    I, anil   fj.rilll). 

■  r  baud  :  lower  band  tpring. 

.  I., i.. 
(iiimil  j,/,ii.  .-  guard  bom  <>»./  mitt. 


Ti  iggt  r  ;    tt 

/lull  /.lull    :     2    butt  plat*    »rrrir». 

i  ini'  ;  the  li'l  and  the  strap  joined 

p/aM  tpring  :  men".  f..r  do, 

pfafi  ■  ••>•  '■ 
It  \»i  unci     rod  -/■>  ing  and  pin  . 
8 

I  Ml  M  wil 

h  :     wiper  ;     ball    ten 

:    l.tiltt  t  iwulil. 


Materials. 

Steel:  Cone,  guide,  tumbler,  sear,  lock  springs,  bund  springs,  rod  spring,  box 
spring)  ramrod  «-x <-«-|.i  ibe  head),  screw  driver,  \\  (per,  ball  screw.  Some  of  the 
barrels  are  also  now  made  "i  i  asl  steel. 

it,  bands,  guard   plate,  guard  bow,  side  plate,  butl  plate,  box  plate 
and  >ir.i|i.  bead  <>i  ramn id. 
I:  Stock. 
Iron :  Parts  not  enumerated  under  the  preceding  beade. 


( hvalry  Musketoon — Percussion. 


It  \  kiii ■. i. !   «»  "■>  /  ttud; 

tang  -     •  iot  I. 

!  !  rifle. 

Tu  o  IIDI    icbi  a  s. 
jIhi'mim.s     upper  band  and  tight. 

I  /,/.,  i-  band  tpring. 

Cower  band  :  twieol  bar  stud. 

Su  it  1 1  i ■■•  ■"(■ 

Sidi  plat*  ■ 


0 nard plat*  ;  guard  bow  ami  mils, 

'1  '/n .a  ii  /■•  ■  ■ 

llnti  j, Int.  .-  2  butt  plate' terewe. 
It  am  BOD  :  In  ml  :   button. 
Ramrod  Bwivsi      I  tide  bare;   term 

nit-. 

Sin.   k. 

I mi-i  i  mi  n  i --,  sami  u  for  the  muskeU 


ICaterials. 

C  me,  tumbler,  m-.t.  look  springs,  band  spring,  ramrod   (except   the 

•. '-driver,  wiper  and  ball  screw. 
|)an  Is,  side  plate,  guard  plate,  guard  bow,  butt  plate. 
it   ...i :  Block. 

ll.     I  ..r  r.iinr.i.l  and  ;<il  t ho  other  parts  not  enumerated  under  the  three 
ng  beads. 


N0MB1M   I.ATI1RK.  .  101 

ArtilU ry  Musketoon — Percussion — Plate  16. 

Barrel — Bayonet  stud;  cone.  Trigger;  trigger  oerew. 

lirttrh  screw  ;  tang  screw.  2  guard  vl* 

Lock — Same  as  for  rifle.  Swivel  plate  and  stud;  3  screws. 

Two  side  borews.  Swivel  and  rivet. 

MoTJNTl.VfiS:     Upper  band  and  sight.  /lull  plate  f  3  butt  plate  soiws. 

Upper  band  spring.  Ram                   ,  and  pin. 

Lower  band,  and  swivel  Stud.  Ramrod  ttop. 

Jjover  band  sprtng.  Stock. 

Lower  ba  ad  swivel  anil  ri  n  t .  I    IMPLEMENTS,  tin                         l"r  the  (DIM 

Sid*  plate.  ket. 
Quardpiatt  ■   guard  bout  and  nute. 

X.  B. — The  musket  bayonet  may  be  used  with  thii  arm. 

Materials. 

Steel:  Cone,  tumbler,  sear,  lock  sprimjSj  '  b,  ramrod,  screw-drlTer 

wiper,  and  ball  screw. 

Brass:  Sight       Wood:  Stock.     Iron:  The  remaining  parts. 

Sappt  r's  Musketoon — Percussion. 

This  arm  is  the  same  as  the  artillery  mn.sketoon,  with  the  addition  of  an  Mppet 
land  stud  on  the   barrel,  and   a    euteh    stud  en   the   upper  band,    I    r    ibl 
bayonet. 

Sword  Bayohet  :   Bl  gripe  and  guard  (brass),  in  one  pi<  i  i 

for  the  catch  stud:  rocket  for  the  barrel:  clasp  and  clasp  screw,  similar  lo  tbosi 
on  the  musket  bayonet — Scabbard  (leather),  with  brass  band  and  tip. 

Vi  stul — Percussion. — Plato 

Barrel:  Sight:  swivel  stud.     Cone.     Breech  Scroti  trow. 

L<"        E  is  for  the  moaket  and  rifle.    Two  sine  screw 

1  and  side  plate       .  |  —  guard  plate — guard  plate 

/bow — guard  bow  ants — butt  plate — butt  plate   >ririi- 

•■noii :  Button — head,  riveted  on. 

RamiiOIi  Bwn  I  l       Two  side  l,ais — 1    screw — 1   • 

Tn  i- 1  i  •  ew-dnver  and  com  wrench— wiper — /■■■ 

i  onld. 

Materials. 

Cone,  tu  ft,  rami  !he  head),   • 

■ 

nit   plate. 

Ek 

I  ami  th<    l  ■  irt«. 

The  ttimt   i  • '  e  h»lf- 

II 


162  CHAP.   Mil  — SHALL    AHMS. 


Hall's  Carbine — Percussion.- — Plate  15. 

Tli   -     -  'ry  rarhine.  which     lt>;:ds    at    the    hreioh    1  y  means   of  a    movable 

chamber  calle  I  the  noriver, 

liuuiKI.:    Ramrod  si  ml.  tight,  guide. 

T«"  Buppobtbbi  :  Each  with  iwn  holet  for  supporter  screws,  9  holei  Ibi  • 
a  v,  i  for  swivel  bar  and  1  for  chock  screws — l  tupporttt  termvt;  the  l  • 
mnlersunk  in  the  anpportera,  and  they  are  dressed  ■moolh  and  flush  with 
!  the  supporter*,  which  are  permanently  connected  with  the  bar- 
rel !>y  ibese  screws,  and  by  being  soldered  la  place. 

Two  ('mocks:  '2  chock  sci etrs. 

Ki  i  i  n  u:  AM>  Lot  i  !'•  re,  shoulder  for  the  chocks,  cone  seat,  rent,  slot  lor 
tin-  side  screw,  mortise  for  the  lock,  stud  for  the  catch — Cone — Hummer  and 
tumbler,  in  one  piece;  slit  for  t he  link—  tumMcr  tertw — a*sr  and  trigger,  in  ona 
piece:  slol  for  side  screw-  -taat  screw — nurturing — war  spring  tertw — link — lint 

scriv — mm  ii  tpring — main  spring  sour — catch — catch  scirtr — catt h  spi  i  n  g — catch 
tpriltg  sen  ir. 

Two  Btni  SoBBwa :  One  of  them  is  the  aziaoftha  receiver;  the  other  paaaea 
through  the  supporters  and  the  butl  piece. 

Butt  PiBCB — llutt  puce  tenwt  passing  through  i lie  supporters  and  the  bull 
piece. 

Ai'it'is :  Lining  of  the  stock,  al  the  junction  of  the  barrel  and  receiver — Stop, 
riveted  to  the  apron  for  the  receiver  to  real  on.  The  apron  and  stop  bai  e  s  screw 
hole  lapped  to  receive  the  front  guard  plate  screw. 

M  ,i  m  in..-.  :  Uppt  r  band— ramrod  tpriag,  riveted  to  the  upper  hand  —  uppt  r  band 

tpring — lower  band,  with  stud  tor  swivel  bar — iwitel  bar;  the  rear  end  is  s  side 

screw  for  the  supporters  — ewivel  terttt — twivel  ring  —guard  plate;  2  studs  for  the 

,   lever— guard   bou — guard  bmc  nuts — oateh  lover  and  pin— thro*  annul  plate 

icretct — butt  plate — 'J  bull  jilalc  tcrewt. 
B  LKBOD. 

Btook. 

I  m  i'I.km cnts  :  Sorew-drioer  and  eoiu  wrench  —wiper — tpring  vie* — bullet  mould. 

Materials. 

Chocks;    hammer  and  tumbler;   link,   sear  part  of  trigger;   all  the 

Springs  j    ramrod. 

.  Sight;  hands:  guard  plate;  guard  bow;  butt  plate. 
Wood  ■   Stock. 
//-..h  .-  The  remaining  parts. 
For  description  <>i  1 1  air-  Rifle  (flinl  look),  see  Aral  editi f  Ordnance  Manual. 


DIMENSIONS    AND    WEIGHTS. 


163 


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,SJ.T(llI«S 


Xj^[|iu  v 


Xj|kau3 


•^H!H 


•13>]snj^ 


—      o 

C)        9S  o 


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►_    c  ©  e  «■*  c 


.E    e  ©  o  «-i  i 


>5   o  o  o  •*  w 


c  =  c  —  -■ 


C  Q  Q  —  ?' 


r-  co 


5    ~< 


—    c  O  <x  t-  © 


—  /    r 


/  •-.  —  © 

—  <N  T  O 


ct  o  c  r-  c- 


©  v- 


30  —  t-  o 

—    —   v".     |~ 


-*•  c  c  ©  © 


»J    —  —  =  © 


< a  —  i-  co 


<—  ©  _  _  —  • ex 

-    •_ 

>-    -    t-    u    5    i.  •       • 

*  O  »»  *     •   -  ~  — 


•-3     t  — 


Z   I 


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-- 


>-----' 


?f 


- 


I»»l  chap.  HII.— SMALL   ai;->i-. 


INSPECTION   OF  SMALL   ARMS. 
All  i In-  material!  ■ted  li  the  manufacture  of  irmi  mu»l  be  ol  the  beet  quality, 
and  they  ihould  !><■  tested  l>y  the  Inspectors,  according  to  the  thods  indicated 

111  I'llAITKIt    XIV. 

The  wood  for  gun  ••tml-s  should  be  seasoned  nl  least  3  years  and  kept  In  ■  dry 
■  irs  before  being  worked  :  it  must  be  free  from  knots  and  sup.  and  no 
i  which  is  orasA  or  light  (cut  from  old  trees  .  or  worm  eaten,  it  in  any  di 
yed,  or  which  is  oat  serosa  the  grain  at  the  handle  "i  the  dock,  <>r  which  i» 
kiln  dried,  should  be  used  M  received. 

The  following  rules  i«>r  inspection  apply  more  particularly  to  the  percussion 
musket,  when  not  otherwise  stated,  but  the  principles  and  nm-i  ol  the  deta 
the  inspection  are  tin-  seme  for  all  tire  arms,  whether  made  .it  the  national  armo- 
ries or  by  contract  al  private  establishments. 

The  attention  of  the  inspecting  officers  should  be  directed,  as  much  as 
ble,  lothe  operations  of  the  workmen  in  the  course  of  the  Fabrication  of  arms. 

Each  component  pnri  la  lir.st  inapepted  !>y  itaelf,  and  aAerward  the  arm  in  a 
tin i>ln-cl  >tate. 

The  materials  and  the  forms  and  di nsions  of  all  the  part*  must  conform 

strictly  to  those  of  the  established  patterns:  the  workmanship  and  finish  must 
be  equal  to  those  of  the  model  arms,  and  the  several  parts  must  be  browned, 

blued,  ease  hardened,  or  polish,.  I.  as  ill  the  standard  model. 

The  forma  and  dimensions  of  the  parts  are  verified  by  means  of  the  following 

List  of  Verifying  Ganges  for  the  Percussion  Musket. 

Each  set  of  gauges  is  distinguished  by  the  letter  with  which  it  is  marked.  The 
pieces  "i  the  same  set  are  numbered,  as  In  the  following  list.  In  some  cases 
<v/r/i  grows  of  a  gauge  is  numbered;  for  instance,  those  "i  the  barrel,  rod,  and 
bayonet  gauges    these  numbers  will  not  be  found  on  the  list. 


No.  ion   iiAiiitKi.s. 

1  ]  Stock  gauge  i<>r  the  length  of  the  barrel  and  rod. 

2  ]  Oroove  gauge  foi  the  diameters  <>i  the  barrel. 

3  l  Standard  plugtl 

l  l  Limit  plug,        •  for  the  oalibre  of  the  barrel. 

6  1    Taper   plllg,  J 

0  1   Tap  and  die  (or  the  barrel  and  lireeeh  screw. 

7  1  Standard  tap  and  die  for  the  cone  seat  and  cone. 

s  1   Tap  gauge  fof  the  depth  <>l    thread  in  the  COne  seat. 

I  Oroove  gauge  i'>r  the  Soished  barrel  and  breech  screw, 

,.  |  2  Gauges  for  the  exterior  of  the  cone  seat. 

19  l  deceiving  gauge  for  the  barrel  and  breech  screw. 


INSPECTION — GAUGES.  105 


No.  musket — barrel — Continued. 

13  1  Gauge  for  the  vent, 

14  1  deceiving  gauge  for  the  muzzle. 

15  1  Groove  and  lap  gauge  lor  'he  cone. 

FOR    LOCKS. 

1  r>  i  Pattern  for  lock  plates. 

17  I  Groove  gauge  for  lock  plates. 

18  1  Receiving  and  groove  gauge  for  tumblers. 
10  l  Receiving  and  groove  gauge  for  bridles. 

20  1  Receiving  and  groove  gauge  for  scars. 

21  l  Size  gauge  lor  the  hole  m  the  sear. 

22  1  Groove  gauge  for  hammer*. 

23  1  Gauge  for  the  set  and  length  of  the  hammers. 

24  1  Receiving  gauge  for  hammers. 
39  1  Gauge  drill  for  tumbler  holes. 
98  1  Groove  gauge  for  main  epings. 
27  1  Groove  gauge  for  sear  springs. 

25  1  Groove  and  tap  gauge  lor  the  lock  screws,  and  for  all  the  icrews  except 

the  wood  screws. 

29  1  Gauge  for  depth  of  tumbler  screw  hole. 

30  1  Receiving  gauge  for  finished  locks. 

FOR  MOUNTINGS  AND  OTHER   PARTS. 

31  ]  Pattern  and  receiving  gauge  for  butt  plates. 

89  1  Groove  gauge  for  butl  plates. 
33  1  Gn  for  bands. 

31  1  Gauge  mandril  for  lower  hands. 

35  1  Gauge  mandril  lor  middle  bands. 

36  1  Gauae  mandril  for  upper  bands. 

37  1  Groove  and  receiving  gauge  lor  guard  plate  bow  and  nuts. 

1  Tap  gauge  lor  tang  screw  hole,  trigger  stud,  and  guard  bow  DUU 

90  1  Receiving  gauge  for  guards. 

§9  1  Receiving  and  groove  gauge  for  triggers. 

41  1  Receiving  and  groove  gauge  for  lower  and  middle  band  springs. 

42  1  Receiving  and  groove  gauge  lor  upper  band  springs. 

43  1  Receiving  and  groove  gauge  for  -hie  plates. 

44  I  Receiving  and  (  r  rod  springs  and  wire  pini 
4-r)  1  Groove  and  plug  gauge  for  iwivels. 

ic  i  Groove  gauge  for  breech  plate  and  guard  screws  (wood  screws). 

47  1  Receiving  gauge  for  bayooi 

(tj  1  Scabbard  lt-i  Uf  i  nets. 

50  1   Plue  for  bayou • 

51  1   Groove  and  plug  lor  bayofletS  and  socket  clasps. 

52  1  Groove  and  pattern  bayonet  necks. 

53  1  Grooved  and  tapped 

'•  i  ]  i  .  • 

K  1   A  p|'  - 1  mg   of  a  ■ 

and  ing  1  'i  pool 

5fi  ]<',»•.  Lions  of  the  bei 


166  chap.  nn. — shall  ajuu. 


No.  mi  nuii1    ai 

r>7  9  Hand  screw  driven  f"r  look*. 

58  '2  lliinl  screw  driven  for  guard  bow  nuts  ami  trigger  screws 

i  Hand  screw  driver  for  vide  sen 

CO  l  Iron  brace  wiih  screw-drivers 

el  i  Cone  wrench. 

i  I  b  tiger  for  iir»t  proof  charge    l-18tb  ofa  pound. 

f>3  1  Charger  for  aeooad     do.  l-22d         do. 

01  1  Bench  hammer, 

W  l  Punch  i  >r  win  pins. 

66  1  Poaching  wire. 

67  1  Pair  of  small  ^iei-1  calliper*. 

»">^  1  Steel  square  divided  into  incbeaand  deoimila  of  an  Inch. 


Gauges  for  Percussion  Rifle. 


1  Sicck  gaoge  for  length  of  barrel  and  rod. 

2  i  rroove  gauge  for  barrel. 

3  Standard  plug  for  calibre  of  barrel. 
I  Limit  plug  for  calibre  of  barrel. 

•r)  Tap  for  barrel. 

6  1  )ie  for  breech  screw. 

7  Receiving  gauge  for  breech  screw  and  barrel. 
&  Groove  gauge  for  adjusting  breech  screw. 

'.i  Receiving  gauge  for  barrel,  and  plug  with  .-crew-  for  rerifyiog  the  thread 
for  the  cone. 

10  Groove  gauge  for  cone  seat. 

1 1  Plug  gauge  lor  vent. 

12  <  rroove  gauge  for  guide  and  sight  ol  barrel. 

13  Charger  for  l-28th  lb.  powder. 
II  Charger  for  l-32d  lb.  powder. 

com:. 

15  Groove  gauge,  with  holes,  Tor  site  of  cone. 

16  Plug  gauge,  with  3  i la  for  the  3  sections  of  the  cone  orifl 

17  Plug  gauge  for  com-  orifice,  middle  and  upper  end. 

18  Tap  grinder  for  making  chaeen  for  cone  screw  thread. 

ll)  Tap  grinder  for  making  chasers  for  the  breech  screw  thread. 

LOOK. 

20  Receiving  gauge,  with  holes,  lor  lock  plate. 

21  Pair  oi  patterns  for  lock  plate. 

22  Pattern  for  interior  of  lock  plate. 

23  Pattern  lor  bei  el  of  look  plate. 
2 1  i  Iroove  gauge  lock  plate. 

25  Pattern  for  the  hole  tor  sear  spring  stud. 

26  Pattern  With  axis  pivot  for  hammer. 

27  Plug  gauge  and  sweep  for  the  cup  and   position  Dl   hammer. 
26  Plug  for  the  axis   hole  ami   cup  ol'   hammer. 

29  Groove  gauge  for  hammer. 

30  ReceiN  mil-  Kaii^e  with  grooves  and  holes  for  tumblers. 


INSPECTION GAUGES.  .  107 


So.  RIFLE — lock — Continued. 

31  Pattern  for  tumbler. 

•'!-'  Plug  gauge  for  depth  of  screw  hole  in  tumbler. 

33  Receiving  gauge  with  grooves  for  bridle  and  pin  for  pivot  hole  in  bridle. 

.'(I  Receiving  gauge  with  grooves,  i  are. 

35  Groove  gauge  with  palterna,  etc.,  for  lock  spring*. 

36  Groove  and  lap  gauge  for  luck,  tumbler,  side,  and  box  spring  screw?. 

,'!7        Gauge,  with  holes,  for  tumbler,  Bxia  pivot  and  main  spring,  and  bridle  pivot. 
Apparatus  for  testing  lock  spring 

MOWITIROS. 

39  Receiving  gauge  (or  breech  plates. 

40  Groove  gauge  with  square  for  breech  plate. 

41  Gauge  ping  for  lower  bands. 

42  Gauge  plug  for  upper  hands. 

43  Groove  gauge  for  bands. 

II  Plug  gauge  for  orifice  of  rod  hole  and  hand  spring  pivot  hole  in  upper  hands'. 

4.r)  Receiving  gauge  for  guard  plates. 

16  Groove  gauge  with  pattern  for  guard  how. 

47  Groovi  ipped,   and  with  holes   for  guard    plate,  guard   bow,  and 

j:iiard   how  nuts. 

48  Receiving  and  groove  gauge  for  trigger. 

49  Receiving  and  groove  gautre  for  lower  hand  spring- 
."in  Receiving  and  groove  gauge  i"r  upper  band  spring. 
•ril         Receiving  gauge  with  pattern  lor  side  plate. 

.ri'2        I  mge  with  plug  for  swivels. 

53  Groove  and  tap  gauge  lor  tang,  breech  plate,  guard  and  trigger  screw*. 

54  (  rrOOVe  and  lap  gauge  for  ramrod*. 

53        Receiving  and  groove  gauge  h>r  rod  spring  and  pin. 

and  pattern  for  box. 
57        Groove  gauge  for  box  spring  and  catch. 
angle  ol  stock. 
Gauge  for  handle  and  comb  of  Stock. 

00  Screwplale   for  cone  thread,  side,  lock,  tang,  box  spring,  trigger,  and  rod 

screw*. 

APrEM'A'.l  - 

01  Hand  screw  driver  for  lock  screws. 

0'2        Hand  screw  driver  for  guard  bow  nut*. 
63        Hand  screw  dm  rew. 

W  driver  for  side  ami  breech  plate  screws. 

05        Bench  hammer. 

Punch  lor  wire  pjua  and  band  spt 

Qauget  for  tfu   /'  P 

FOR   THE   BARREL. 


Tap  and  die  lot  bn 

3  Ta  p  f<  ■  ■ 

I         i  ;.m_-c  and  di<  I  bread 

5        '  't)t. 


Hi* 


i  II  \l\   viil.  —  SM  \I  I      IRM8. 


riSTi'I.— I1ABHEI.—  Coiitiuvr.f. 

8        Plug  fi «  calibre  of  barrel. 

7        iSroove  (mage  for  finished  barrel. 

v        Beceh  rrel,  with  pia  for  cone  seat. 

jj,  |     Gauge*  for  exterior  of  cone 

1 1  ength  "i  l>;irr<-l  and  rod,  end  for  the  n>il  tod  i 

<  rroove  ;nnl  use  gauge  for  cone. 


1.1  Groove  gauge  for  lock  plate. 

14  Pattern  for  lock  plate. 

If)  Gauge  i » i  ■  i  i"r  pivots  of  bridle  and  im.hu  ipring. 

•  ham  mer. 

17  Pattern  gauge  t"r  hammer. 

lb  Gauge  lor  tumbler  bole  and  length  of  hammer 

19  ( Jr. m>w  and  receiving  gauge  for  tumbler. 

20  Gauge  for  depth  of  tumbler  screw  hole. 

21  Groove  ■>imI  receiving  gauge  i>t  bridle. 
29  <lr  tore  and  receiving  gauge  Ibr  ~«-;i r. 
i.'t  Gauge  i>in  i"r  screw  hole  in  mmt. 

24  Groove  and  pattern  gauge  for  main  spring, 
ive  :nici  pattern  :.r;in^<-  for  ><;ir  spring. 

-'•'■  Beeei  ving  gauge  I!  ir  lock. 

21  Apparatus  i<>r  testing  lock  vprings. 

96  Groove  and  i;i|>  gauge  for  screws. 


Kon  HOr/RTlNOS,  ETC. 

29  Receiving  gauge  i<>r  breech  plate. 

30  Groove  gauge  i<>r  breech  plate  ;mcl  band. 
'il         Recei ving  gauge  fi >r  g uard. 

1'2  Groove  gauge  for  guard  i>l.ii«'  and  bow. 

33  Gauge  i"r  trigger  mortise  and  stud. 

'{I  Groove  and  receiving  gauge  for  trigger. 

35  Groove  and  receiving  gauge  lor  side  plate. 

3fi  Receiving  gauge  i>>r  band. 

37  Groove  gauge  i"r  stock. 

Gauge  for  length  and  shape  "i  finished  arm. 


aPPIRDAOl  s. 

90  Brace  with  screw  driven  and  none  wrench. 

101 

41  >  Hand  screw  drivers,  (>>r  vhi  screws. 

12  J 

II  BcrCW  drivel  l"r  -uard  Low  not. 

1 1  1 1. nil  hammer. 

45  Slirt'l   -i|iiiirr. 

46  Charger  for  I  si  prod  charge,  l-S2d  li>. 

47  Charger  i"r  2d  |iro.>i  ■  barge,  l-40th  lb. 


INSPKPTION. 


109 


Inspection  of  Barrels. 

The  first  inspection  of  the  barrel  is  made  after  it  is  reduced  to  the  dimensions 
required  for  proof,  which  are  verified  by  the  proper  gauge*  for  that  purpose. 
These  dimensions  are  nearly  the  same  as  those  of  the  finished  barrel  (not  more 
than  0.003  iii.  greater  in  the  exterior  diameter,  and  0.003  in.  less  in  the  diameter 
of  the  bore),  leaving  only  sufficient  surplus  metal  (about  1*  oz.  in  a  nuaket  barrel) 
to  enable  the  workman  to  dre8S  the  barrel  in  tine  boring,  and  to  remove  the 
marks  made  in  straightening  the  barrel  after  proof.  The  thread  for  the  breech 
screw  in  the  barrel  must  be  cut,  and  the  bayonet  stud  brazed  on.  The  inspector 
will  see  that  the  exterior  and  interior  dimensions  of  the  barrel  are  correct  ;  that 
there  are  no  interior  hammer  marks,  ring  bores,  cinder  holes,  flaws,  cracks  or 
other  defects,  which  will  not  disappear  in  the  finishing,  and  that  the  thread  of  the 
breech  screw  is  accurately  cut. 

The  barrels  rejected  lor  delects  that  cannot  be  remedied  will  be  stamped  on 
the  upper  side,  in  a  line  with  the  vent,  with  the  mark  of  condemnation,  which 
will  be  in  all  cases  the  letter  C.  If  the  defect  is  of  such  a  nature  as  not  to  pre- 
vent the  use  of  the  barrel  for  a  shorter  arm,  when  cut  oil",  the  mark  will  be  made 
on  the  defective  part. 

Proof.  The  barrels  which  pass  this  inspection  will  then  be  proved  by  being 
fired  twice,  with  the  following  charges: 


KIM'    OF    BAIUlF.l,. 


Mosket  l-i-ih 

Musk(  u 


1  si  charge. 

2d  charge. 

• 

c 

■i 

. 

m 

0 

- 

e 

- 

a 

o 

- 

t 

"3 

- 

— 

Size  of  ball. 


Size  of  wad. 


Hall's  carbine. 

Kifle 




l-28lh 
I  -261  h 
|-32d 


1 
1 

2 
2 

1 


3 

2 

2 
2 

2 


Lb*. 
I  -22d 

I -2-1 1, 
1  -32d 
1  -33d 

l-10th 


1 
1 
1 
1 
1 


'• 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 


Lbs 
l-lfith 

Moth 
I  -32d 
I-32d 

1-32d 


In. 

r, .  525 


Square. 


In. 

1. 

i. 


One  wad  is  placed  on  the  powder  ami  the  other  on  the  ball  (the  upper  ball 
when  there  are  t\<  el!  rammed  with  copper  rod«.    The  wad 

Occupies,  when  rammed,  about  f  in.  in  the  length  of  the  barrel. 

The   barn  ill    their   brt  ra   (in  which 

ease  the  vent  trilled  befoti  r  with  prom  having  vents 

in  them. 

The    barrel"    of    Hall's    arrn«,    being    without    threads    for    I     •  S,    are 

',   proving  plugs   0.7  la.  lonp.  fitting  tight  to  the  barrel      The 


n<» 


CHAP.   Mil.  •    .-ma  1. 1.    ARMS. 


plug  i-  held  in  it-  plica  by  a  wedge  bearing  against  ■  stirrup  attached  lo  a  collar 
which  rests  against  the  shoulder  of  the  barrel ;  these  barrels  are  proved  before 
the  supporters  are  attached  to  them;  they  are  loaded  at  the  muzzle  like  other 

barrels. 

liiilr  barrelt  are  proved  before  being  rifled. 

i  powder  will  be  used  for  proving  the  barrels  of  musket*  and  musket- 
rifle  powder  for  all  the  others.  The  powder  must  be  of  the  best  quality, 
giving  .1  mil-.-  of  ii"i  le--  than  250  yards  by  the  mortar  eprouvelte ;  it  must  be 
proved  immediately  before  being  used,  uulesa  It  shall  have  been  proved  within 
one  year,  and  the  Inspector  has  no  reason  to  suppose  that  it  has  become  deteri- 
orated. 

The  m.-.i-un-.  for  the  proof  charges  should  be  of  a  conical  form,  with  the 
mouth  as  small  aa  may  be  convenient,  in  order  thai  there  may  be  less  variation 
in  the  quantity  of  powder.  Their  dimensions  will  !»•  determined  by  the  rule  in 
Ohapter  X. 

•  •  commencing  the  proof  oi  barrels,  the  Inspector  will  satisfy  himself  aa 
lo  the  quality  and  proof  of  the  powder,  the  size  r»f  the  balls  and  of  the  wada. 

The  inspector  will  observe  the  greatest  caution  in  having  the  barrels  properly 
loaded  ;  for  which  purpose,  aAer  they  arc  placed  on  the  proving  bed,  he  will  paas 
a  ramrod  In  each  barrel,  i<>  verify  the  accuracy  of  the  charge. 

After  the  discharge  he  will  again  pass  the  ramrod  Into  each  barrel,  and  those 
which  have  missed  fire  will  be  pricked  and  primed  and  discharged,  before  pro- 
ng i"  the  second  proof  charge. 

After  the  second  proof  charge,  the  inspector  will  examine  the  barrels  which 
have  burst  and  note  the  cause  of  defect,  whether  in  the  materials  or  workman- 
ship. 

He  will  then  examine  those  which  have  not  burst,  and  he  will  mark,  aa  con- 
demned, any  which  are  evidently  defective;  the  others  will  receive  the  proof 
stamp,  via. :  the  in itiala  of  the  inspector's  name  with  the  letter  /'  under  them, 
placed  "a  the  lefl  aide  of  the  barrel,  jusl  above  the  lefl  flat,  and  about  I  in.  from 

the  breech.    The  barrela  will  be  i ediately  washed  clean  m  bol  water,  and 

dried,  after  which  they  will  be  again  carefully  examined. 

They  will  now  be  Inapected  in  the  interior  and  on  the  exterior.  The  inspector 
will  reject  such  aa  arc  too  large  in  the  bore,  and  such  as  have  holes,  cross 
cracks,  scales  seams  or  ring  bores ;  he  will  examine  the  braxing  of  the  bayonet 
stud,  ami  see  that  the  barrel  la  not  n  itched  too  deep,  or  indented  inside. 

The  barrels  having  been  reduced  to  their  ultimate  dimensions,  straightened 
and  completely  finished,  are  again  strictly  inspected  i<>  verify  the  straightnesa  of 

the-  bore,  the  exterior  and  interior  dia  meter-,  their  Weight  (which  should  not 
vary  more   than   I    OS.  from   the  Standard  Weight),  the   laps   for   the   iireech    SCreW 

and  cone  the  size,  position  and  direction  of  the  vent. 

ilraigbtneaa  of  the  barrel  may  be  ascertained  by  holding  it  up  lo  the  light 
and  reflecting  a  straight  edge  on  the  different  parts  of  the  bore,  by  which  means 


INSPECTION    0*    BARRELS.  171 

an  experienced  eye  readily  detects  any  inaccuracy  in  the  bore.  The  small  or 
ttandard  plug  Bhould  pass  freely  through  the  whole  length  of  the  barrel,  including 
the  threads  for  the  breech  screw,  and  tin-  bore  should  not  admit  the  large  or  limit 
plug. 

1  he  groove*  of  rijir  hands  should  be  carefully  examined  to  see  that  they  are 
formed  according  to  the  pattern,  and  that  they  are  even  and  uniform  throughout. 

The  breech  ncrews  will  be  examined  to  see  that  they  are  of  the  proper  dimen- 
sions, are  sound  in  every  part,  :int\  hare  good  threads:  those  of  the  new  model 
are  not  case  hardened.  The  screw  must  be  tried  in  the  barrel,  to  see  that  it 
occupies  all  the  threads  in  the  tap  of  the  barrel,  and  that  it  is  not  loose  after 
entering  three  threads. 

The  vent  should  enter  the  bore  of  the  barrel  clear  of  the  end  of  the  breech 
screw. 

Marks.  r>;irr.'!s  condemned  for  defects  detected  after  proof,  or  at  any  time  in 
the  course  of  inspection,  are  marked  with  the  letter  C,  struck  in  deeply:  those 
finally  received  are  stamped,  in  addition  to  the  proof  mark,  with  the  letters 
C.  S.  A.,  on  the  top  of  the  barrel,  1  in.  from  the  breech,  ami  the  year  of  fabrication 
underneath  those  letters,  in  the  direction  of  the  axis  of  the  barrel,  ending  at 
the  breech. 

Report  of  Inspection  of  Barrels. 

After  the  inspection  of  each  lot  of  barrels  the  inspector  will  make  a  statement, 
showing  : 

1.  The  number  of  barrels  offered  for  proof. 

2.  The  number  rejected  before  proof. 

3.  The  number  burst  in  proof. 

4.  The  number  rejected  after  proof,  for  flaws,  cross  cracks,  or  other  defects. 
i.  The  number  received  after  the  proof  anil  inspections. 

6,   The  number  rejected  on  inspection  of  the  finished  arm. 

These  State nts  furnish  the  materials  for  the  reports  of  inspection   required 

by  the  Ordnance  Regulations. 

( '"lies. 

the  dimensions,  exterior  and  interior,  and  the  thread  of  the  screw.    See 
that   the  upper   part  of  the  cone  is  properlv  hardened  and   tree  from  cra>  k~  01 


IT)  CHAP.   Till. -M  Ml.     ARMS. 


Locks. 

line  all  the  limbs  to  sec  thai  they  lire  sound,  well  Sled,  and  of  the  propel 
form  |  try  the  temper  of  the  hardened  p. in-  with  a  Bne  cut  file. 

//  Verify  the  dimension!  and  form  carefully  with  the  proper  . 

see  that  they  are  properly  ->ase  hardened,  especially  in  the  bead  and  cop  for  ilie 

Tumbler*  imum  be  verified  separately  with  great  care,  and  tlieir  hardness 
tested. 

jt.    The  strength  of  the  lock  springs,  as  Indicated  by  t  lie  weights  they 
require  to  bend  ilicm  up  to  the  cock  notch,  is  nearly  a»  follow 

.Main  v  prin-  of  muskel 83  lbs. 

I  lo.  pistol 71     ■• 

Bear  spring S 

Examine  the  forms  ol  the  stems  and  heads  of  all  screws  and  the 
catting  of  the  threads,  and  gauge  them  j  see  that  they  arc  properly  hardened. 

Lock  plate*.  Verify  with  ihe  proper  gauges  the  form  and  dimensions,  the 
accuracy  of  the  position  of  the  holes  and  the  threads  of  those  which  are  lapped  ; 
see  that  the  plate  N  sound  and  Tree  from  cracka  and  ilaws,  especially  about  the 

l  ii  in  1 1 !•  ■  r  bole,  and  that  it  is  well  hardened. 

Finished loekt.    The  locks  having  been  put  together,  see: 
1st.  That  they  are  clean  in  the  inside. 

2d.  That  the  sear  works  freely  when  the  sear  screw  is  driven  as  far  as  it  will 
gO,  and  that  the  DOM  is  Sufficiently  Strong,  and  tails  properly  into   the   notches  ol' 

the  tumbler. 

3d.  That  tin'   bridle  has   no  cracks   or   llaws   about    the    holes    lor   the    tumbler 

pivot  and  screws. 

4th.   That   the  springs   are   well    bent    and   of  good    proportions;    that    the    li\eil 

branches  fit  close  to  the  lock  plate,  and  that  the  movable  branches  swing  clear 
of  it  without  having  too  much  play. 

5th.    That   the  slils  n|    the  screw    heads   are  no     delcctiw 

Gill.   That  the  arlior  and  pivot  of  I  In*  tumbler  lit  accurately  in  their  holes. 

7th.  Thai  the  hook  of  the  tumbler  does  not  fall  belOW  the  edge  of  the  lock 
plate   when   ilie  cock   is  down. 

Bth.  That  the  DOlchel  of  the  tumbler  arc  sound  and  smooth,  and  thai  the 
tumbler  Ills  ami  turns  well. 

9lh.  Thai  the  hammer  tit  -  well  on  ihe  Square  of  the  tumbler,  and  that  it  does 
not  rest  on  the  lock  plate  when  screwed  up   tight,  and   that   it    has   ihe   proper  set 

in  relation  to  the  cone. 

10th.  That  all  the  parts  work  well  together 


INSPECTION. 


173 


Maris.  The  place  and  year  of  fabrication  are  marked  on  the  face  of  the  lock 
plate,  in  rear  of  the  hammer ;  at  the  national  armories  an  tagle  and  the  letter- 
C.  S.  A.  are  stamped  on  the  lock  plate:  at  private  armories,  the  letters  C.  S.  A.. 
with  the  name  of  the  contractor. 

Mountings. 

The  forms  and  dimensions  are  verified  with  the  appropriate  gauges  and  pat- 
terns. The  rod  springs  should  not  be  so  stiff  as  to  endanger  splitting  the  stock. 
The  trigger  should  be  well  fitted  to  the  guard  plate,  with  as  little  lateral  play  as 
[a  consistent  with  its  free  movement.  The  form,  size,  and  threads  of  the  screws 
should  be  carefully  examined.  The  letters  C.  S.  A.  are  marked  on  the  tang  of 
the  butt  plate. 

Ramrods. 

The  temper  of  the  rod  [a  tested  by  springing  it  in  four  directions,  with  the 
point  resting  on  the  floor.  The  musket  ramrod  should  bend  6  inches  from  a 
right  line  joining  the  ends;  the  rod  should  spring  back  perfectly  Btraight  with- 
out selling.  Us  soundness  and  freedom  from  flaws  ami  CI  -  -'re  ascer- 
tained by  the  sound  it  sues  when  suspended  by  one  end  and  gentry  struck  with 
a  piece  of  metal,  and  by  passing  it  over  the  edge  of  a  block  of  wood,  or  the 
Closed  jaWS  of  ■  '  vice,  pressing  down  the  ends  at  the  same  time  and  turning  the 
rod  BO  as  to  present  every  Bide  SUOOesaiwIy  tO  inspection.      Rifle  and    pistol  rods 

are  subjected  to  the  last  tests  only.  The  diameter  of  the  rod  and  the  tap  of  the 
screw  lor  the  wiper  are  verified  with  the  proper  gauges.  The  length  is  also 
verified. 

Mar&t.     The  rods  approved  are  marked  with  a  small  stamp  near  the  head. 


B  ■ 

The  f  »rm  an.l   d  I  "he-  bayonet  are  verified  with  the   proper  | 

Ibe  temper  is  tried  by  springing  the  bayonet  attached  to  the  barrel,  the  point 
rotting  on  the  floor.     In  case  of  doubt,  the  temper  of  the  bayonet   is  definitely 
I  in  the  following  manner 

Tu(,  t  oak  plank  on  a  work  bench,  L6|  inches 

a|);,,.  s*as  a  bi  dge  and   ana  aotu 

,i ihei  -       ■  I  <■  fo»  hold  '  the 

,,];,,, k  :   the  bay  OB  a    barrel  10  the    bull  o|    whirl,    I-    I..-I.H.  ,1   I    I 

ball  weighing   •  tof  tbt    blade  in  | 

,„,.  fa  i  and  ■"«'|y  '•"  ''"•  '" 

of  9  lbs.,  which  !"  «"'*  situation  the  blade  is  also 


171  (  HAP.  \  III.  —  8M  Ml.    1RV8. 

examined  lo  detect  flaws  and  otom  cracks.     It  should  not  remain  bent  after  this 

ln;il. 

The  inspector  then  aeisea  the  blade  near  the  pofnl  and  strike-  1 1  i ■ 
■manly  on  the  work  bench,  i<>  ascertain  ibal  the  welding  ia  sound. 

1 1  the  proof  sboa  ■  no  defecta,  ha  verifies  the  dimenaiona  and  bore  of  tha 
ami  ilie  m  cnrai  y  ol  the  channels.     He  examines  the  dimenaiona  oi  the  clasp,  to 
ibal  ii  lit-  well  id  the  shoulder;  that  ii  turns  evenly,  without  binding  in  any 

part:   that  [be   Mop   is  well    placed    ami    liriuly  SOtj   that    the   clasp   screw    and    .t- 

thread  in  the  stud  of  the  clasp  are  u  ell  cut ;  that  the  ell  ow  ha-  the  proper  form 
and  dimensions. 

Bayonets  are  marked  en  the  lace  oi  ihe  blade,  near  the  neck,  with 
the  letters  C.  8.  .1  .  ihi  se  approved  are  marked  on  the  neck  with  the  inspe 
stamp,  ll  la  Ibal  cannot  be  remedied  are  marked  with  tha 

stamp  of  condemnation. 


Stocks. 

The  examination  of  the  stock  will  be  directed: 

1st.  To  the  quality  ol  the  wood;  that  il  has  good,  straight  grain,  is    u  . 
Mined,  and  free  from  sap  ami  worm  holes. 

The  degree  ol  seasoning  is  indicated  by  the  smell  of  the  wood  at  a  fresh  cut 
place — by  the  appearance  ol  the  lock  and  barrel,  etc.,  when  removed  from  the 

slock;   they  will   lie  rusted    by    unseasoned   wood — by   rolling  a   thin   shaving 
IWeen  the  lingers,  n  w  ill  crumble  U  the  WOOd  he  well  seasoned,  otherwise  ll  will 

_  Ii  and  will  bend. 
1  The  medium  Weight  Of  a  wcll-sen-i  med    musket  Stock  I-   2  lbs.  :    a   slock    I 
Of  •- I  walnut  will  not  weigh  Aw  than  1   lb.   l.'i  OX. 

2d.  To  the  workmanship :  thai  it  is  free  from  splits,  especially  about  the  barrel 

groove  and  beading  :    that  ll  has  not    been  split    and   filled    up  ;   thai   the   fin  I 

nml  beds  are  oi  the  proper  forms  ami  dimensions;  1 1 j ; 1 1  ihe  roundings  lor  ihe 

bands    arc    smooth    ami    accurate;   that    tin'    handle    and   COmb  are  Ol    the   proper 

size  ami  lorm :  that  i he  stock   ha-  the  proper  A;// or  crook,  and  is  of  the  right 

length  ;   that  the    holes  are  well  drilled,  ami  that  those  lor  the  «         I    BCreWS  have 

i  breads. 

In  examining  the  bed  of  the  lock,  sec  : 
ISL   Thai  all  the  edges  are  sharp  and  smooth. 

2d.   That  (lie  bed-  ol  the  scar  screw  and  sear  spring  screw  are  not  bored  down 
to  tin-  trigger  Or  lo  the  breech  screw. 

'!d.   Th.it  the  beds  "I   the  mam  Spring  and    main  spring  screw  do  not    pciictialc 

to  the  bai  i 

•llh.    That  the  hole  for  the  tan-  Oi    the    sear  is    as    small    as    po-siblc,  so  that    the 
senr  shall  not  be  wood- bound. 


[N8PKCTI0N. 


5th.  That  the  wires  fit  well  in  their  holes. 

Mark*.     The  stocks  inspected  are   market]  on  the  left  side  with  the  stamp  of 
approval  (the  initials  of  the  inspector's  name),  or  of  condemnation,  as  the  ease 

may   be. 


Appendages. 

Ball  screws  and  wipers  are  examined  by  screwing  them  on  a  piece  ol  ramrod 
furnished  with  a  handle,  to  verily  the  accuracy  ol  the  screw  thread  ;  the  temper 
of  the  branches  is  tested  by  pressing  the  points  on  a  piece  of  hard  wood,  in 
which  proof  they  should  spring  back  to  their  proper  form. 

Screw  drivers,  by  inserting  the  blades  in  a  vice,  or  in  a  slit  made  for  the  pur- 
pose, and  twisting  them  with  the  hand.  Test  the  Strength  and  size  of  eone 
wrench,  by  putting  it  on  a  square  socket  and  wrenching  it  by  hand. 

Other  implements  are  examined  by  applying  the  appropriate  patterns,  etc., 
and  their  soundness  may  be  further  tested  by  Striking  them  a  smart  blow  with  a 
hammer. 


Finished  arms. 

Finished  arms  offered  for  inspection  must  be  taken  entirely  to  pieces,  and 
each  part  must  be  examined  as  above  directed;  it  the  parts  have  been  previously 
inspected,  see  that  they  have  suffered  no  subsequent  injury.  This  being  done, 
the  arms  will  be  put  together  and  examined  in  their  complete  state.  Some  of 
the  arms  in  every  lot  should  be  put  together  by  the  inspector  himself. 

The  inspector  will  examine  the  finished  arms  on  every  side,  to  see  that  the 
parts  are  well  fitted  together — he  will  verify  the  principal  dimensions  and  forma 
by  means  of  the  appropriate  gauges  and  patterns. 

liarnl     The  diameter  ol  the  bore  must  be  verified  with  the  standard  and 
gauges.      The  barrel  should  enter  the  'lie  stock  to  the  depth  of  half  it* 

diameter,  ami  should  bear  well  in  the  whole  length  ol  the  groove,  particularly  at 
the  breech     Ti  •  urate  in  its  dimensions,  position  and  d 

and  a  wire  should  be  passed  Into  the  vent  through  the  •  that  it  is 

Iree        The  e  Should    be  examined  |     It  is  SOUnd.       The    shoulder-  of 

the  .  w  should    lit    close    to    the    end  of  the  barrel,  and    it  DIUSl    be  Ine 

from  cracks  or  Saws  about  the  tang  screw  hole:  the  I  should  be  pef> 

pendiculai  t"  the  lang.     The  bon  can  and  bi 

Ramrtifl    The  temper  and  the  «  rew  ot  the  ramrod  are  tried  as  before  d 
by  dropping  it   mto  the  barrel,  which  will  test  soundness  ami  length;  the 

fitlin|  .     and    reluming   the   rod   s marl ly 


I?'»  c  ii  if,  \  in  — >m  \i.i.    \km- 

several  ll  that  it  boldt  well  and  does  not  >i n-k  loo  light  :  the  mu>- 

ketoon,  pfstol  and  carbine  ramrods  should  bold  more  firmly  tban  that  of  the 
musket-  the  ramrod  must  bear  on  the  rod  nop,  and  in  thai  pt •- ■  u« >n  its  bead 
ihoald  not  project  beyond  tin-  end  of  the  barrel:  u  should  fill  the  groove  well; 
the  open  pari  of  the  groove  should  he  m  the  centre  of  the  stock,  !!,••  covered 
pan  in  the  middle  of  the.  thickness  of  the  stock  between  the  outside  and  the  bot- 
tom "i  the  barrel  groove,  and  the  rod  should  not  Interfere  with  the  front  side 

screw  . 

Bayonet.    The  socket  of  the  bayonet  should  be  a  little  below  the  mnule  of  the 

barrel  at  the  upper  end,  and  should  elear  the  upper  band  about  0.05  in.  Work 
the  clasp  to  see  that  the  ramrod  does  not  interfere  with  it.  thai  it  bears  well  on 
the  shoulders,  that  the  clasp  SCreW  holds  well,  that  the  stop  is  firmly  fixed,  mid 
that  the  clasp  moves  evenly  without  binding;  the  blade  Of  the  bayonet  should 
set  outward  a  little  toward  Ihe  point.  To  try  the  Strength  and  temper  ol  the 
bayonet  when  fixed:  spring  it  smartly  in  four  directions,  toward  the  back  and 
face,  ami  each  edge,  resting  the  point  on  the  floor,  and  grasping  the  butt  of  the 
slock  with  the  right  hand  ami  the  middle  of  the  barrel  with  the  left.     Examine 

the  lilting  of  the  bayonet  to  the  barrel,  and  see  that  the  inside  of  the  Socket  i» 
clean  and  free  from  rust,  and  that  the  bayonet  stud  is  well  brazed  and  ol  the 
right  dimensions. 

Luc/,.  Examine  carefully  the  action  of  the  lock  :  snap  the  hammer  on  the  OOne, 
to  see  that  it  lits  well.  Let  the  hammer  down  several  times,  to  judge  of  the 
working  of  the  lock. 

See  also:    1st.   That  the  interior  parts  are  not  wood-bound. 

2d.   That  the  hammer  Stands  oil'  (0.02  in.)  from  the  lock  plate. 

3d.   That  it  does  not  go  oil"  at  half  cock,  w  hen  the  trigger  is  pulled  hard. 

4th.  That  it  goes  neither  too  hard  m>r  100  easily  when  cocked. 

5th.  That  it  does  not  slop  at  half  cock. 

8lb.  That  the  trigger  is  steady  at  cock  and  half  cock,  and  lice  when  the  ham- 
mer is  down. 

7lh.  That  the  fall  of  the  hammer  i-  not  stopped  by  the  heel  of  the  tumbler, 
before   it  I 'lie-  the  cone. 

Sth.  That  the  hammer  has  sufficient  sweep;  and  that  it  falls  evenly  without  a 
jerk. 

Examine  the  soundness  of  the  hammer  at  the  tumbler  hole. 

In  examining  a  finished  lock  by  itself,  ol, serve  the  rules  laid  down  abovej  See 
that  the  lock  plate  fits  accurately  in  ils  bed  and  that  the  wood  around  it  is  full 
and  sound. 


INSPECTION    OK    BALL'S    ARMS.  177 

Mountings.  The  front  part  of  the  trigger  at  half  conk  should  he  nearly  per- 
pendicular to  the  surface  of  I  he  guard  plate;  the  slit  for  the  t  rigger  should  he  of 
the  exnet  width,  so  that  the  trigger  shall  have  no  lateral  motion. 

It  is  important  that  the  guard  plate  should  hear  firmly  on  the  wood  In  every 
part:  as  otherwise,  by  driving  the  tang  screw  too  hard,  the  trigger  might  he 
brought  too  close  to  the  sear,  and  the  action  of  the   lock-   be  thus  interfered  with. 

The  butt  plate  should  he  well  fitted,  in  the  centre  of  the  stock. 

The  hands  should  lit  smoolhly  at  the  shoulders  and  closely  to  the  stock  and 
barrel,  but  lot  BO  tight  as  to  require  a  great  effort  to  remove  them.  The  band 
springs  should  not  he  too  deeply  set  ;  they  should  spring  hack  freely  when 
pressed  down  ;  the  holes  for  the  wires  should  not  interfere  with  the  barrel  or 
ramrod   grooves. 

All  the  mountings  should  St  smoothly  to  the  stock.  The  stock  should  have 
the  proper  fall  or  crook,  which  is  ascertained  by  applying  the  pattern  and  by 
trying  the  piece  in  the  position  of  aiming. 

By  sighting  along  the  barrel  it  will  be  seen  whether  it  is  well  stocked,  whether 
the  upper  hand  is  well  placed  and  the  sight  central,  and  the  bayonet  well  set. 

See  also  below  :    Inspection  of  arms  in  setiiri. 


SPECIAL    INSTRUCTIONS    FOB    THE    INSPECTION    OF    HALL'S 
CARBINES. 

The  foregoing  rules  for  inspection  of  arms   are   to  he   observed   here  as  far  as 
they  are  applicable  :    such  as  those  relating  to  the  quality  of  materials  and  work- 
manship;  the  proving  of  barrels  and  ramrods;  gauging  the  parts  and  a- 
•  they  are  sound;  thai  their  tonus  ami  dimensions  agree  in  all  <■ 

With   tl  -tandard    models,  and    that    they    are    not    inferior    in    finish    to 

•  ■  models. 

The  following  instructions  apply  exclusively  In  arm-  ..I    Mall's  patent  : 

These  arms  should  be  fabricated  in  such  a  manner  that   the  component  parts 
of  all  the  arms  oi  Hie  same  kind  -hull  interchange,  or  tit  equally  well  t 
In  order  to  test  the  accuracy  ol  the  work  In  t  examine  ami  gauge  the 

various  component  par'  -  .  to  any  number  ol  arm-  offered  far  inspection, 

and  cau-e  the  arms  to  he    put    together    by    taking    the    p. .Ms    pmUMSCUOUsly    from 

the  whole  number  exa icd.    Take.  then,  s  certain  proportion  of  the 

my  in  111  every  hundred  of  the  Bral   100  arm-,  ait.  r  that  about  1Q  in  400), 
and  interchange  the  component  parts  of  each  of  thi  I  10,  as  foil 

Bd     apply  each  receiver  to  one  and  lain  that   lb 

12 


178  i  ii  \r.    \  ill. M  \u.    ARMS. 

between  lla  musile  and  the  breech  of  the  barrel  i>  a  little  open  (from  0  004  in. 
to  0.009  in.  .  to  .i-  i"  admit  of  one  thickness  ol  common  writing  paper  wiihoul 
jamming  it.  and  two  thicknesses  ol  the  same  jamming  and  holdiug  them  tight. 
Also,  ascertain  thai  it*  catch  fns  well  to  the  catch  plate  below,  and  that  when 
the  receiver  is  pressed  hard  down,  the  space  between  the  catch  m <t <-h  and  the 
catch  plate  ia  not  les>  than  0.006  in.  m>r  more  than  0.016  in. — that  tin-  receiver 
admits  dI  a  little  motion,  or  has  between  it  ami  the  chock  on  each  side  of  it  a 
play  of  not  less  than  0.004  in.  m>r  more  than  0.006  in. 

Ascertain 'thai  the  opening  on  each  side  between  the  receivers  and  the  sup- 
porters, in  rear  of  the  clunk-.  is  not  less  than  (Mills  in.  nor  more  than  0.016  in. 

Thai  tin-  opening  between  tin-  rear  end  ol  the  receiver  and  the  butt  piece, and 
between  tin-  front  part  of  tin-  shoulders  |  before  the  chocks  I  ami  tin-  supporters, 
m  than  0.016  in.  nor  more  thin  0.03  in.  That  tin-  receiver  opens  ami 
sbuta  with  ease,  ami  that  the  trigger  «  Inch  i-  attached  t"  n  passes  through  the 
guard  Freely  and  clear  of  the  end  of  the  mortise  in  the  guard,  both  in  front  ami 
rear,  and  that  when  the  piece  i-  cocked  and  the  receiver  shut,  the  tri--er  Stands 

J  ol'  an  inch  from  the  guard  behind. 
3d.     Apply  one  catch  plate  to  all  the  Blocks;  put  in  a  receiver  and  ascertain 

that  it  lit-  the  catch;  also,  apply  all  the  catch  plates  to  One  and  the  same  stock 
and  receiver,  ascertaining  that  each  one  id-. 

lth.  Apply  all  the  eatche-  to  each  receiver  and  ascertain  that  the  catch  BtS  on 

the  plate  below;  that  the  opening  between  the  hook  of  the  catch  and  the  catch 
plate  i-  correct  as  before  staled. 

."ith.    Apply  all   the   chocks   to   one    and    the   same    arm    ami    ascertain    that   the 

opening  or  joint  formed  between  the  receiver  ami  the  barrel  is  within  the  limits 
before  prescribed.  Apply  one  ami  the  same  pair  ofohocks  to  each  arm.  ami 
ascertain  that  the  opening  in  the  joint  between  the  receft  er  and  the  liarrel  i-  the 

same  as  before. 

•  ith.  Apply  all  the  liutt  piece-  to  "lie  and  the  same  arm.  ascertaining  that  each 
one  lils  alike  and  corresponds  well  with  the  end-  of  the  supporters,  with  the 
wood  of  the  stock,  and  with  the  screw  holes  through  the  -lock  and  the  siip- 
porters— then  apply  One  and  the  Same  butt  piece  to  all  the  arm-,  and  ascertain 
1  he  same  points  as  before. 

7lli.  Apply  all  the  butt  plates  to  one  and  the  same  stock,  but  without  turning 
in  the  screws,  except  in  a  lew  ol'  the  plates,  Otherwise  the  hold  ol'  the  screw  in 
the  wood  will  be  injured  ;  but  ascertain  that  the  holes  in  the  plate  correspond 
with  those  in  the  stock-  al  the  same  time  that  its  outer  edges  correspond  with 
tin-  out -lib?  of  t  lie  stock — tin- u  apply  one  and  the  same  butt  plate  to  all  I  he  Stocks 

ami  aacertain  that  it  fits  alike  to  each,  turning  iii  the  screws  in  this  latter  case. 
8th.  Apply  all  the  guards  i"  one  ami  the  -ami'  stock,  ascertaining  that  each 

fits  the  wood  well  around  its  edges  and  at  the  holes- then  apply  one  and  the 
same  jjuard  to  each  of  the  slock-,  ascertaining  that  it  lit-  a-  before. 

0th.   Apply  each  set  of  baud-  to  one  and  the  same  slock    and   barrel,  ascertain- 


INSPECTION  —  GENERAL    DIRECTIONS.  •  171) 

ing  that  they  go  moderately  tight  only-  and  so  nearly  alike  as  to  make  good  and 
close  work — then  apply  one  and  the  same  »e1  of  bands  to  all  the  arms,  and  ascer- 
tain the  same  point-*  with  each,  and  that  the  bands  lit  well  to  the  stocks  and 
barrels  and  to  the  band  springs. 

10th.  Apply  all  the  barrels,  with  one  and  tin-  Bame  set  of  bands,  to  one  and 
the  same  stock,  putting  the  bands  fully  to  their  places  t<>  ascertain  thai  they  go 
neither  too  light  nor  too  loose,  which  will  be  the  case  when  they  admit  of  being 
shoved  by  the  hand  to  within  a  quarter  of  an  inch  of  their  respective  places; 
ascertain  that  the  supporters  fit  the  stocks  and  the  butt  pieces — then  apply  one 
and  the  same  barrel,  with  the  same  set  of  bands,  to  each  of  the  stocks,  observ- 
ing the  same  particulars. 

11th.  Ascertain  that  the  supporters  are  securely  fastened  to  the  barrels  with 
tWO  screws  in  each,  and  with  good  solder  over  the  whoie  extent  of  the  supporter 
where  it  comes  in  contact  with  the  barrel — to  determine  this  point,  put  a  little 
oil  above  the  junction  of  the  supporter  and  the  barrel,  then  grasp  1  ml  h  supporters 
with  one  hand,  holding  the  barrel  with  the  other,  and  spring  them  inwards  seve- 
ral times;  if  the  soldering  is  not  sound,  the  oil  will  be  seen  to  issue  from 
between  the  supporters  and  the  barrel. 

I'-'lh.  Test  the  guides,  ascertaining  that  they  slide  equally  easy  in  their  re- 
spective dovetails  in  all  the  barrels,  first  applying  all  the  guides  to  one  barrel 
and  then  one  of  them  to  all  the  barrels. 

13th.  Examine  the  receiver,  and  the  various  parts  attached  to  it,  by  applying 
in  the  first  place  all  the  hammers  to  one  and  the  same  receiver,  ascertaining  that 
each  one  falls  fairly  down  on  the  cone  j  then  apply  one  and  (he  same  hammer 
to  all  the  receivers;  and  thus  proceed  to  test  the  accuracy  ol  all  the  different 
parts  "I  the  lock  attached  to  the  receiver,  applying  all  of  the  different  compo- 
nent parts  to  one  and  the  same  receiver,  and  one  of  each  of  the  component  parts 
to  all  the  receivers. 


GENERAL    DIRECTIONS. 

The  inspector  is   not   restricted  t"  the  particular  examinations   shove  men- 
tioned ;  he  will  make  any  other  examinations  which  be  may  deem  necei 

n  the  quality  Of  any  part  of  the  arms,  and   their  i  onformity  l"  the  stund- 

ard    models;   il   he   dif  any   attempts   on  the    part   of  the 

workmen  lo  cov<  serious  defects,  be  will  subject  the  arms  to  the 

ibosI  -•    ■  iiny.  m  order  I"  detect  such  defei  t«. 

In  the  ibtract  arms,  the  inspector  will  judge  of  the  quality  of 

Is  and  workmanship   by  the    rubs  U  h  llie  na- 

bat  is.  he  will   r.  iuld    be 


180  (H\l>.     \  111.  —  SMALL     AIOIS. 

eondemned  »i  the  national  armories,  and  Im  will   r.  would  l>« 

approved  !'i  tin-  national  armories;  without  exacting;,  in  any  oase,  more  rigid 
noaditions  than  are  enforced  at  thoaa  establishments. 

Tin-  ordnance  officer  charged  with  the  Inspection  oi  anna,  or  the  ma-ter 
attnorer  at  a  national  armory,  will  eanae  iii  leaat  mi'  in  tirrnty  of  null  lot  of 
Hrm-  paaaed  by  ■  sob-iaepector  i"  be  taken  to  pieces  In  his  pretence,  and  be 
will  examine  them  strictly,  agreeably  t<>  the  foregoing  directions,  before  affixing 
hi-  stamp  "f  approval  an  tin-  finished  anna,  =  *  1 1  oi  which  must  be  examined  l>y 
linn. 

Maxks:  Li  a  geaeral  rule,  every  part  coademaed  on  inspection  will  ba 
indelibly  marked  with  the  letter  C,  and  every  principal  part  :> ppr- >\  <-il  will  be 
marked  with  the  initials  of  the  iaspector's  name.  Care  must  be  taken  Hint  the 
marl;--  of  approval  are  ma  stamped  so  ■  1  *-«- 1 »  a-  to  he  injurious. 

Finished  arms  approved  on  Inspection  will  he  marked  on  the  left  Cue  of  ihe 
•took  With  the  initials  of  the  name  of  the  principal  inspector,  and  the  year  of 
inspection. 


B&OWNED   arms. 
The  barrels  of  rilles  and  carbines   are  browned    at   the   armories   before    being 

received  for  the  service  ;  the  toots,  ramrod*,  band  spring*,  trigger*,  receiver*  ami 

.\ciiirs    are    not    browned.      The    parts    "I    these    arms    should    he    thoroughly    in- 
spected before  browning,  and  the  finished  arm  alter  being  browned. 


Instructions  for  Browning  Arms. 

Material*  for   Browning    Mixture. 

1  A  OX.  spirit-  oi    wine. 
]  A  o/.  tincture  of  steel. 

|  ii/.  corrosive  sublimate. 
1A  oz.  sweet  -pint-  m|    nitre. 
1     oz.  blue  vitriol. 
2  oz.  nitric  acid. 
To  be  mixed  and   dissolved  in  1  quart  of  soft  water— the    mixture    to   be    kept 
in  gfatt  bottles  and  not  in  earthen  jugs. 


BROWNING    ARMS.  181 

Previous  to  commencing;  the  operation  of  browning,  it  is  necessary  that  the 
lmrrel  or  other  part  should  be  made  quite  bright  with  emery  or  a  fine  smooth  file 
(but  not  burnished),  after  which  it  must  be  carefully  cleaned  from  all  greasineao; 
n  small  quantity  of  pounded  lime  nil. lied  well  over  every  part  of  the  barrel  is 
the  best  lor  this  purpose.  Plugs  of  wood  are  then  to  be  put  into  the  muzzle  of 
the  barrel  ami  into  the  vent,  and   the    mixture    applied  to  every  part  with  a  clean 

»l tee  or  rag.    The  barrel  i-  then  to  be  exposed  to  the  air  for  twenty-four  hours; 

alter  which  time  it  is  10  be  Well  rubbed  over  with  a  steel  scratch  carrier  scratch 
brush,  until  i  he  not  is  enlirely  removed:  i  lie  mixture  may  then  be  applied  again, 
as  before,  and  in  a  few  hours  the  barrel  will  be  sufficiently  corroded  for  the 
operation  of  scratch  brushing  to  be  repeated.  The  same  process  ol  scratching 
oil' the  r  11  -t  and  applying  the  mixture  is  to  be  repeated  twice  or  three  limes  a 
day  for  four  or  live  days,  by  which  time  the  barrel  will  be  of  a  very  dark  brown 
color. 

When  the  barrel  is  sufficiently  brown  and  the  rust  has  been  carefully  removed 
from  every  part,  about  a  quart  of  boiling  water  should  be  poured  over  every  part 
v(  the  barrel,  in  order  that  the  action  of  the  acid  mixture  upon  the  barrel  may  be 
destroyed  and  the  rust  thereby  prevented  from  rising  again. 

The  barrel,  when  cold,  should  afterwards  be  rubbed  over  with  linseed  oil  or 
sperm  OiL  II  is  particularly  directed  that  the  steel  scratch  card  or  scratch  brush 
be  used  in  the  place  of  a  hard  hair  brush,  otherwise  the  browning  will  not  be 
durable,  nor  have  a  good  appearance. 

The  browning  mixture  is  applied  to  other  parts  of  arms  in  the  same  manner 
as  to  the  barrels. 

About  6  quart*  of  browning  mixture  are  required  for  1.000  barrels. 

To  remove  eld  browning :  Plug  the  vent  and  the  muzzle  of  the  barrels;  im- 
merse the  browned  parts  lor  one  hour  in  boiling  lime  water  or  lye,  to  remove  the 
varnish  or  grease  j  wipe  them  and  put  them  in  vinegar,  In  a  wooden  trough,  for 
half  an  hour  or  an  hour,  when  the  browning  may  be  rubbed  off  with  a  rag. 


PACK  IN'.    Sid  \i.i.    \i;ms. 

Boa  for  20  Percussion  Muskets. — Plate  1<». 

The  b"X  is  made  of  v.  •  •    I    pme   boards  1   in.  thick  ;   the  s,,les  and  bot- 

toms   lap    over   the  end-.      I  ccujir?   yuc-  in.  wide,  1.125   in.  thick;   the 

width  ol  the  corner  piece  la  placed  against  the  end  .  ■  rebel  i<  out  la 

each    |.  ■  ends  ,,|    .,  !„,.ird    I  o  j„.  wide  and  .126  in.  thick,  which 

forma  the  loner  lining  of  the  implement  pocket.    1  ntd  tmingM,  between  the 
corner  , 

for  the  in.;  I  bey  are  fastened  to  the  ends,  each 

with  IWO  nails. 


182  CHAP.    \m. — SHALL    akm-. 

Interior  ,!'< metuitmt  of  the  box  -.  Length,  between  the  end  linings,  59.23  in.; 
width,  15.75  in.  ;  «l«-|>t li.  13.25  In. 

The  end*  are  fattened  with  nin«j  8d  nails  In  two  rows,  in  each  corner  piece. 
Hdt  is  fastened  with  Bve  I2d  nails  in  each  end,  three  KM  nails,  and  one 2 
in  screw  No.  1 1  (above  the  nails)  in  «-.i«  li  corner  piece.  The  bottom  i>  fastened 
i,.  each  end  and  lining,  with  twelve  lOd  oails,  and  to  each  side  with  ten  lOd 
nails  and  iwo  '-'  in.  screws  The  t"i>  is  fastened  with  two  3  In.  screws  to  eaoh 
end.  and  four  to  each  side.  Two  holes  arc  bored  In  each  end,  6  in.  apart  ami  s 
m.  irom  the  bottom,  to  receive  rope  betkets,  ..r>  in.  thick  and  Is  in.  long,  which  are 
inserted  and  fastened  by  a  knot  countersunk  in  the  end,  before  the  linings  are 
nai  led  op. 

Two  grooves,  I  in.  wide  and  .25  In.  deep,  are  cut  in  each  side  of  the  box,  close 
to  the  corner  pieces,  to  receive  the  packing  > t n li". 

I  bayonet  damps  1  In.  thick;  two  ot  them  are  1  in.  deep;  the  others,  15 in. 
They  have  each  ten  notch*  a  on  the  under  side  to  receive  the  blades  of  the  bayo- 
nets, and  tliey  are  fastened  to  the  bottom  of  the  box,  each  with  2  p-crev  -.  The 
small  clampi  are  placed  •';.!  in.  apart,  in  the  clear;  the  large  ones,  5.5  in.  apart. 

1  wwxti*  c/  iin/>",  I   in.  thick  and  'i. '-'•">  In.  wide  ;   each   clamp    lias  .">  holes   for  the 

muzzles  of  the  barrels  and  5  for  the  heads  of  the  ramrods.    They  are  placed  in 

the  grooves;  the  lower  clamps  fastened  to  tl nda  of  the  box  at  the  bottom, 

each  with  iwo  nails  ;  the  others  sliding  in  the  grooves. 

1  butt  damps,  '-2  in.  thick.  2.25  in.  wide.    They  Lave  rabets  1   in.  thick  at  the 

ends,  to  slide  in  the  grooves,  and  each    clamp   has   ,ri   sloping    notches  1   in.  deep, 

1.5  in.  wide  at  top,  and  2  in.  at  bottom,  to  receive  the  Imtis  of  the  muskets. 

2  middle  chimp*.  1.125  In.  thick,  2  in.  wide,  with  rabots  to  tit  the  grooves — they 

are  laid  in   Hat. 

2  toy  damps,  '■!  in.  thick.  3.125  wide,  with  rabets  1  In.  thick  at  each  end,  to  slide 
in  the  grooves,    The  cover  presses  on  them  and  keep-,  ihe  muskets  tight. 


To  purh  (i  box  of  Muskets. 

Unfix  the  bayonets  and  let  down  the  hammers. 

The  small  bayonet  clamps  being  fastened  down,  place  the  points  of  the  bay- 
onets in  their  notches,  the  bayonets  lying  on  the  edge  of  the  blade  :  then  put  in 

the  large  clamps  and  screw  them  down. 

Place  the  lower  tier  of  ten  muskets  :   the   muzzles  ami  ramrods  in  the  hole-  in 
the    lower   end   clamps,  the  hulls  rcstiiif.'   on    the   opposite   ehiinp;    put  tWO  lower 

butt  clamps  in  the  grooves  over  the  butts  of  the  lower  tier  of  muskets, and  over 

them   the   tWO    middle   clamps.      Place   the  Upper   muzzle   clamps  in  the  gl 

ipseii  the  upper  tier  of  muskets  like  the  lower;  put  in  the  upper  butt  clamps 

and  the  t'  ip  el. imps. 

Pol  the  implements  In  the  pockets  provided  lor  them,  and  screw  on  the  cover. 


PACKING    ARMS.  18tt 

Packing  Box  for  20  Rifles. 

Rides  arc  packed  in  the  same  manner  as  muskets,  the  box  being  made  like  the 
musket  box  except  in  its  dimensions,  ami  omitting  the  bayonet  elampt. 

Ulterior  dimensions  of  rifle  boa  :  Length  between  the  end  linings  50  in.;  width 
10.75  in.:  depth  12.5  in. 

Packing  Box  for  50  Pistols.— Plate  16. 

The  form  and  dimensions  of  the  box  are  represented  in  the  plate. 

The  muzzles  and  the  heads  of  the  rods  are  inserted  In  holes  countersunk  in 
the  side  ol  the  box,  the  handle  of  the  stock  being  confined  by  4  elampt,  which 
slide  in  grooves  made  in  the  ends  of  the  box. 

The  implements  are  placed  in  a  small  compartment  provided  for  them,  at  tin- 
top  of  the  box. 

Interior  dimensions  of  pistol  box  :   Length  42.25  in.  ;  width  14.5  in. ;  depth  12  in. 

Weights  of  Boxes  of  Arms  packed. 

20  muskets,  percussion 290  lbs. 

20  muskets,  flint 3i>0  lbs. 

20  rifles,  percussion 275  lbs. 

50  pistols,  percussion 190  lbs. 

Packing  Ann*  with  Straw. 

Tn  the  field,  or  under  other  circumstances,  when  the  proper  arm  chests  are  not 
on  hand,  it  may  sometimes  be  necessary  to  pack  arms  in  this  manner. 

The  interior  dimensions  of  a  box  for  20  muskets  may  be  the  same  as  for  the 
regular  packing  box. 

The    straw  should   be   long,  perfectly  drv,  and  free  from  dust;   rye  utrmr  is  the 
h<n/  should  not  be  used  :   about  25  His.  of  straw  are  required  to  a  box. 

To  prepart  tl<<  musket  for  packing:  oil  it;  let  down  the  hammer,  pass  the 
bayonet  up  to  the  socket  into  the  tfiiard  bow,  on  the  right  side,  in  front  of  the 
r.  Make  a  rope  of  about  40  straws,  slightly  twisted,  and  40  in.  long; 
wrap  it  about  the  musket,  commencing  on  top  of  the  hammer,  going  round  the 
bayonet  below,  again  over  the  hammer  and  round  the  piece  in  front  of  the 
guard,  then  over  the  socket  of  the  bayonet  near  the  neck,  and  wrapping  the  rest 
around  the  handle  of  the  slock'. 

Lay  a  bed  Ol  straw  2  in.  thick  in  the  bottom  of  the  box;  in  the  middle  and 
at  6  in.  from  the  ends,  place  three  cushion!  of  straw  0  in.  thick  and  12  In. 
wide.     Put  in  ■  tier  of  10  muskets  ci  each  other,  the  butts  resting  alter- 

nately against  the  end-  of  the  box.  the  guards  uppermost,  and  the  hammers  I  • 
log  on  the  cushions.     Put  small  trusses  ol  straw  under  the  upper  and  middle 
bands,  by  raisiug  the  musl  •  •  nd  and  then  pressing  them  down  betv 

then      P           etween  the  butts,  wads  "f  straw  s  in.  long,  made  of  ■  hand- 
ful of  straw-  fold*  d  In  three  j  . ■<  ver  th<-  guards  an. I  guard  bows  with  tl "d-  of 

the  straw  thai  ;  a  'till  about  12  in.  long.     Put  la 


184 


CHAP.    \  ill  — -M  M.I.    \i;i|s 


toother  u<-r  of  10  muskets  in  1 1* «-  same  manner,  making  the  cushion*  I  in.  thick. 
Pack  the  implement!  in  straw  in  the  racanl  spaces.     Fill  the  i>ox  with  mt.i 
that  the  oorer  shall  require  strong  pressure  to  keep  it  down.     Put  two  hoops 
round  the  l">\.  ai  ] &  in.  from  the  ends. 

Other  :inn>.  swords,  etc,  arc  packed  In  .i  similar  manner. 

Arms  should  not  be  wrapped  in  paper,  unleaa  it  be  oiled,  as  it  attracts  moist- 
are  more  readily  than  straw  does. 

l'KKSKKYATION     or     AltMS     IN     BTORE. 

Arrangement  and  Manner  of  Storing  Arms. 

Arms  are  kept  at  the  srsenala  either  in  the  boxes  m  which  they  are  rei 

Ir.nn  the  armories,  or  in  racks. 

s  "i  eai  li  kind  are  kepi  separate  and  they  are  arranged  according  to  the 
model,  the  place  and  year  of  fabrication,  and  the  time  when  they  were  last 
cleaned. 

New  arms  are  kepi  distinct  from  those  which  have  been  repaired. 

Each  parrel  should  have  a  label  indicating' the  kind,  number,  model,  date  of 

their  receipt  in  More,  and  of  their  being  last  cleaned. 

The  manner  of  keeping  arms  at  the  arsenals  is  determined  by  the  chief  of  the 
Ordnance  Department,  according  to  t  he  peculiar  circumstances  of  each  case,  and 

racks   are   constructed  for  them  only  in    pursuance  of  special    authority  from  the 

<  Irdnance  office  ;  without  such  authority  they  are  kept  in  boxes.  The  form  and 
arrangement  if  the  racks  vary  With  those  of  the  room  in  which  they  are  placed. 
so  as  to  use  the  space  to  the  l>«'>t  advantage,  and  ^i\e  light  and  air  to  every  part 
of  the  room.  The  usnil  arrangement  of  racks  ior  muskets  is  to  establish  two 
rows  of  double  racks,  two  tiers  high,  perpendicular  to  the  length  of  the  room, 

leaving  alleys  around  the  room  next  to  the  w  ilK,  and  in  the  centre,  if  necessary. 

The  bayonets  are  passed  through  the  middle  band  swivel,  the  socket  covering 
the  top  oi  the  ramrod.  Other  rad.s  ,,i  -,  similar  kind  may  be  made  for  rifltt, 
ewrbin$$,  etc  Pistol*  are  suspended  by  the  guard  bows,  on  books  driven  into 
the  bees  ol  the  musket  racks,  or  into  the  joists,  or  into  strips  attached  to  the 
walls  of  the  building. 

When  there   are  neither  lacks  n,ir  boxes    prepared,  the  arms  are  stored  in  dry 

rooms,  arranged  iu  rows  apart  from  the  walls,  standing  on  their  muzzles  and 
supported  by  frames  to  prevent  them  from  pressing  loo  much  on  each  other. 
The  bayonets  should  be  unfixed  and  passed  through  the  swivel.    They  should  lie 

covered   with  tarpaulins  or  cloths,  it    necessary,  to  protect  them  Irom  dust. 

Arms  o|  peculiar  kinds  and  arms  |o  lie  repaired,  are  kept  separate  (roill 
as   ,i|s,,  ai    lis   unserviceable   or   BO  I  le:nneil   |o   l,e   l.rokcil    II  p. 

Limbs  and  spare  p. ills  intended  lor  repairs  ol  arms  si  ouhl  be  kepi  in  More  '■> 
themselves,    in    a    dry  place,  classed    according    1"   the    kind  ol    arms    and   to   the 

model  ami  year  of  ialiric.it ion.  ami  labeled  accordingly. 


PRESETTV  \  lluN    of    Aims.  185 

ifiuket  and  r',jh  barrel  $  and  Other  long  barrels,  standing  Oil  their  muzzles;  the 
piles  covered  from  the  dusl  with  tarpaulins  supported  so  as  not  to  touch  the 
barrels.  Pittol  barrel*,  bayonet*,  Bnd  other  small  parts,  in  drawers  or  boxes, 
properly  labeled.  Stock*,  in  square  piles,  in  the  attic  or  upper  story  of  the 
building. 

Care  of  Arms  in  Store. 

Arms  when  received  al  an  arsenal  should  be  unpacked  and  carefully  exam* 
ined,  to  detect  any  damage  Buffered  in  transportation;  they  should  he  cleaned 
and  oiled,  if  they  require  it.  Those  arms  which  are  not  to  be  placed  in  racks 
should  he  returned  to  the  boxes,  hud  in  loosely  bul  safely,  and  the  cover  slightly 
fastened  down,  so  that  they  can  be  readily  examined. 

All  arms  in  store  should  he  frequently  examined,  to  see  that  they  do  not 
become  rusty.  Those  which  are  found  to  be  rusted  should  be  immediately 
cleaned  and  a<iain  oiled.  Browned  arms,  if  affected  with  specks  of  rust,  should 
he  rubbed  hard  with  linseed  oil,  and  if  the  appearance  of  the  browning  indicates 
that  the  acid  i>  not  neutralized,  care  should  be  taken  to  examine  the  arms  again 
within  a  short  lime,  as  it  may  be  found  necessary  to  remove  and  renew  the 
browning;  but  this  operation  should  not  be  performed  without  special  authority 
from  the  chief  of  the  Ordnance  Department,  on  the  report  of  a  duly  authorized 
inspector. 

Arms  which  are  to  be  repaired  should  be  oiled  and  taken  care  of  in  the  same 
manner  as  serviceable  arm-.  Irreparable  arms,  the  parts  of  which  can  be  used 
for  repairs,  should  be  oiled.  Similar  remarks  apply  to  spare  parts  for  repairs  of 
arm>. 

.  oil  should  be  used  for  greasing  arm*. 

Empty  boxes  from  which  the  arms  m  racks  are  taken  should  be  kept  with  all 
the  parts  belonging  to  them  in  the  attics  or  other  dry  situations. 

The  store  houses  for  arms  should  be  aired  in  clear  dry  weather. 

Issuing  Anns. 

Tlii'  Ordnance  Regulations  prescribe  the  manner  of  issuing  arms  to  the  troops, 

under  the  various  circumstaurea  oi  service,  and  to  the  Slates, for  an g  the 

militia. 

All  arms  issued  from  an  arsenal  should  be  carefully  examined  before  delivery, 
cleaned  and  put  in  good  order  j  if  intended  lor  transportation,  they  should  be 
ojh-d.  it  in  c<  v  packed. 

PRE8ERV  \  I  l"N    "f     LRM8    in    SERVICE, 

The   i  ■:■'  Itruoted  and 

practised    fa    the    nomencl  a    arms,  the   manner   of  dismounting   and 

mountius  iheui.  and  |]  ■  r  their  pre- 


186  <    II  M".    I  HI        — M  MI       \MMB. 

Each  -  uld  have  a  screw-driver  and  n  wiper,  and  each  squad  Df  LO,  .1 
..I  ;i  tamdler  punch,  and  a  spring  vice.  No  other  implements  ahould  be 
1 1 - « -  I  in  taking  arma  span  or  in  telling  the p. 

In  the  inspection  of  arms,  officer*  ahould  attend  lo  the  qualities  essential  to 
aervlce,  rather  than  lo  a  bright  poliah  on  the  exterior  of  the  arms.  I'be  anna 
should  he  inspected  in  the  quarters  al  leas!  once  1  month,  with  the  barrel  and 
lock  separated  from  the  slock. 


Taking  Arms  to  pit  ■ 

T11  tain  apart  <h.   altered  percustion  mueket,  pattern  0/  1822. —  1.  Tin-  bayonet  — 

2.  The  ramrod— 3.  The  side  acsrewa— 4.  The  side  plate— 5.  The  lock— 8.  The 
upper  band — 7.  The  upper  band  spring — 8.  The  middle  band  9.  The  middle 
band  spring— 10.  The  trigger  wire — 11.  The  trigger— 12.  The  tang  screw— 13. 
The  lower  band— 14.  The  lower  band  spring— IS.  The  barrel-  -16,  The  guard 
screwa— 47.  The  guard— 18.  The  butl  plate  screws— 19.  The  bull  plate. 

In  the  musket  of  Lhe  model  of  1840,  and  in  the  new  percussion  musket,  the 
trigger  screw  and  trigger  are  taken  off  after  ibe  guard,  then  the  pin  Tor  ibe  ram- 
rod spring,  and  the  ramrod  springs. 

(hili,  in  which  the  lock  U  taken  opart.— Cock  the  piece  and  pul  ihe  spring  vice. 
or  clnmp  on  the  main  spring.     1.  The  main  .-prin^r  screw — 2.  The  main  spring — 

3.  The  sear  spring  screw  (before  turning  this  screw  entirely  out,  strike  the  elbow 
of  the  spring  with  the  screw-driver,  so  as  to  disengage  the  pivot  irom  its  mor- 
tise 1.  The  sear  spring — 5.  The  -ear  screw  6  The  sear  -7.  The  bridle 
screw — 8.  The  bridle— 9.  The  tumbler  screw — 10.  The  tumbler  (il  is  driven  out 
with  the  punch  inserted  in  the  Borew  hole)— 11.  The  ha u-r. 

'flu  look  mi'l  (lii  mueket  art  />»'  together  In  (In  inver$t  order  0/  taking  them  apart 

The  tumbler  screw  Mas  a  larger  he. id  than  any  other  lock  screw.  The  other 
lour  lock  .-crew-  ure  distinguished  by  iheir  lengths,  which  are  in  the  following 
order,  beginning  with  the  shortest,  via :  1.  Mam  spring  screw  9  Bear  spring 
screw—  .'(.  Bridle   screw     I.  Sear  screw.    The  two  side  screws  are  of  nearl] 

equal  length;  the  point  of  the  rear  < ia  flat,  thai  of  the  from  one  rounded. 

There  are  two  sizes  for  the  threads  of  these  screws  |  Ihe  first  Tor  the  side  screws, 
the  second  for  all  the  others. 

Before  replacing  the  screw,  pul  a  small  drop  of  sperm  oil  in  the  screw  hole  or 
on  the  poinl  of  the  screw ;  pul  a  drop  of  oil  als,>  on  the  arbor  and  pivol  of  the 
tumbler;  between  the  movable  branches  ol  the  springs  and  the  lock  plale;  on 
the  hook  and  notches  of  the  tumbler,  after  the  lock  is  put  together.  Take  oare 
that  the  screws  are  not  turned  in  too  bard,  SO  as  to  make  the  limits  bind;  to 
insure  this,  try  the  motion  of  each  limb  he  Co  re  and  after  its  spring  is  mounted, 
ami  see  ibal  il  moves  freely  without  friction. 

The   soldier  should   never  lake  the  lock   apart,  take  off  the  gUltrd,  or  lal 1 


CARE    OF    ARMS    IN    SKRVICE.  187 

the  cone,  except  when  a  non-commissioned  officer  considers  ii  necessary.    The 

Band  and  rod  springs,  and  the  l>titt  plate  should  not  he  taken  oil"  unless  it  is  Im- 
possible i"  clean  them  in  place.  The  breech  screw  should  be  taken  out  only  by 
an  armorer,  and  nrrrr  ill  ordinary  cleaning;  the  same  remark  applies  to  the 
bnyonet  clasp  of  the  new  musket,  winch  should  be  frequently  oiled. 


Cleaning  and  care  of  Arms. 

For  the  iron  and  strrl  parts,  when  much  rusted,  use  fine  emery,  sifted  and 
moistened  with  oil  ;  when  slightly  rusted,  use  rotten  stone  or  brick  dust,  sifted 
very  line,  moistened  likewise  with  oil.  For  the  brat*  parte,  use  rotten  stone  or 
fine  brick  dust,  moistened  with  vinegar  or  water:  these  parts  should  not  be 
Used.  Make  use  of  a  hard  brush,  or  a  piece  of  soft  wood,  such  as  white  pine  or 
cedar.  Remove  the  dirt  from  the  screw  holes  by  screwing  a  piece  of  soft  wood 
into  them.  Wipe  the  parts  clean  with  a  linen  rag,  (leaving  a  little  oil  on  the 
inner  parts  of  the  lock  i.  but  never  burnieh  them. 

To  clean  the  exterior  of  the  barrel,  lay  it  flat  on  a  bench  or  table  or  p 
board,  in  order  to  avoid  bending  it.  The  practice  of  cleaning  a  bright  barrel  by 
supporting  it  at  the  IWO  ends  and  rubbing  it  with  a  strap  or  bull'  slick,  or  with 
the  ramrod  to  burnish  it  is  highly  pernicious,  and  should  be  Strictly  prohibited. 
Alter  firing,  the  barrel  should  be  always  washed;  when  the  water  comes  olT 
clear,  wipe  the  barrel  dry,  and  then  pass  into  it  a  rag  moistened  with  oil. 

Tn  take  off  thi  barrel:  after  removing  the  bands  and  the  tan::  gerew,  hold  the 
I  and  barrel  lightly  with  the  left  hand,  about  0  inches  from  the  breech,  the 
barrel  down,  with  the  muzzle  about  an  inch  from  the  ground;  strike  with  the 
right  hand  on  the  handle  of  the  stock  until  the  barrel  is  disengaged  from  its 
groove,  supporting  the  barrel  with  the  left  hand  until  it  can  be  seized  by  the 
right  hand  and  separated  from  the  stock. 

To  change  thi  ■  otu .  when  it  is  broken  or  worn  out  afier  removing  the  old  cone, 
enter   the    new   one   carefully  with  the  fins:'  nsjng  the  wrench,  in  order 

id  bruising  the  thread  in  the  barrel. 

cry  important  to  use  no  other  implements  than  tl  mentioned, 

By  using  nails  to  drive  out  the  wire^.  t heir  holes  are  enlarged.    The  main  spring 
should  ne  •  the  purpose  of  eilbei 

•  ssticity  ot 

The  notch ei   of  the  tumbler.  lh<  the  mainspring,  and,  in  treneral  all 

the  joint*  of  tie  pienily  oiled,  tiler   lirst  wiping  off  the  hard 

■    ami  the  dust. 

nl  arm*  iire  <l..ined   by  rubbine   them    hard  with   an  l  A\\   the 

oil  iv  well  Incorporated  with  the  browning,  or  by  rubbing  them  with  beeswax  on 
a  rag  or  cork. 


188 


CH  \1'       VIII. SMALL     ARMS. 


( tore  of   Wall's   Carbines. 

The  peculiar  construction  of  these  arma  renders  it  necessary  to 
tain  precautious  in  the  use  of  I  hem,  besides  ih  >se  which  are  required  generally 
for  the  preservation  of  Brnall  arm*. 

Tii  tain  i/ir  arm  apart.    Turn  out  the  fronl  side  screw  and  remove  the  n 
then   turn   out   the  oilier  Mile  screw,  loosen   l be  bands  and  lake  off  the  barrel. 
The  order  in   which  the  other  mountings  are  detached  from  the  slot  k  is  nol 
important . 

To  take  the  back  apart.  Detach  the  limb-  in  the  following  order:  I,  the  >™r 
spring  screw;  '-'.  the  scar  screw;  3,  the  sear;  I,  the  sear  Bpring;  5,  the  main 
spring  Bcrew  (after  compressing  the  main  spring  with  the  spring  vice,  and  de- 
taching  it  from  the  link);  i'<  the  main  Bpring;  7.  the  hammer  screw;  s.  the 
hammer  :  '.'.  (be  link  Bcrew  ;  10,  the  link. 

T<>  /nit  tin  arm  together.  The  mountings  are  attached  to  the  stock  before  the 
han-el  is  put  in,  observing  that  the  butt  piece  screw  should  not  be  luroed  in  hard 
until  the  barrel  is  in  place. 

To  put  the  lock  together.  Place  the  sear  spring  and  turn  its  screw  loosely  in  ; 
put  iii  the  main  s j > r i 1 1 ^  and  its  screw,  and  then  the  hammer  ;  hook  the  link  to 
the  main  spring  with  the  aid  of  the  spring  vice  j  put  in  the  sear  and  its  -crew. 
and  t  lie  n  turn  in  the  -ear  -crew  and  sear  Bpring  screw  light.  The  t  uml.ler  SCI  '-u 
and   the    sear    screw    should    be   turned   in    very  tight;   the   other   screws  are  left 

rather  loi  ise. 

The  greatest  attention  must  be  paid  to  the  cJior/.s,  by  which  the  recoil  of  the 
receiver  is  cheeked,  and  the  opening  between  it  and  the  barrel  regulated.  This 
opening  should  be  such  as  io  admit  one  thickness  of  common  writing  paper  and 
to  bind  two  thicknesses;  if  the  opening  becomes  from  any  cause  loo  great,  il 

may  be  diminished  by  inserting  a  thin  slip  of  metal  in  the  notch  of  the  SUppOrter( 
behind  one  chock  or  both  as  may  be  required. 

Tin-  shoulders  of  the  receiver  must  always  bear  firmly  against  both  chocks; 
the  piece  should  never  be  fired  without  the  choolu  being  in  place,  as  in  that  case  the 
opening  between  the  receiver  and  the  barrel  becomes  much  loo  great,  b  part  of 
the  charge  is  perhaps  lost,  the  effect  of  the  remainder  much  lessened,  and  the 

Stock  almost  inevitably  destroyed    by  the   blast,  and  by  the  iiadue   strain  which  it 

sutlers  from  the  recoil  of  the  receiver. 

II'  by  frequent  firing  the  receiver  becomes  foul  so  as  to  clo.-e  with  difficulty, 

Or   not  Io  admit  the   ball  readily,  its  ea-y  action    may  be    restored    by  slightly  wet- 
tin-  it  and  wiping  the  bore  with  the  finger,  and  the  muzzle  with  the   palm  of  the 

hand. 


INSPECTION    OF    ARMS    IN    SERVICE.  •  189 


INSPECTION  OF  ARMS   IN   SERVICE,   OB    WHICH    HAVE   BEEN   IN 
BERVICE. 

Implements.  Standard  and  limit  gauges  for  ihe  bore,  limit  gauges  for  the  ex- 
terior of  the  barrel,  anil  a  screw  plat«  with  tups  lor  the  holes  of  the  lock  plate. 

The  following  are  the  principal  points  to  be  attenilcil  to  in  the  inspection  of 
arms  : 


1st.    Tin   arms  being  taken  to  pieces  and  clean* 'I. 

Barrel.  Drftfts  fur  which  the  barrel  mint  he  condemned  an  unfit  f<<r  service. 
The  large  gauge  entering  the  whole  length  of  the  barrel.  The  small  or  standard 
gauge  not  entering,  unless  the  diminution  of  the  bore  is  caused  by  the  barrel 
being  indented  or  bent,  defects  which  may  be  remedied.  A  diminution  of  the 
exterior  diameter  at  the  breech  or  ai  the  muzzle,  so  as  to  enter  the  small  receiv- 
ing gauges:  this  diminution  is  0.1  inch  at  the  breech;  0.03  inch  at  the  muzzle 
for  arms  with  bayonets,  and  0.4G  inch  lor  arms  without  bayonets.  A  diminution 
Of  more  than  0.25  in  the  length  of  a  pistol  barrel,  or  O.D  inch  in  the  lengths  of 
other  barrels.  Splits,  cross  cracks,  and  other  serious  defects,  caused  either  by 
bad  workmanship  or  by  use. 

Examine  the  barrel  carefully  to  see  if  it  has  any  of  the  above  defects,  and  if 
so,  mark  them  with  a  file,  when  not  very  apparent — see  if  the  bayonet  stud  its 
broken  or  too  much  worn  — il  the  cone  seal  is  perlecl,  and  its  thread  In  good  order, 
and  the  vent  unobstructed.  If  the  breech  screw  is  not  tight  after  entering  .r>  or  6 
threads,  or  if  it  can  be  screwed  down  by  hand  without  the  use  of  a  wrench — if 
the  threads  are  not  sharp  and  sound  —  if  the  plug  does  not  fill  up  the  whole  box 
of  the  female  screw  —  if  the  tang  is  broken  or  cracked  at  the  screw  hole — or  if, 
when  the  breech  screw  i-  in,  the  tang  is  not  even  with  the  upper  surface  of  the 
barrel,  a  new  breech  screw  is  required. 

Conk.  Examine  the  chamfered  end  ol  lie  cone  to  see  that  it  is  not  broken  or 
bruised  :  examine  also  the  thread  and  the  vent. 

Bayonet.     A  bay i   Is  considered   unserviceable  ii  the   blade  is  I   inch  too 

s|,nri_M.e  jf  ii   j«  Miiind  and  perlecl  in  all  its  pails,  and  il    it  III-  the  barrel  — 

ii  the  '  lasp  i-  in  good  order  ami  turns 

i  branches  ol  the  «;""'?'    ;  ,'"-  |c"'k  p'«te,  if 

the  movable  branches  are  clear  oi  ii.  and  ii  any  oi  the  parti  are  w    ■•!  bound. 

Have  the  springs  ami  the  bridle  o|   the  tumbler  renewed  w  hen  their  pi\ 
broken.     'I  here  should  be  an  equal  »|  •  • 

the  luillbief  and  the  hammer. 

II  iheMorr  rubs  on  the  plate,  have  n  adjusted.  The  friction  of  the  (araaMsr  may 
be  paused  by  the  bridle  l ■•  •  '.  i"  whlol  bridle.     Il 


MM)  (HAP.     VIII. SMALL     ASMS* 

I  be  hammer  rubs  on  one  tide  only,  have  it  adjusted;  If  ii  ml>>  everywhere,  ilie 
arbor  * •  r  the  tumbler  docs  not  project  sufficiently,  and  the  tumbler  should  bo 
renewed.  If  the  notekuof  tit  tumbler  are  broken,  <r  the  edgea  too  blunt,  have 
tbem  dreasi  d  .  If  the  hook  of  the  tumbler  project!  beyond  the  edge  of  the  lock 
|)Ihu-  w  hen  the  hammer  la  let  down,  ibe  tumbler  should  !><■  renewed.  The  nrl»or 
and  tin-  pivot  of  the  tumbler  should  lit  well  in  their  holes.  Examine  the  war 
closely,  and  have  ii  renewed  when  the  nose  la  loo  thin  or  la  worn  on  the  side 
next  the  lock  plate,  although  it  may  be  perfect  on  the  exterior.  It  the  hammer 
l  steady,  the  tumbler  should  be  renewed.  Try  the  action  of  the  hammer, 
to  see  that  it  explodes  the  cap  w  ith  certainty. 

Renew  the  lock plate when  the  bolea  are  loo  much  worn  to  bed     --• 
Renew  every  limb  that  ia  broken  or  cracked,  the  screws  which  are  too  muoh 
worn,  or  of  which  the  sterna  are  bent,  or  the  slita  too  much  enlargi 

Mountings.    See  if  the  parts  are  complete  and  sound. 

[f  the  tang  eerew  does  not  fit  light  in  the  screw  hole  of  the  auard  plate,  renew 
whichever  pan  la  defective. 

Kamhoii.    See  ii  il  is  sound  and  lias  a  good  thread,  and  ia  of  the  proper  length, 
otherwise  replace  it. 

Stock.     Examine  carefully  the  bed  of  the  lock,  and  the  holes  for  the  band 
aprings.     Presa  the  thumb  against  the  facing*,  lo  see  it'  ihey  are  spin  at  the  I 
for  the  side  screws,  and   renew  the  stock  if  it  ia  split  there  or  at  any  other  i  art, 
to  an  i it i urioua  extent. 


2nd.   The  'inns  cotnplet< . 

Are  inspected  according  lo  the  rules  before  laid  down  for  the  inspection  of 
finished  aims:  i\\ic  allowance  being  made  for  the  necessary  wear  in  sertice. 


REPAIRS  OF  ARMS  AT  ARSENALS. 

When  arms  winch  have  heen  in  the  bands  of  the  lumps  ;,,.■  turned  into  store 
at  au  arsenal,  they  should  be  inspected  by  a  master  armorer,  under  the  super- 
vision "I  an  officer,  and  classed  as  follows  : 

1  si.  >'.  ii  U  ml,!,  arms. 

2d.   A   me  r»  quiring  repair*. 

3  l    /    eparal  It  arm*. 

aoutrtna  r«pat>«  are  classified  according  to  their  kinda  and  models,  and 
to  the  extent  of  the  repairs  required.  Each  arm  should  be  marked  with  a  num- 
ber, and  the  requiaite  repairs  should  be  noted  on  ihe  register  of  inspection,  to 
guide  the  workmen  and  to  govern  the  issue  of  spare  parts  required  lor  repairs. 

Repair*  prohibited.    The  following   repairs  hem-  always  imperfect,  ihe  parts 


REPAIR    OF    ALMS.  .  191 

requiring  them  should  be  replaced:  cutting  off  a  barrel — brazing  a  patch  on  a 
barrel — 1  >r;t z i ntr  i  tang  on  the  breech  screw— brazing  a  bolster  on  a  loch  plate — 
reaming  ont  the  bole  for  the  arbor  of  the  tumbler — brazing  a  piece  for  a  tumbler 
hole  or  a  shoulder  on  tin*  hammer — hammering  in  the  edge  of  the  hole  to  make 
it  tit  tiijlit  on  the  square  of  the  tumbler — putting  a  pivot  to  a  tumbler — twisting 
the  square  of  the  tumbler  to  Increase  the  sweep  of  the  hammer — straightening 
the  arl>or — brazing  a  ramrod — splicing  a  stock. 

The  spare  parts  furnished  from  the  armories  are  in  general  filed  "ikI  , 
,■1  hardening  and  tempering.    The  screws  are  finished  and  hardened. 

The  }>.i rt >  of  Hall's  arms  are  supplied  in  a  finished  slate. 

Fitting  nete  pxtrtt.  To  adjuet  a  neu  lock,  the  Hat  of  the  barrel  should  not  be 
filed,  hut  the  holsters  of  the  lock  plate  should  he  ground. 

The  barrel  should  not  be  touched  with  a  tile,  except  in  dressing  the  fiat  on  the 
side  ol  the  lock,  when  it  has  been  injured  by  ru-t.  /in  replacing  the  bayonet  etud, 
avoid  cutting  loo  deep  into  the  barrel  and  producing  a  projection  inside  :  try  the 
small  gauge  in  the  barrel  after  the  operation.  In  fitting  «  new  bayonet,  dress  out 
the  groove  of  the  socket  and  ream  out  the  socket  if  necessary. 

Ti>  replact  a  lockplatt  :  1  Be  the  old  plate  as  a  gauge  for  filing  and  piercing  the 
new  one,  in  order  that  it  may  til  well  in  the  stock,  etc.  In  fitting  </  hammer,  dress 
out  the  tumbler  hole  to  make  it  fit  I  tie  tumbler;  set  the  hammer  parallel  to  the 
plate.  Let  it  down  on  ihe  cone  and  correct  the  set  of  the  hammer  if  necessary. 
In  adjusting  «  tumbler,  dress  the  square  or  the  notches  only,  and  never  diminish 
ihe  thickness.  Tn  fitting  ••  tear,  adjust  the  dimensions  and  curve  of  the  nose 
according  to  the  set  of  the  tumbler  and  hammer.  To  drett  «  tumbler  or  << 
the  limb  should  be  il r - 1  softened  if  necessary,  and  after  being  fitted,  it  should  be 
hardened  and  tempered  blue.     In  cutting  tht  tumbler  inn!  tea  til  iliem  so 

that  ihey  cannot  be  driven  in  loo  far.  In  fitting  a  guard  plate,  tidt  plate,  "/•  l"iti 
plate,  i i  file  away  the  edges  so  that  they  shall  not  lit  the  ' 

Braee  niijIiiK  and  bayonet  Hud*  only,  and  no  other  pieces  ;  ihe  solder  is  composed 
Of  tv-o  parts  of  brass  and  one  of  zinc,  without  any  tin. 


Irreparable  Arms. 

Arms  arc  considered  when  both   the  barrel   and   •  unfit  for 

service  ;  or  when  tb<-  arms  n  i  naive  repairs  and  ih<-  part-  can  be 

made  useful  for  repaii  1  nt  >  i  an  be  broki  n  up  only  by  special 

authority,  and  they  should  th<  ed,  in  ord< 

milled  to  an  inspi 

When  am  -  D   up,  the  pari-  arc  eta 1  • 

-  hould  be  turned  iot< 


192 


i    II  \V       Mil.     -  ->1  \l  I.      \KMS. 


Number  and  I.  '  morers'  Tooh  required  for  any  numl 

'..in a.  from  1  to  12,  at  ■'  for  rep 


Kimiir.it  or  « 


i .8. 


i. .ii. 


liiu-k.  I-.  1  ill.  -  mi   . 

drill, 
r.i. i.  • .  baud, 
liuti —  i . 

.  .  n 1 1 ••  V  (i.r  do. 

•  !i  .lui  I 

ba)  ..ml  b..i  hij: 

side  r.  1.  w 

guard  d...... 

ball  -.  i.  «  do.... 

Brushes,  bud 

Brushes,  band  beocfa  I 

.  -.  |..iii  - 

Onii .  punch 

-   cold 



i,  bottoming  oi  fool 

( ..iii|..i.--.  i,  I'.ui  - 

I  Mi.k-.  pain 

Uhunpa,  >- 1 •  i  ihk  Em  do. 

-.  foi  band*  do  ... 

Clamps,  i.. i  .-»  Ii  elf  do.... 

Drill-bow   

Drills,  assorted 

I  In  

Drifts,  cot  k 

Iiimi.  re,  -|"  '"K 

i  .ii  j.  I    •iii  i 



I  

I  

-...  I. •  i  I  

Uriudvrs,  assorted 

(;.ui;_.  i,  luck  i>.i  do. 

i.  .ii..  .  win  

spring 

II. in 1 1,  I-  ii.  b  

Knives,  draw  <u^  i  .-:• 


I.. 


i.  i  do 


Mali. II  lli>.  IWlTI  I 

Mandrils,  bsnd|  seta  of. 

Nippers,  |  hi  In 

iMi.  1 1,  pairs 

planes,  assort  d,  •tockc-r'i 

l;.  .mi.  ii-.  I.. i  do 

Ijdng  

tfliug  

Killers 



!-.i«  -.  buck 

tile  

drill  

Btt-p'Jnch  

bnrrrl— musket,  rifle  mid  pistol 

Bcrew-di  ivei  - 

Bcreu  platan.. 

Squares,  Ii  on 


10 


REPAIRS    OF    ARMS. 


I  93 


Number  and  kind  of  Armorers' 

Tools— 

Continued. 

m  MRF.R  OF  WORKMEN. 

i 

: 
i 

s» 
i 

l 
l 

4 
1 

1 

■1 

7 
1 
6 
1 

9 
1 
•J 
•J 

4 

1 
1 

a 

: 
i 
6 
6 
8 
1 
3 

a 

4 
1 
1 

4 

7 
l 

8 
8 

'.< 

l 

4 
4 

4 
1 

1 

6 

7 

1 

12 

13 

'.' 
1 
5 
5 

4 

1 
1 

0 

7 
1 

13 
12 
9 

1 
8 
6 

4 
1 
1 

7 

7 
2 
13 
13 

" 

i 

7 

4 
1 
3 

s 

7 
•J 

13 
13 

B 

1 
- 

»■ 

4 
1 

9 

3 
18 
18 

B 

1 
9 
9 

4 

1 
2 

10 

7 
3 
18 

1- 

1 

in 
10 

4 

1 
3 

11 

7 
2 
18 

is 
'< 
1 
11 
11 

4 

1 
3 

12 

Tonl.s. 

7 

2 

■  -— musket,  i  Lfle  and  pistoL. 

WH —                                (In. 

Taps  breeching —                    do. 

18 

18 

9 

1 

13 
11 

Wrenches,   breech   Bad   top    mnaket,  rifle 

4 

1 

3 

Spare  •parts  requiredfor  therepairof  1,000  Percussion  Muskets,  for 
one  year,  in  the  field. 


Pa  hts. 


Barrels   

Breech 

rews 



Bayonets 

«pi 

Clasp  screw  i 

Lock 

Lock  plate* 

Hammers 

Tumblers  

Tumi   ■ 

Bridles    

]?n<llc  - 







ri  ogi 



lands 

band  springs 
Middle  bandi 


2 

20 

75 

75 

KM 

LOO 

2 

73 

75 
l  25 

23 
1 23 

10 

L2S 

30 


Parts. 


2 

133 

I  25 
1 25 


Middle  band  swivels 

Middle  baud  springe 30 

Lower  bands 

Lower  band  springs 30 

Side  plates     

Guard  plates 10 

Guard  bows in 

i  runrd  bow  nuts 50 

Guard  bow  swivels 73 

■  rs 

er  screws 

i  pins 

Guard  plate  si  rew  I 

Bull  plates i 

Butt  |  - 

ids 100 



Kamrod  spring  pins 

lu 












S  = 
- 

75 
30 
30 
30 

10 
10' 

25 
25 


I. 'I 


CHAP.     VIII.  —  SMAI.I.     IRM8. 


Spare  parts   required   for  the  repair  of  1,000   Percussion   Rifles, 
.1/,/-  /'   '  >ls,  during  oru  year,  <n  the  field. 


V  WITS. 


Barrel* 

Guides 
Si 


ighu 


Breech  screwi 
Tang  screws^ 

I ' •- 

L- "'K -  

Lock  plates  •  • 
Hammer*. . .  • 

T biers 

Tu  mliler  scret 

Bridles 

Bridle  Ncrewa 
Sear* 


Sear  screws 

Sear  spring* 

Sear  -priii;;  screws 

Mhi n  springs 

Main  spring  screws fc. . . . 

Side  screws 

Upper  linnil  with  swivels 

Upper  I)iiik1  swivels  and  rivets 

Upper  bund  springs 

Low  er  bands ■ 

Lower  band  springs 

Swivel  bars 

Swivel  bar  rings 

Swivel  liar  mils 

Side  plates 

Guard  plates 

Guard  bows 

Guard  bow  nuts 

Guard   bow  swivel-  and    rivets. 

Triggers   

Tn^L"  r  screws 

Guard  plaie  screws 

Bull   plates 

Butt  plate  screws 

Box  plates,  will)  eat.  lie 

liox   plate  serews 

Bi  \  plate  springs 

Box  plate  spring  screws 

1!  am  rods 

B  irarod  heads 

Ramrod  springs  and  pin- 


25 

20 

ino 

20 
50 

20 
50 
50 

no 

50 
50 

100 
10 
50 
30 
in 
20 


10 
10 
20 
in 
50 
lb 
It) 
50 


Cavalry 
Musketoon. 


10 


50 


20 

100 

20 
50 
20 
50 
50 
50 
50 
50 

too 

10 

30 

in 

20 

m 
20 
in 
10 
20 
hi 

10 

in 
50 


20 

20 

5 

10 

10 

10 

50 

25 

25 

10 

10 

10 

I'lMol. 


10 
50 


20 
20 
50 
15 
25 
15 
25 
25 
25 

25 

50 


Hi 


in 


10 

■Jii 


25 

ID 
25 


REPAIRS    OF    ARMS. 


I  <).') 


Spare  parts  of  Arms — Continued. 


Parts. 


Ramrod  stops 

I  side    t >;i r -  .  . 

r,  i-i        screws. . . . 

Ramrod  swivel . .  ■  . 

cross   head 

(  rivet  burr;. 

Stocks  

Screw  drivers 

Wipers 

Ball  screws 

Spring  vices 

Liu  I  lot  moulds 


Rifle. 


30 
50 
50 

10 

10 
10 


Cavalry 
Musketoon. 


100 
DO 
50 

100 

30 

50 
50 

10 

10 


Pistol. 


60 

'.if, 
25 


20 
25 
25 


in 


Sparc  parts  require!  for  the  repair  of  1,000  Halt's  Carbines 
(jpercussiori)  for  one  j/ear,  in  the  field. 


Parts. 


Barrels  and  supporters  complete. 

Chocks 

Chock    screws 

Receivers 

i  tones 

Hammer* 

Tumbler  screws 

Sears 

Bear  screws 

springs 

spri ng  screws 

Links 

Link  screws 

Main  springs 

Main  spring  s<  rews 

<  latches 

'  latch  screws 

( latch  springs 

i  spring  screws 

SMtir  screws 

Hint  pieces 

Bull  pi'  ee  screws 


No. 


2 
50 
100 

2 

50 
50 
50 
20 
•j.', 
50 
50 
50 
50 
5  J 
50 
25 

LOO 

10 


Parts. 


.\  prons  and   stops.  . 

Upper  hands 

[tarn rod  spring*. . . 
I   I'pcr  hand   springs 

Lower  bands 

Swivel    liars 

Swivel  screws 

Swivel  rings 

Guard  plates 

Guard  bows 

< >uard  bow  nuts. .  ■ 
Catch  lever  and  pin 
Guard  plate  screws 

Butt    plates 

Unit  plate  m 

It  amrodt 

Stocks 

drivers 

Wipers 

Spring  vices 

1'iiilei  moulds 


No. 


10 
10 
1" 
10 
10 
20 
•JO 
20 
10 
10 
20 
20 
50 

••> 
10 
50 
100 
25 
25 

5 
10 


196  <  HAP     I  HI    -  SMALL    ARMS. 

I       ■',.  repair  of  the  Artillery  Mmeketoon: 

The  -.mii.c  parts  :iv  for  the  Cavalry  MusketOOn,  with  the  following  exceptions  : 

<  >  ■  i  ■  1 1  :  Swivel  bare,  ringe,  and  sat*. 

A  ili I     Swivel  plate  and  studs 

Swivel  plate  screw* 

Swivel  and  rivets 50 

Lower  band  springs 

For  the  repair  of  arms  la  the  band*  of  troopa  in  garrison,  take  about  one-half 

of  the  number  of  parts   required  f>r  arms  in  the  field. 

Span  parte  required  for  repairs,  if  not  obtained  fiom  arms  that  are  broken  up, 
are  supplied   from   the   armories,  on  requisitions  made  i ■  l  the  manner  pointed  out 

by  the  regulations  of  the  Ordnance  Department. 


Durability  and  Strength  of  Musket  Barrels. 

The  Confederate  States  muskel  barrel  being  much  like  the  French  musket  btr- 
rel,  the  foil   wing  remarks  relative  to  the  latter  (extracted  from  the  Aide  .'/- 
will   apply  to   the   former.     It   is   to  he  observed  that  the  charge  of  the  French 

musket  was  formerly  1G2  grains  troy,  priming  included  (or  I  |ii  prams,  exclusive 
of  priming),  and  is  therefore  considerably  greater  than  our  present  service 
charge. 

The  regulation  fixing  the  duration  ol"  small  arms  in  the  French  service  at  50 
years,  is  founded  on  the  durability  ol'  the  barrel,  which  is  the  most  important 
part  of  those  arms.  Experience  has  shown  that  a  musket  barrel  will  bear  25,000 
dischargee  without  becoming  unserviceable,  and  even  in  time  of  war  a  muskel 
is  not  lired  more  than  500  times  a  year.  The  wear  caused  by  firing  is  therefore 
small,  and  the  principal  cauae  "I  the  rejection  of  barrels  is  the  diminution  Of 
0.09  ill  the  diameter  of  the  breech.  With  good  ma  iiaireiiienl  anil  rare,  that  dimi- 
nution   will   take    place  very  slowly,  and    it    OUght    not  generally  to  occur   in   the 

space  i  (  50  \  ears. 

It  has  also  been  ascertained,  by  direct  t rials,  that  the  Strength  of  the  barrel 
furnishes  every  requisite  security  against  the  accidents  of  service  and  the 
want  of  care  on  the  part  of  the  soldier;  and  that,  even  alter  being  reduced  in 
diameter  0.09  inch  at  the  breech,  il  is  still  perfectly  sale  against  the  effect  of  the 
charge.  In  experiments  made  in  1806,  barrels  reduced  0.13  inch  at  the  breech, 
bore  a  double  and  triple  charge  with  one  ball,  or  '_'  cartridges  placed  one  over  the 
other. 

Other  trials  were  made  in  1&20,  at  the  manufactory  of  Mutzig,  on  arms  sent 
there  for  repairs,  which  had  been  a  greater  or  less  time  in  the  hands  of  the 
troops.     They  furnished  the  following  results: 

1st.  When  a  musket  barrel  is  charged  with  a  single  cartridge,  placed  in  any 
part  of  it.  or  with  9  or  even  with  '3  cartridges,  inserted  regularly  without  any 
interval  between  them,  there  is  no  danger  of  bursting;  with  1  cartridges  inserted 


STRENGTH  OF  MUSKET  BALLS.  197 

regularly  over  cadi  other,  or  with  2  or  even  3  cartridges  placed  over  each  other 
with  slugged  halls  (or  halls  driven  in,  as  in  a  rille)  there  is  danger  only  in  case  of 
some  delect  of  fabrication,  or  sonic  deterioration  in  the  barrel— with  more  than 
1  cartridges  inserted  regularly  one  over  another,  or  with  2,  3  and  1  cartridges 
with  intervals  between  them,  it  is  not  safe  to  lire. 

2d.  No  danger  of  bursting  is  occasioned  by  leaving  a  ball  screw  in  the  barrel. 
There  maybe  danger  from  a  plugofwood  driven  light  into  the  muzzle,  when  t tie 
barrel  has  been  loaded  with  2  cartridges;  or  from  a  cork  rammed  into  the  barrel 
to  a  certain  distance  from  the  charge,  with  another  cartridge  over  it. 

Snow,  clay  and  sand,  which  maybe  accidentally  introduced  into  the  barrel 
are  not  dangerous,  if  they  lie  close  to  the  charge;  but  they  are  so  when  there  ig 
B  space  between  them  and  the  eharge;  in  this  case  sand  is  the  most  dangerous, 
then  clay  and  snow. 

Balls  or  pieces  of  iron  inserted  over  the  eharge,  were  not  attended  with  dan- 
ger when  placed  close  to  the  charge,  even  when  their  weight  amounted  to  1}  lb.; 
but  there  is  danger  from  a  piece  of  iron  0.5  inch  square,  weighing  \  lb.,  if 
placed  20  inches  or  more  from  the  breech. 

3d.  A  barrel  with  a  defect  which  might  have  escaped  the  inspector  at  the 
armory,  bore  the  explosion  ol  3  cartiidges,  regularly  inserted.  After  mutilation, 
which  may  have  caused  a  reduction  of  metal  in  some  parts,  it  may  still  be  used 
without  danger. 

Finally,  the  diminutions  of  exterior  diameter  which  maybe  produced  in  ordi- 
nary service,  are  never  sufficient  lo  be  dangerous.  In  these  trials,  barrels  origin- 
ally 0.272  inch  thick  at  the  breech,  did  not  burst  when  loaded  with  2  cartridges, 
until  the  thickness  was  reduced  to  0.109  inch,  and  with  one  cartridge  to  0.091 
inch. 


I  tfb  riiAP     \  in iim     ARMS. 


SWORDS     \XI>   SABRES. 

no.m  1:  Nil.  \  i  i  i;  B. 


Cavalrji  Sabre. — Plate  L5. 

Blade.  Shoulder,  back,  edge,  bevel,  point,  curvature,  large  groove,  small 
groove;  ta>i<?.  riveting. 

lln.i.  Surmounting  (bras*)  notch  f>>r  the  guard,  back,  rivet  cap.  hole  for  the 
tang  of  the  blade — grtjM,  wooden  body  [birch  or  maple),  leather  covering 
skin  blackened),  wires  (i>ra->),  notch  for  the  guard,  ridge*,  shoulder,  bole  lor  the 
t  a  1 1  lt  of  the  blade— Guard;   front  branch,  book;   back  branch;    middle  branch; 
plots,  mortise  for  tl><-  tang,  flange,  bead,  lip. 

Scabbard  (sheet  steel).— .Body,  back,  Irout,  sides,  boles  for  the  riveti — Month 
jufcr.  rim.   springs,   rivet    holes;  '-2  rivets— 2  Band*,   knob,  eye  for  the  rn._ 
Ring* — Tip,  front  branoh,  bach  branch. 

The  same  sabre,  with  gilt  mountings,  for  cavalry  officers. 

Sabre  for  Mounted  Artillery. — Plate  1">. 

Blade.     With  but  one  groove. 

Hilt.  Guard,  one  branch  terminating  in  a  scroll ;  the  plate  has  2  countersinks, 
one  for  the  gripe,  the  other  for  the  scabbard. 

Scabbard.   Spring  fastened  to  the  back  by  1  rivet    -no  mouth  piece. 

In  other  respects  the  nomenclature  ia  the  same  ux  that  of  the  cavalry  sabre. 

The  same  sabre,  wilb  orna menial  ^ill  mountings,  for  mounted  officers  ol  artil- 
lery an<J  infantry. 

Foot  Artillery  Sword.  —  Plate  15. 

Til. auk.  Straight,  iwo  edged,  narrower  nearer  the  hilt  than  in  the  middle  Body 
(or  blade  proper),  shoulder,  shoulder  rounding,  ridges,  point,  bevels,  edges — 
Tang,  it^  rounding  and  riveting,  three  holes  for  the  gripe  rivets. 

Hilt  (brass,  in  one  pieoe).— Cross,  knob  and  panel  ol  the  cross,  mortise  lor 
the  tang,  gripe,  fillet,  necks,  swell,  knob  with  an  eagh  on  each  sub-,  bolster  ami 
hub-  i,,r  the  tang  rivet,  grooves  and  ridges,  three  holes  and  bolsters  for  the  gripe 
1 1\  civ    .':  Rivets  i  iron). 

Scabbard  (harness  leather,  jacked,  blackened,  and  varnished). — Botfy,  edges, 
inner aud  outer  sides — Mountings  (brass  .     RmtkIh,  stud,  bead,  rap-  -Safes  (bufl 

leather!    I  .V;//.,  lor  the  ferrule    and  sales—  Tip,  bead.  Limb    -I   Nails  lor  the  tip. 


NOMENCLATURE,    DIMENSIONS,    WEIGHTS. 


I<)9 


Tnfantry  Sword.— Plate  15. 

!?i.ai>e.     (Straight,  cut  and  thrust)— Back,  edge,  groove,  level  point. 

Hilt.  Surmounting  (brass),  notch  lor  the  hook  of  the  guard,  rivet  cap, 
shoulder  for  the  ferrule,  hole  tor  the  tang;  '-'  ferrule* — Q ripe,  wooden  body,  hole 
lor  the  t a iiu — Covt  ring  (sheet  brass),  grooves  and  ridges. 

G-uaso.  m  1'iie  piece;  branch,  hook  and  its  shoulder;  plate,  flange,  bead;  knob. 

Scabbard  (leather) — Ferrult  and  hook  (brass) —  Tip  (brass),  body,  frout  branch, 
back  branch. 

Tins  Bword  is  for  the  non-commissioned  officers  ol  foot  troops;  a  similar  one, 
without  the  guard  plait  and  with  a  blade  2fi  inches  long,  lor  musicians 

The  sword  for  officers  wt  mounted  is  also  of  the  same  pattern,  with  ornamented 
gilt  mountings  and  a  silver  gripe ;  the  inner  half  of  the  guard  plate  i>  made  with 

.1    /(/<(./<  . 


Principal  dimensions  and  weights  of  Swords  and  Sabres. 


DIMENSI   »NS. 


Cavalry 
sulire. 


Artillery  Artillery  Infantry 
sabre.        sword.   '    sword. 


In. 
Whole  length  of  1 1  • « -  sword  or  sabre  in  its 

■  aril I' !.'.'■> 

Length  ol  the  blade  proper 

Length  ol   the  scabbard 37.28 

Width  of  the  blade  in  the  middle l.l 

!  sine  ol  i  he  curvature  ol  i  be  blade 

in  the  middle 1  ••') 

Versed  sine  uf  the  curvature  ol  the  blade 

in  prooi 7.5 


WEIGHTS.  Wis.    OS. 

t  of  the  sword  or  sabre,  complete.  • .  l     v 

•  ol  the  finished  Mad- I     9 

We i'b hi  ol  the  scabbard 


In. 

32. 

33. 
LOG 

6.5 


Lbs 

4 


In. 

26. 

19. 

20. 

1.1 


Lbs    os. 

3    3 

1     B 
10 


In. 

.''.v .  7:. 
32. 

0.72 


■2     5 


PROOF     \M>    INSPECTION    "I     SWORDS     kND    SABRES 

1st.  The  dimensions  and  form  of  the  bladt   are  verified  by  comparing  it  with 
the  model,  and  by  applying  the  appropriati  d  patterns,  for  the  length, 

width  and  thickm  •  ral  points,  and  the  curvature,  >l  any- 

2d.  The   blad*    is   then  proved  as   follows       Isl    The   p t   Is  confined  by  a 

staple,  and  the   blade  is  bent  on  each  "l  the   flal  iodrical    ! 

the  curvature  at  which  la  that  •  ler,  the  curvature  <<( 


'-!<•()  chap.    rill.  —  BID!    ARMS. 

tin-  purt  next  the  ling  being  reduce  I  by  inserting  ■  wedge  n.7  inch  thick  ai  the 
bead  and  1  l  inchea  long.  3d.  It  is  t>truok  twice,  on  each  of  the  flat  aide*,  on  a 
block  of  "iik  wood  the  curvature  of  which  ia  the  name  aa  the  above.  3d.  It  ia 
struck  twice  on  ili«'  edge  and  twice nn  the  back  acroaa  an  oak  block  !  foot  in 
diameter.  4th.  The  point  is  placed  on  the  floor  and  the  blade  bent  until  it 
describes  an  arc  having  the  versed  sine  Indicated  In  the  above  table.  After 
these  trials  the  blade  ia  examined  to  see  that  it  i-  free  from  Saws,  cracks,  or 
other  imperfections,  and  that  it  la  not  *<'.  thai  is  to  say,  does  not  remain  bent. 

Tin-  blade  ol  the  Artillery  tword  is  proved  t>y  ^irikin^r  «-;j<-Ii  oftbe  sidea  and 
edges  twice  on  a  flat  block  of  hard  oak  wood. 

The  stamp  ot"  approval  or  conde ition  is  placed  on  the  side  oi  the  blade. 

below  t  lie  tang*. 

.'Id.  The  form,  dimension's  and  workmanship  of  the  mounting*  are  examined 
and  compared  with  the  model.    After  the  Made  is  mounted,  the  sword  is  again 

examined,  and    it  is  slruek    I  times  on  a  hard    block  of  wood  Id  teat   the    -trenulh 

of  the  mountings.  The  quality  of  the  hrass  mountings  may  be  tested  by  break- 
ing  a  certain  number,   not    more  than    I   in  each    hundred,  win.  h  should    lie    taken 

from  the  pieces  rejected  for  erroneous  dimensions. 

•1th.  The  form,  workmanship,  and  linish  of  the  tcabbard*  are  examined  and 
compared  will)   the  model,  and  their  fitting  to  tin-   blades  te-led.     The  sowing  of 

leather  scabbards  and  the  fastening  of  the  ferrules  and  tips  will  be  particularly 

examined. 

Steel  scabbards  are  proved  by  letting  tall  on  them,  from  a  height  of  Is  inches, 
an  iron  weight  of  iwo  pounds,  l  inch  square  at  the  base  :  1st  on  one  side  just 
above  the  upper  band;  2d,  on  the  same  side.  >'<  inches  from  the  tip;  3d,  on  the 
opposite  side,  just  above  the  lower  band'.  In  tins  proof  ihe  scabbard  should  not 
remain   indented.    The  nature  ol  the  material  (whether  iron  or  uteel)  may  be 

tested,  If  there  is  any  doubt,  by  USing  nitric  acid  which  will  leave  a  Mack  -pot 
on  the  sieel  Imi  not  on  the  iron. 


PACKING    BW0BD8    ANB    SABRES. 
Packing  boxes  I'or  SWOrda  and  s;ilircs  are  made  on  the  -Mine  principles  as  (hose 

for  muskets  and  other  small  arms,  being  furnished  with  packing  boards  or  parti- 
tions   made   with   groove-    10   receive   the    scabbards    near    the    hill   and    near  the 

point ;  the  swords  are  placed  in  their  scabbards,  with  the  lull-  ami  pointa  alter- 
nately toward  each  end  of  the  liox  :  except  I  he  A  rlillery  s  word-.  I  wo  of  which 
are  placed   in  the  length  of  the  box,  their  points  rc-im^  on  a  packing  board   in 

the  middle.      Number  packed  ill  a  liox  : 

30   Cavalry  salua-.-.  f>0   Artillery  sword-. 

50  Artillery  sabres.  50  Infantry  aworda. 


ACCOl'TREM  F.NTS.  201 


ci. i:\mm;    swiiriis   and    sahues. 

The  iron  and  brass  parts  of  swords  and  Babres  are  cleaned  in  the  same  man- 
ner as  those  of  muskets.  When  the  oil  on  the  blade  of  a  sword  is  dried  up, 
it  will  leave  a  spot  which  may  be  removed  by  covering:  it  with  oil  and  rubbing 
it  smartly,  alter  a  short  time,  with  a  linen  rag.  When  a  leather  scabbard  has 
become  wet,  draw  the  blade  and  dry  the  scabbard  slowly  without  heating  it; 
wipe  the  blade  dry  and  pass  an  oiled  rag  over  it  and  the  scabbard,  before  return- 
ing the  blade.  Oil  the  blades  of  arms  in  store,  and  also  the  scabbards,  especially 
on  the  seams.  *• 


ACCOUT1!  EM  KXTS. 
Infantry  Accoutrements. 

Cartridrk  Box  (black  bridle  leather).  Length  7.2  inch;  width  1.6  inch;  depth 
in  front.  -r>.s  inch  —  inner  cover  (light  upper  leather).  4  inches  wide,  with  end  pieces 
sewed  to  ii  so  as  to  cover  the  ends  of  the  box — ./lap,  8.5  inches  wide  at  bottom, 
S  inches  al  lop,  with  a  button  hole  etrap  sewed  near  the  bottom — braet  button, 
riveted  to  the  bottom  of  the  box — implement  pocket  (light  upper  leather)  sewed 
to  the  front  of  the  box;  6  inches  long,  3. 5  inches  deep,  with  a  flap,  etrap  and 
hxip — 2  loope,  on  the  back  of  the  box,  near  the  top,  for  the  shoulder  belt  to  pass 
through.  2  roller  buckle*  (japanned  black),  for  the  belt;  sewed  to  the  bottom  of 
the  Ikix.  Two  Tins,  each  with  on*  lower  divieion,  '■'>  inches  by  3.3  inches,  open  in 
front,  to  contain  a  bundle  of  10  cartridges,  and  2  upper  division*,  2  7  inches  deep, 
one  of  2  inches  by  1.35  inch  for  6  cartridges ;  the  other  L.3S  inch  square,  for  I 
cartridges.     TIm  ihe  tin  are  turned  over  and  soldered  down,  to  prevent 

them  from  nutting  the  cartridges.  All  the  tin  linings  should  be  made  to  slide 
freely  in  th< 

Caetbiooi  l'o\  I'i.aif.  (brassj  :  oval.  3.5  inches  by  2.2  inches,  with  the  letters 
A.  stamped  on  it — 2  tyee,  of  iron  wire,  for  fastening  the  plate  to  the  flap  of 
the  box. 

Castbidoi  Boa  Belt  (buff  leather) :  width,  2,25  inches;  length  55.5  inches, 
clear  o|  the  2  biUeU  for  buckles,  which  are  each  1.25  Inches  long  and  0>7.r>  inch 

Wide 

kidoi   Boa   Bbi.t  Pi.atk  (brans):  circular.  2.. ri  inches  diameter,  stamped 

wilh  an  en  ■ .  of  iron  wire 

("at  Pouch  (black   bridle    i  sngth   and   depth   .'t  inches:  width    IJ2S 


202  CHAP.    \!ll. —  ICCOUTRBMBNTt 

a  nli  end  pieci — (lap,  made  of  the  same  pieoe  ;i-  tin-  beek, 

with  ;i  bulion  bole  -t r:< |>  ;ii  (in-  imii —brat*  button,  riveted  under  tbe  bottom 

of  the  pouch  lew  ed  to  iii<-  beck,  2.25  inches  long,  to  ndmil  ;i  waist  bell, 

(it  2 inches— fining:  a  strip  of  sheept>kin,  whh  the  wool  on,  1.5  inch  wide,  glued 
with  fish  glue,  and  sewed  to  ihe  back,  al  the  mouth  of  the  pouch. 

18) j  1.5  inch  long,  with  a  ring  handle  0.5  look 
diameter;  it  is  carried  in  a  loop  in  the  Inner  left  band  corner  of  ibe  cap  pouch. 

Batoni  i  Scabbard  (black  bridle  leather).  Length,  including  the  ferrule  and 
tip.  for  the  bayonets  of  the  model  of  1822,  18  inches  :  for  bayonets  of  model  of 

L5  inches.     Fermi*  and  tip.  brass.     Frog  (buff  leather):  sewed  to  s 
ni  black  leather  which  is  fastened  in  the  lop  of  tin-  scabbard— the  n 
the  waist  bell. 

Waisi  Bblt  (buff  leather) ;  width  1.5  in.;  length  38.5  in.;  a  loop  at  one  end. 

Waist  Belt  Plate  (brass) :  oval, ',' s.  m.  long  by  1.6  in.  wide,  stamped  with  the 
letters  G.  S.  A.     1  itud  and  1  hook  (brass  , 

Gcn  Sling  (russet,  bag  leather);  width  1.25  in.;  length  (6  in.;  1  landing  and 
1  iliding  loop — Ii'kJ:  (lira--    fastened  lo  the  sling  with  2  • 

Swobd  Sbodldbb  Bblt,  for  non-commissioned  officers— (buff  leather) — width 
2.3  in.;  length  of  short  branch  17  in.:  long  branch  40  in.  — 1  $tanding  loop,  on 
long  branch  —  Frog  for  sword. 

Bhoi  i.i'Ki;  Belt  Plati — like  the  cartridge  1><>x  licit  plate,  except  in  having  3 
ioolu,  instead  of  i 


Rifle  Accoutrenu  /its. 

Cartbidqb  Box.  The  leather  parts  an-  like  those  of  the  infantry  cartridge 
box;  length  7.2  in.,  depth  in  front  5  inches,  width  1.6  in.  Two  loop*  arc  placed 
upright  mi  tin-  back  "i  tin-  box,  to  receive  a  2  In.  waist  belt  The  tin  lining  hat 
2  lower  divisions,  each  3.3  in.  Ion-  by  2.8  in.  deep,  ami  5  upper  divisions,  1.35  in. 
square  by  2.1  in.  deep. 

Cartbidqb  Box  Plate.     Like  tin-  Infantry  waisi  belt  plate,  except  In  bavin; 

instead  nl'  a  slml   .mil   I  -*.  to  fasten   It   t"  the  llap  ol    the   I 

Cap  Pooch. 

Com-.  Pick. 

Waist  Belt.    2  lo.  w  Ide. 

Waisi   Belt  Plate:  like  infantry  cartridge     In  ither  respects  the  same  aa  for 

DOX   plate,  with  'J  Itudt  anil  a  hook.  the  inl'anlry. 

Gun  Sum;. 

Swiuiii  Shouldeb    Belt,   lor   non-com  mis-  \ 
sioned  officers.  I 

Pouch  (light  upper  shoe  leather),']  In.  wide  at  bottom,  6.6  in.al  lop,  5.5  in. 
deep,  made  with  guttett  at  the  sides  ami  bottom     partition— /lap,  2.1  in.  deep, 

with  a  ttrap  ami    leather  button  on  the    Trout  siilc  — '-'  /,„,/,»    ijapanncil    n  •  >n> .  II. '.I  in. 
wide  ami  0.7  in.  Ion-,  lor  the  hell  rin-s. 


NiniKNCl.ATl'RK  — DIMENSIONS. 


2(»:J 


Flask.  Body  (copper  bronzed)  length  7  in.,  greatest  widlb  4  in.,  thickness  2 
in.:  diameter  at  lop  1.7  in. — inner  charging  tube  (brass)  0..r>7  in.  diameter.  1  in. 
long — outer  charging  tube  0.65  in  diameter,  1.75  in.  long — valve  and  spring — 2  ring* 
for  belt  (copper).  Flask  holds  8  oz.  of  powder:  maximum  charger  100  grains, 
minimum  75  grains-    weight  "i  Bask  complete,  13  02. 

Flask  ami  Pouch  Belt  (bun"  leather),  1.5  in  wide — belt,  26  in.  long — 2  etrapt 
at  each  end,  IS.5  in.  long,  0.6  in.  and  0.9  in.  wide,  to  which  the  pouch  and  liask 
ure  attached  by  bras*  hook*,  riveted  to  t fie  straps. 


Cavalry  Accoutrements. 

Cartridge  Box,  for  carbine  or  musketoon  ;  like  the  rille  cartridge  box. 
Pistol  Cartridge  Box.     It  is  like  the  carbine  cartridge  box,  except  in  its  di- 
mensions; length  6.2  in.,  width  1.3  in.,  height  in  front  3.0  in. — inner  cover,  3.5  in. 

wide— //"/<,  6.6  in.  wide  at  top.  68  in.  at  bottom,  6  in.  deep — Tine:  2  lower  divi- 

sions,  3  in.  deep.  2.9   in.   long.  1.2  wide:  5  upper  divisions.  1.2  wide   by  1.10  in. 

long  and  1.5  in.  deep. 

Cartridge  Box  Plate,  for  carbine  or  pistol  cartridge  box  ;  the  same  as  for  the 

rifle. 

Cap  Pooch,  |  . .  ,      .,      ■    r     . 

r,  n  ;  the  same  as  for  t he  infantry. 

Cone  P,ck,   j  ' 

Sabbb   I>elt  (buff  leather)— H"<r/*/  lilt,  2  inches  wide,  36  in.  to  40  in. 
1  square  loop  and  2  D  ring*  (brass),  for  attaching  the  slings  and   shoulder  strap — 
1  thoulder  strap,  1.125  in.  wide,  11   in.   long,  with  2  hook*,  brass — 3  tabrt  slings 
1.125  in.  wide;  front  sling  17  in.  long,  rear  sling  34  in.— 1  stud*  for  do.,  brasi — 1 
tabrt  hook,  brass  wire. 

Satire  Belt  Plate — Like  the  rifle  waist  belt  plate. 

D    Knot  (buff  leather)—  Strap    1    in.   wide,  36   in.   long:  one   end   of  the 
-trap  i-  fastened  to  B  tassel  .'f  in.  long  ;   the  other  end  is    passed  through  the  t 
after  going  round  the  guard  of  the  sabre,  and  is  fastened  by  one  of  the  tags  of 
the  tassel — 1  sliding  /"<.//. 

■  iifT  leather).  Length  oil  in.,  width  'J..')  in. —  1  bvckl*  and  1  tip, 
brass — swivel  and  //  with  roller,  bright  iron.  2.62  in.  wide — link  and  hook,  iron — 
gnat  d-epring,  steel. 

Holsters.     Pip  ther,   black);  diameter   of  cylindrical    part  2   in.; 

Lb  of  do.    7..')    in.:   width   (,|   the   month.  4 >  in   :   depth,  2.2  in. J    whole   length, 
1  1  6  in  -  |  D.  dc.p.  lined  with  tin  and 

covered   with   a  flap — .">  cylindrical  division*,  d  iameter  0.6  in.,  each  for  one  <ar- 
t n.l_: >  -   i  forming  the  backs  and  connecting  the  two  holsters  (bridle 

leather.  Iilack   .    •  i  .  width   .r).7'i   in. — 3  »/<»/,»  11  in.  long.  0.76  wide,  with 

i  buckles,  lo  attach  the  i  i  U    loop*  (light  bridle 

lealbi  r.  black  I,  l 


•■ill  I 


CHAP.     \  III   — ACCOUTREMENTS. 


Tim},  -  (black  leather);  l"  in    long.  0.8  in.  •. 

ttrap*,A  in.  long,  1  lo.  wide,  to  button  on  n  the  boUter 


Arttili  ry  Accoutn  rm  nts. 
For  Mounted  Artillery. 

Sabri  Belt  (buff  leather)  1.7  in.  wide,  36  lo  10  in.  long— 2  feather  loop*,  tewed 
on  the  untsi.lc  of  the  bell  i"r  attaching  2  /.<-.-..  loop*  for  tin-  alingi — 2  *abn  •Knot, 
like  those  on  the  cavalry  •- :i i >r>*  bell  —  l  ituoU  for  do. — 1  tain  hook. 

Sabrr  Helt  Pi.au  (brass  ,  circular,  l.l  in.  diameter,  lettered  C.S.A.;  italidea 
<mi  the  belt  and  la  fattened  by  ;i  brat*  hook  and  a  iliding  /..../.—  the  plate  h<»'ks  in 
:i  ring  1.95  in.  exterior  diameter,  attached  i"  the  left  aide  of  the  belt. 

Sword  Knot.    Like  that  for  cavalry. 


For  Fool  Artillery. 

Sword  Beli  (buff  leather)  1.7  in.  wide,  made  i>\  three  piecna;    long 
24  in.:  frog  pioot  1.5  in.;  thorl  branch, 4  in.:  they  ;i re  united  together  by  2  loop*, 
braM     ''■'••/  3.5  in.  deep,  2.S  in.  wide  al  top  and  2.3  in.  at  bottom,  suspended  to 
the  loops  by  2  tlingt  1.3  in.  wide  and  3.S  in.  long. 

Bilt  Pi. An-,  the  same  as  for  the  -;ii. re  bell  "I  mounted  artillery. 

This  licli  is  also  iiscil  by  the  non»2oromls8loned  officers  of  infantry,  when 
armed  with  the  fool  artillery  sword. 


Sappi  r&*  Accoutrt  ments. 

Bword  I'.i  it  (buff  leather),  2  Inohes  wide,  36  to  40  inches  long.  Frog,  sli.lin^- 
nn  the  waiat  belt .-  width  of  the  loop  for  x  t » « -  bell  3  inchea  j  \\  kith  at  1 1 1  *  -  bottom  1 
inches. 

Hi  i  i  l'i  \  n  ,  like  thai  for  the  artillery. 

CAR1  liiiM.i    Bos   UN)  l'i.  LI  i  .  "I 

Oartrjdor  Box  Bbli  urn  Pi  1 1 1 .  I  ,,  , ■     ,,     ,•„,•.,„,-,. 

.,  I  In-  same  :is  lur  t  In1  inliinlrv. 

Cap  r i. 

(    OR]      I'll    K. 


MATERIALS    FOR     ACCOUTREMENTS. 


205 


Spare  parts  required  for  repair  of  Side  Arms  and  Accoutrements, 
for  one  year,  in  the  field. 

for  mini  non-commissioned  officer^  or  musician*'  swords. 

inn  tips  for  scabbards. 
20  ferrules  and  hooks. 
10  g  ii ;i r<i  bows. 
50  bell  plates. 

For  1000  Infantry  accoutrements. 

50  lips  for  bayonet  scabbards. 
25  cartridge  l>ox  plates. 
50  cartridge  l»>x  belt  plates. 
L00  waist  belt  plates. 
100  cohe  picks. 

for  1000  Cavalry  carbine  tlinge. 

150  swivels. 

150  swivel  springs. 


MATERIALS  REQUIRED   F<>R    MAKING    Art  <  iUTIIK.M  EXTS. 


Li  ■/(In  r. 


i  Eil  ber  of  these  can  be  cut  out  of  one  hide  of 


buff  /'"t li<  r, 


19  Inf;intry  cartridge  bOS  bells  | 
200  Infantry  bayonet  frogs 

15  Infantry  waist  belts 

::l  Rifle  waisl  bells 

33  Rifle  pouch-end-flask  bells 

l.rp  Cavalry  sabre  bells 

20  Font  Brtillery  sword  belts 
20  Horse  artillery  -al>re  belts 
20  Carbine  slings 
70  Sword  knots 
40  Gun  sling — nm  of  one  bull  of  bag  leather. 

9  Pairs  of  bolster — out  of  one  side  "I  heavy  tale  leather. 

11  Infantr)  "T1    pockets    :""i   inner  covers— out  of  one 

I  /,.  any  bridlt  leather. 
27  Bayonei  scabbards 

10  '  lap  pouch  fi 

rbine  cartridge  I 

itol  cartri,  >utofone  side  of  light  hndU  leather. 

10  Holster  centre  pi< 

80  Pairs  "i  bolster  straps 

711  Sorri  i{ 

■ 
50  Inner  covers  for  do.  do 

40  Tops  for  rap  i 


o|    one  M'le  of  light  uppe* 


206  CRAP,    vm  — a<  t -in   i  ici  mi  s  i  -. 

materials  fob  LCCOUTRKMKNT8-  -Continued, 
Thn  ad. 

inn  i nil i.i ry  cartridge  boxea.  .  l  23  II 
100  Carbine  cartridge  boxea  ..  1.0  lb.  ! 

100  Pistol  cartridge  boxea 0.9  ll>.  !  Shot  ih,  end,  green,  No.  l".  waxed  w  ltd 

100  HolMera 1.2ft  lb   [      n.-m  •. 

Km  Rifle  poucbea 0.75  lb.  ] 

lmi  dm  slmga 0.13  lb.  I 

l(i(i  Infantry  waial  lu-lt> 0.06  l!>.  | 

li ii i  Artillery  aword  1><-Ii> 0.(1    I!.,  j  Shot  thread.  No.  3,  half  bleached;  wax- 

100  Sabre  belt*    0.33  lb.        ed  with  beeawax. 

in  i  Rifle  pouch  belta 0.13  lb.  j 

Metals. 

y,,r  101  Cavalry  eabrt  l"lt  mounting*. 

100  Sabre  hooka 2.9     Iba.  I>r:iv>  wire.  No.     . 

li  ii  i  I pa I.        Iba.  braea  wire,  No.  10. 

100  Large  hooka I.        Iba,  aheel  braaa,  No.  II. 

100  Small  hooka 1.9     lb,   aheet  braaa,  No.  14, 

Ring-a I.       Iba.  t>ni>-  wire.  No.  10. 

.|ik i  Riveta i ► . : i ~ r-  ||,.    braaa  wire.  No  19, 

Idii  Studs caat  braaa. 

Kin  Bell  platea s'"  below. 

Tina  for  1  (><>  carbine  cartridgi  bootee, 
7.r)  sheets  ol  single  tin.     1  ll>.  tinner's  Bolder  (2  tin  lo  1  lead). 

7Yim  for  100  pietol  cartridg*  boxee. 
4s  sheets  of  single  tin.     l  lb.  solder. 

Tin*  for  100  pair*  of  koletere. 
1 1  sheets  of  single  tin.  I      These  tina  maybe  cul  from  the  remnanta  of  the 
l  iii.  solder.  |  sheets  required  ii •  r  inn  infantry  cartridge  I 

ZYns  for  I  Od  infantry  eartridgt  boxee. 
129  sheets  of  single  tin.     1  lb.  li ire'  solder. 

Fur  I11"  platea  for  infantry  cartridge  boxee,  cavalry  tabrt  belts,  and  '{fit  lodtal  belie. 
■l  Iba.  sheet  braaa.  No.  26. 

7  Hi>.  sheet  braaa,  No.  i  i.  for  sabre  bell  plate  hooka. 
1  Hi.    sheel  braaa,  No.    9,  for  do.  studs. 

ih.  mm  wire,  No.  l  I. 
l  Iba.  sofl  solder  (1  tin  lo  2  lead). 

For  100  f< ii i'li"  for  bayonet  icabbarde, 

3  Hi.  sheet  brass,  No 
•1."  Hi-,  braaa  wire,  0.49  in.  thick. 
0.1 1  lb.  copper  wire.  No.  19. 
0.2  Id.  apelter. 


MATERIALS — WEIGHTS.  207 


For   100    Infantry   cartridge  box  bell  plates. 
".7.r>  lbs.  short  brass,  No.  26. 
0844  Hi.  iron  wire  No.  l  i. 
4  lbs.  soft  solder. 

For  100  plate*   far  Infantry  waist   belt*  anil  far  carbine   anil  pistol  cartridge  boxes. 
3  lbs.  sheel  brass,  No.  26. 

3  lbs.  do.  No.  14,  for  waist  bell  plate  hooks. 

0.7-r)  lb.  iron  wire,  No.  14,  for  cartridge  box  plates. 

3  lbs.  solt  solder. 

For  100  gun  sling  hooks  anil  rivet*. 
1.5  lb.  sheet  brass.  No.  1  1. 
0.1C  lb.  brass  wire.  No.  15. 

For  100   Artillery  sword  hells. 

200  loops 8*5  lbs.  brass  wire,  No.  10. 

100  small  hooks 1.5  lb.  sheet   brass.  No.  1  I. 

200  rivets. 0.11  lb.  brass  wire,  No.  I  -r>. 

For   100    Artillery   sabre,   and  SWOrd  belt  plates. 
•J")  lbs.  pip  bniss. 

For  100   liii''  pouch  and  flaek  belts. 

4  lbs.  sheet  brass,  No.  15. 
0.66  lb.  brass  wire,  No.  15. 

WEIGHT   <if   ACCOUTREMENTS. 

100  Infantry  carl  r idee  boxes  and   plates L76  lbs. 

loo  Cartridge  bc>x  belts  and  plates 63    " 

loo  (ap  pouches  ami  cone  picks 13    ' 

loo  Bayonet  scabbards  and  lr. >l-~ 27    " 

LOO  Waist    belts  and   plale-   |i  >r  I  n  la  III  r\' 32      ' 

loo  (inn  sling '. 15    " 

loo  Non-coromissioned  officers1  shoulder  belts  and  plates.  •  ■  .60    ' 
loo  Rifle  <ir  carbine  cartridge  boxes  and  plates 1  lv    " 

100   Kille  waist  belts   and    plates 56      M 

100  Rifle  | tfaes 13  " 

100  Rifle  flasl HI 

loo  Rifle  flask  and  pouch  belts 21 

100  Pistol  carti  -  and   plates v|  " 

100  Cavalry  sabre  belts  and  plates 1 1  •r»  " 

100  lags  and  swivel* 110  " 

100  Pairs  o(  holsters  and  covers 250  " 

loo  Mounted  artillery  sabre  belts  and  plate- 91  '• 

100  Foot  artillery  sword  belts  and  plates 

100  Sappers1  sword  belts  and  plates 58  " 


<  '  II  A  1-T  K  R     N  I  N  T  II 


G  U  N  P  0  W  D  E  E  . 

MATERIALS. 
Saltpetre. 

Saltpetre,  nitre,  nitratt  0/  potato,  is  composed  of  53.1')  nitric  acid  and  46.55 
potas-a.  lis  specific  gravity  is  2,090 ;  it  melts  at  000°,  and  is  decomposed  at  a 
red  heat.  100  parts  of  water,  at  the  temperature  of  32°.  dissolve  13.32  parts  of 
nitre;  at  59°,  25.19 ;  at  S6°.  15.90;  at  104°,  63.80  ;  at  140°,  110.70  ;  at  17G°,  170.S0  : 
■t  212°,  246.15.  Saltpetre  cryslallizes  generally  in  six-sided  prisms,  terminated 
by  six-sided  pyramids,  or  in  needles  deeply  striated.  Its  taste  is  cool,  saline, 
and  slightly  bitter;  when  thrown  on  burning  charcoal  it  melts  and  deflagrate* 
violently. 

Salipetre  occurs  naturally  in  great  quantities,  OH  the  surface  of  the  earth  in 

India  and  other  warm  countries,  and  in  the  limestone  eaves  ol  Virginia,  Georgia. 

Tennessee  and  Kentucky.     In  the  last  named  State,  it  is  also  found  in  the  form 

of  what  is  termed   roc*  ore,  being  sand  stone  containing  a  very  large  proportion 

of  nitre.     This  salt  is  formed  spontaneously  by  the  decomposition  of  animal  and 

-nbstances  in  moist  situations,  and  OB  tins  principle  artificial  nitre  beds 

production.     Saltpetre  obtained  from  any  of  these  sources  may 

111  the  greater  part  of  the  foreign  salts  and  earthy  matter  by  lixi- 

riatioa   with   wood   ashes   and   evaporation.     The   nitrous  earth  of  India   yields 

about  one-fifth  of  its  weight  of  nitre  :  that  of  the  nitre  caves,  from  one  to  ten 

'   nitre   to  the   bushel,   and  the  rock  ore  as  much  as   twenty  or  thirty 

pounds   to  the   bushel.     The   best   artificial    mire   beds  afford    annually  about   a 

quarter  o(   a  pound  of  nitre  to  a  bushel  of  earth.     Nearly  all  the  saltpetre  used 

in  the  United  Slates,  for  the  manufacture  ol  gunpowder,  is  obtained  from  India. 

ported  in  a  crystalline  •  ■   staining 

generally  Ir  _n  salts,  earths,  and  water. 

I   .-Ml/rrETRE.    To  a    pound   of   groogfa    -altprtrr  a. Id   a  pint  of 

irated  with  pure  salq  tea  with  a 

14 


•,!1<I  .    II  \l\      1\    i.TM-iiW  PI   K. 

I,  and  decant  the  liquor  on  etre  a  i    tond  lima  in 

aner,  wiih  half  !i  pint  of  the  tat  a  rated  nd  pour  the  whole 

let  it  drain,  and  then  dry  n  perfectly  by  placing  It  iir>t  on  s  bed  of 
tome  absorbent  matter]  such  as  aehes  or  lime,  and  then  hy  evaporation  in 

i  gentle  fire.    The  saturated  solution  baring  taken  up  only  the  for- 

lat  remains  on  the  lilirr  (allowing  2  per  oent.  for  earthy  matter  and 

y  the  saturated  watei  intity  oi  pore  ^;i it  [•»•• 

lained  in  the  pound  of  grough.     A-   the  changes  <>i   temperature  during  tin* 

operation  may  affect  the  quantity  of  pure  saltpetre  remaining  on  the  filler,  it  is 

to  perform  a  oorreaponding  operation,  al  the  tame  time  and  under  the 

same  circumatancea,  on  a  like  quantity  ol  pure  saltpetre ;  the  gain  or  loss  that 

■  !  will  show  tin1  correction  i"  be  made  in  the  former  result. 


Refining  Saltpetre. 

Saltpetre,  to  be  oaed  in  the  manufacture  of  gunpowder,  requires  to  be  freed 
from  the  impuritiea  preaeol  in  its  crude  siaie.  Tins  may  be  done  by  boiling  it  in 
[Hire  water  and  filtering  the  liqnor  through  canvas  baga.  Tin'  method  of  refining 
,n  ;i  large  scale,  at  the  refinery  ol  Paria,  is  a-  fbllowa 

.    Washing).    Tin-  first  operation  is  performed  on  11,660  lbs,  ol  (Trough 

saltpetre,  containing  abool  0  per  cent,  "i  foreign  salts  anil  fi  per  cent  of  water 

and  earthy  matters.    Tlo>  i-  washed  with  4,400  Iba.  oi  water  saturated  with  pure 

etre,  obtained  in  previous  operations;  if  that  is  not  at  hand,  pure  water 

may  l>e  used;   siir  it  well,  and  at  the  end  of  IS  hours  rake  n|>  the  saltpetre 

rd    one   side   <i|    tin-    VCSSel.    ami    lei    the    water    run    oil    at    the    opposite    >ide. 

earrying  with  it  th>-  foreign  sali> :  this  la  afterward  treated  as  mother  water. 
After  this  waahing  the  saltpetre  contains  only  l  per  cent,  ol  foreign  matter,  ami 
the  quantity  is  reduced  to  1 1,000  lbs. 

Mi  i.iiMi.  In  a  boiler  oi'  the  oapaoity  of  about  900  gallons,  dissolve  10,000  lbs, 
of  th'-  saltpetre  from  the  flrel  washing  in  300  gallons  of  water,  at  a  moderate 
heat,  putting  in  tirst  three-fourth-  of  ihe  saltpetre  with  a  proportional  quantity 
ol  water,  and  adding  the  real  In  three  successive  parts.  Prepare  a  solution  of 
i  (.i  -hie  iii  P  gallons  "I  water,  ami  when  ebullition  Is  about  to  commence 
in  the  boiler)  poor  in  three-fourths  of  the  solution  of  glue  diluted  with  tune  ii- 
bulk  of  water,  and  skim  carefully;  then  add  22  gallons  of  water,  in  order  to 
diminish  the  denafty  of  the  liquid,  ami  to  allow  the  fbreign  -;,hs  ami  earthy 
matters  i"  pass  through  it  ami  settle  al  the  bottom,  or  to  rise  in  sou m ;  this  is 
\  a  toothing.  Throw  into  the  boiler  one-third  of  the  remainder  ol  the  salt- 
petre ami  ihe  real  "i  il"'  glue,  diluted  with  four  galloas  of  water;  skim  for  about 

bOUr  ;    make  a  see, .ml  Washing,  and  about  two  hours  Biter,  a  third  :    OOntinUC 


MATERIALS SALTPETRE.  211 

the  skimming  and  evaporation,  increasing  the  heat,  until  there  remains  in  the 
boiler  but  one  part  of  water  to  four  of  saltpetre — let  the  liquor  stand  for  some 
hours,  keeping  lip  B  sufficient  heat  to  prevent  crystallization,  and  then  draw  it 
oil'  into  the  crystallizing  vat. 

Crystallization.  The  liquor  is  kept  in  constant  agitation  by  means  of  rakes, 
to  prevent  the  formation  of  large  crystals.  Draw  off"  the  mother  water  when  it> 
temperature  is  reduced  to  104°,  and  let  the  saltpetre  drain  for  .some  hours. 

Watering.  When  taken  from  the  crystallizer  the  saltpetre  contains  not  more 
than  ]-.r)00th  of  foreign  salts;  it  is  put  into  boxes  capable  of  containing  about 
1,800  Mis.:  on  each  of  these  boxes  pour,  with  watering  pots,  220  gallons  of  water, 
one-third  at  a  time — the  two  first  waterings  are  allowed  to  remain  on  the  salt- 
petre two  hours  before  being  drawn  off  through  openings  in  the  bottom  of  the 
box  ;  the  third  merely  passes  through  the  saltpetre. 

Drying.  After  these  waterings  the  saltpetre  contains  but  l-18000th  of  hydro- 
chlorates.  It  is  left  to  drain  .several  days,  and  then  dried  in  drying  vats  at  a  low 
heat,  being  constantly  stirred. 

ng.    If  designed  for  transportation,  the  saltpetre,  when  thoroughly  dried, 
being  then  perfectly  white  and  in  small  grains,  is  passed  through  a  sieve  of  fine 
wire  gauze  and  packed  in  barrels.     A  100  lbs.  powder  cask  will  hold  about  132 
saltpetre. 

Saltpetre  is  also  well  preserved  in  cakes,  which  are  made  by  fuzing  the  refined 
saltpetre  in  iron  pots,  and  casting  it  into  moulds  of  convenient  size;  the  cakes 
are  12  in.  square  and  6  in.  thick,  weighing  about  70  lbs.;  six  are  packed  in  a  box 
12.75  in.Xl2-75  in.X3*  '"• !  g1"0*8  weight  4f>.r>  lbs.  This  method  of  treating 
saltpetre  has  the  advantage  of  expelling  from  it  the  water  of  crystallization  ;  but 
it    requires  a    little  more  work  to  pulverize  the  saltpetre  afterward,  in  making 

powder. 

The  mother  watt  es  from  the  crystallizer,  is  received  in  basins  where 

tl  saltpetre,  which  is  added  to  that  which  has  undergone 
the  first  washing  in  another  operation  ;  the  rest  is  evaporated  to  obtain  grough 
saltpetre. 

Th<  ii-ntrr  used  for  watering  the  refined  taltpetrt  is  kept  to  make  the  first  wash- 
ing of  the  grough   saltpetre,  or  e]-e  it  |g  added  to  the  mother  water. 

Tin  num.,  which  is  obtained  in  melting  is  called  Jkut  scum.  Put  about  1,400 
lbs.  of  it  into  a  boiler  with  265  gallon.-  of  water  j  heat  it  gradually  until  it  begins 
to  bod  ;  skim  and  allow  it  to  settle  ;  then  draw  off  the  liquor  which,  in  cooling, 
will  deposit  trough  saltpetre.  On  the  residuum,  whilst  still  hot,  pour  about  250 
galh  rand  add  the  teeond  •rum.  so  M  to  fill  the  boiler;  titer  this   has 

been  boiled,  skimmed,  and  allowed  to  settle,  draw  off  the  clear  liquor  and  add 
it  to  the  mother  water.     Add  the  last   sCum  and  the  e  materials  for 

lixiviation. 

Thus.  1 1  .r,r,0  lbs.  of  grough   saltpetre  fumi«h  8,000  II-  lpetrc. 

bcsi!<  remaining  in  thl  DO  lbs.  in  the  mother  water,  and  1 


212  (  HAI'.    IX.— OUKPOWDl  k. 

,  the  mulling*,  which  are  obtained  in  the  subsequent  operations;  (a  all, 

lbs,  of  pare  saltpetre. 

Tsst  "i  ELarornn  Salitki KK.    Iii  order  to  be  used  In  the  manufacture  of  gun- 

powder,  eehpetre  -hould  not  contain  more  than  1 -3000th  of  chlorides.    To  teat 

thii  MO  grains  of  saltpetre  in  the  leaal  posalble  quantity  (say  1000 

i)  ■ .  i  tepid  distilled  wilier :  pour  on  It  20  gra  nsol  ■>  solution  ol  niin:  • 
silver,  oontaining  10  grains  of  the  nitrate  to  1,033  grains  ■•<  water,  that  being  the 
quantity  required  lo  deoom|  DOOths  of  a  grain  of  inuriate  of  soda  :  ii Iter 

the  liquid  and  divide  it  into  tWO  portions— to  "lie  portion,  add  a  lew  drops  of  the 

solution  of  nitrate  of  silver;  ii  Ii  remains  clear,  the  saltpetre  does  not  contain 
more  than  l-3000th  of  muriate  of  soda — to  the  oilier  portion,  add  B  small  quantity 

lution  of  muriate  of  soda  ;  If  it  beoomea  clouded,  the  saltpetre  contains 
than  l-3000th.    By  oaing  the  teal  liquor  In  very  small  quantities,  the  exacl  pro- 
portion ol  muriate  of  soda  maybe  ascertained;  at  the  refinery  of  Paris  it  does 

not  exceed    !•  18000tfa  Of  the   saltpetre,  and  tins  degree  Ol    purity  i-   attained   also 

at  the  refinery  of  Messrs.  Dupont.    Saltpetre  lor  the  best  sporting  powder  is 

refined  a  second,  and  contains  not  more  than  L-6O00th  part  of  ohloi 


( %arcoal. 

Charcoal  obtained  from  light  woods  is  the  best  for  the  manufacture  of  gun- 
powder, being  more  easy  to  pulverise.  Willow  and  poplar  are  used  lor  tln>  pur- 
pose hi  the  I    inted  States. 

The  wood  must  be  sound,  and  should  ii"t  be  of  more  than  3  or  I  years  growth, 

and  about  1  inch  in  diameter;  branches  larger  than  that  should  be  split  up.      It  is 

cut  in  the  spring)  when  the  sap  run-  freely,  and  is  immediately  stripped  of  its 

hark.      The  smaller  I. ranches  are  used   for  fine  Sporting  powder. 

The  operation  of  charring  may  be  performed  In  pits,  but  the  method  now 

almost  universally  pursued   in  making  oharct  a]   for  gunpowder  is  that  Ol   tlistilla- 

tion.  For  tins  purpose  the  wood  is  placed  In  an  Iron  vessel,  generally  ol  a  cylin- 
drical form,  to  w  bich  a  cover  la  luted  ;  an  opening,  with  a  pipe,  la  made  to  con- 
vey off  the  gaseous  and  liquid  produots,  sud  the  wend  Is  thua  expoaed  to  the 
heat  of  a  furnace. 

The  charcoal  thus  obtained  should  retain  a  certain  degree  oi  elasticity,  and 
should  have  a  brown  color,  the  wood  not  being  entirely  decomposed  j  it  retains 

the  lihrous  appearance  ol  the  WOOd,  and  the  tract  me  is  inideseenl.  A-  it  readily 
absorbs  L.20tfa  "I    Us  weight  Oi    moisture,  It  should  he  made  only  in  proportion  as 

It  is  required  for  use.     Wood  contains  generally  about  63  per  cent,  oft 
but  distillation  furnishea  not  more  than  30  to  in  per  cent,  of  charcoal. 

pacific  gravity  Of  charcoal  triturated    under   heavy  rollers  is  about   1,380 J 

hut  in  sticks,  as  it  comes  from  the  charring  cylinders,  it  rarely  exceeds  300. 


MATERIALS — MANUFACTURE. 


213 


Sulphur. 

Pure  sulphur  is  of  a  citron  yellow  color  and  shining  fracture;  it  crackles  when 
pressed  in  the  hand.  The  specific  gravity  of  native  sulphur  is  2.033;  that  of 
sulphur  refined  l>y  sublimation  1,900;  its  specific  gravity  is  diminished  by  tritura- 
tion. Sulphur  melts  at  220°,  but  at  320°  it  takes  the  consistency  of  paste  J  it 
sublimes  at  6S0°.     It  is  insoluble  in  water,  but  soluble  in  oils  and  in  alcohol. 

Sulphur  is  generally  found  in  great  quantities  in  the  neighborhood  of  volca- 
noes ;  it  may  also  be  obtained  from  metallic  ores  (pyrites)  and  other  sources. 
Most  of  that  used  in  the  United  States  is  obtained  from  the  French  refineries. 

Crude  sulphur,  as  extracted  by  the  first  sublimation  from  the  ore.  contains 
about  8  per  cent,  of  earthy  matter.  It  is  purified  by  a  second  sublimation,  from 
which  it  is  collected  in  the  form  of  powder,  called  flowers  of  sulphur,  or  it  is 
melted  and  run  into  moulds,  making  roll  brimstone.  It  may  also  be  refined,  but 
not  so  thoroughly,  by  being  simply  melted  and  skimmed. 

Pure  sulphur  is  entirely  consumed  in  combustion,  and  its  purity  is  thus  easily 
tested  by  burning  about  100  grains  in  a  glass  vessel;  the  residuum  should  not 
exceed  a  small  fraction  of  a  grain. 


MANUFACTURE  OF  GUNPOWDER. 


Proportion*  of  Ingredients. 


Salt]><>lr< . 

My  the  Atomic  theory 74.64 

1  v  Tin    I'm  i  in  B  I  I  n  I 

■  be  military  service.  .    - 

port  ing 

■  i.anti:  F<>r  the  military  service  ...  .      78 

porting 

I*  Fha  For  the  military  «ervne  ...  .     78 

potting 

f,2 

For  the  military  service  ..  . 


Uhan  dsI. 

Sulphur. 

13.51 

il  .88 

14 

10 

15 

in 

12 

10 

13 

10 

15 

111 

14 

6 

17 

6 

12. 5 

12 

10 

19 

13.8 

11.8 

VM  1  <  HAP.     1\. — '■!  \r<>\\  Dl  R. 


Tli>-  > onslsts  essentially  In  tl  •  gr*. 

lotion,  drying,  gl&tim 
l  .-...  Miii..     [n  this  method  "i  fabrication  the  iir  >t  three  -are 

performed  sJ  the  seme  lime  by  the  pestles.     A  null  oontslna  generally  20  or  24 
mortars  and  pestles  In  two  rows  .  the  pestle  weighs  BO  lbs  .  and  falls  16  in 
fifty -five  times  in  a  minute ;  the  lower  pan  of  t lie  pestle  is  made  of  bronze  or  of 
very  hard  wood.    The  mortars  are  nearly  spherical,  and  are  dug  out 
having  n  piece  of  harder  wood  In  the  bottom. 
Bach  mortar  n  n\  20  lbs.  of  com  The  stamping  is  continued 

•  ii  hours.  The  proper  charge  of  charcoal  in  small  pieces  is  iir-t  put  In, 
with  s  quantity  of  water  equal  t"  one-tenth  of  the  weighl  lay  l 
quart :  aAer  this  has  been  pounded  hall  an  li  Mir.  at  the  rate  of  10  >tr. •!,<■*  a  min- 
ute, add  the  saltpetre  and  then  the  sulphur,  previ  tusly  pulverised  In  a  mill  or 
rolling  barrel,  and  sifted.  Mix  the  materials  with  the  hand,  and  for  t lie  iir>i 
quarter  of  an  hour  let  the  stamping  continue  at  l()  strokes  a  minute  .  ;it  the  end 

oh  hour  iiie  composition  Is  passed  from  each  mortar  Into  the  next  — at  the 
6th  or  nIi  ehang*,  add  half  a  pinl  of  water.  During  the  last  two  hours  no  elmnge 
is  made,  in  order  that  the  composition  may  form  into  cake,  When  taken  from 
the  mortar  it  'm  •  io  reduce  the  contained  moisture  to  about  l  per  cent,  j 

it  is  then  grained. 

B vo  B  iRRi  i  -      lii  order  to  lessen  the  duration  ami  danger  of  pounding  In 

the  mortars,  the  materials  may  be  pulverised  and  mixed  in  rolling  barrels,  tx 
put  under  the  pestles. 

b  rolling  barrels  are  about  it  in.  diameter  and  29  In.  long  on  the  interior; 
they  are  made  oi  strong  leather  or  hides  slretohed  over  a  frame,  the  slats  of 
which  project  inwardly  about  0.5  In.  and  are'.'  in.  apart  j  the  elasticity  of  the 
leather  prevents  the  composition  from  adhering  to  the  aides,  which  it  would  do 
in  wooden  barn  contains   100  lbs.  ol  balls,  about  0.3S  In.  dii 

ter.  made   oi    /inc.  or    of  an    alloy  of  75   copper    and    25    tin.    the    barrel    revolves 

■  times  in  a  minute,  'j'lie  charge  ol  oomposltu  n  Is  half  the  weight  ol  the 
balls. 

for  the  purpose  ol  pulverising,  the  charcoal  and  sulphur  are  rolled  t 
for  two  hours.     For  incorporation,  the  saltpetre  is  added  In  the  state  In  which  it 
conies  from  the  refinery,  and  the  mixture  is  rolled  two  hours  more;  It  i>  then 

•  l  umier  the  pestles,  adding  10  per  cent,  ol  crater,  nod  it  is  beaten  for  3 
hour-  only. 

Instead  ol  being  put  in  the  pounding  mill,  the  composition  from  the 

rolling  barrels  may  be  spread  hi  thin  layer-,  nioi.sleiicd  with  JO  pi  r  cent,  ol  W  Sl<  i 


MANUFACTURE.  215 

distributed  very  equally  with  a  fine  watering  pot  or  a  brush,  and  subjected  to 
pressure  by  a  hydraulic  or  screw  press,  by  which  means  it  is  brought  to  the 
state  of  a  cake.  Tin-  composition  is  sometimes  subjected  to  the  press  after  being 
incorporated  in  the  pounding  mill  or  in  the  cylinder  mill. 

Cylimper  Mills.    These   nulls,  first   used   in    England,  and   now  generally 
adopted  in  the  manufacture  of  gunpowder,  supply  the  place  of  pounding  mills 
in  performing  al  thesame  time  the  operations  of  pulverizing,  incorporating,  and 
_    the  composition.     They  consist   of  two    cylinders,  of  marble  or  cast 
hi  ;,  ions  each,  rolling  in  ■  circular  trough  of  the  same  mate- 
rial, the  inner  diameter  of  which  is  about  3  feet;  a  wooden  plough  follows  the 
cylinders,  to  bring  the  powder  toward  the  centre  of  the  trough.     The  cylinders 
revolve  10  times  in  a  minute,  and  run  from  1  to  3  hours  on  each  charge  of  50  lbs. 
reposition. 

Gram-la  rioN. — The  composition  being  formed  into  rnkc,  by  any  of  the  above 
methods,  the  next  process  is  to  break  it  up  into  grains;  to  facilitate  this,  it  is 
aired  or  partially  dried  ;  it  is  then  put  into  a  graining  sieve  formed  of  parchment 
pierced  with  hules,  where  it  is  broken  up  by  the  action  of  a  lenticular  disc  of 
hard  wood,  weighing  about  S  lbs.,  being  B.5  in.  in  diameter,  2.75  in.  thid-  in  the 
middle,  2  in.  at  the  edge.  The  sieve  is  shaken  by  hand,  or  by  machinery,  in 
such  a  manner  that  the  disc  may  move  round  it  against  the  border,  and  the 
grains  pass  through  the  holes  as  fast  as  they  are  sufficiently  reduced.  Another 
I  graining  is  to  pass  the  cake  between  wooden  rollers.  The  grains  thus 
formed  are  sifted,  to  separate  those  which  arc  too  coarse  or  too  fine,  and 
separate  from  each  other  the  different  kinds  of  grains  for  cannon,  musket,  and 
ri/h  powder. 

f„  ,        f  Maximum  0.100  in. 

Cannon  powder,  j  moimum  0.070  in. 

icter  of  the  holes  J  A/r      ,  <  Maximum  0.070  in. 


in  the  sieve  for  ,  Musket (M mm    qqjo  in. 

R.fl  i  Maximum  0.035  in. 

"  j  Minimum    0.025  in. 


1 


GLA2  ■  Mary   in  order  to  enable  gunpowder  to  resist   the   efli 

nation,  and  of  exposure  to  the  moisture  of  the  air.  All  the 
powder  made  for  the  Ordnance  Department  is  glazed.  This  operation  is  per- 
formed  der,  containing  about  3  per  cent,  of  moutun 

large  glazing  barrel  which  makes  15  or  20  revolutions  in  a  minute;  act 
500  lb*  , nired. 

fun  powder  if  dried    in   two  Ways  —  1M.  in  the  open  air;   the  powder 
aid   on    tables    placed    in    ■  -  tuation.  v. 

n  s  10  or  12 1  frequeatl]  |  to  the 

sun  ;   in  <-iu,  I   the  day,  to 

I   the  loss  <  i    a   drying  bouse,  Wlx  • der  is 


216  i  hap.  i\      <■!  nfoh  di  a. 

I  from  1  in.  to  I  in.  thick,  10  I  current  of  nir  belted  to  about 
140°.  liy  mean*  Of  :i  furnace  nr  by  hot  Water  pipes. 

Di  tTino.    A  tier  powder  bee  been  glased  and  dried,  it  is  lifted  in  fine  • 
or  through  bolting  clothe,  In  order  to  clean  ll  thoroughly,  and  to  riml  it  before 
■  1.    The  <luM  and  small  graina  obtained  in  this  and  previous  opera- 
i  preaaed  or  worked  over  t<>  mala-  Inferior  powder,  or  mixed  with 
■  portion  of  freah  compoaition  in  the  nulls. 

POWDKB    may    I"-    made    in    an    expedilit-u-    manner    a-    follows 

powder  barrel  on  a  shaft  paaeing  through  i;s  two  heada,  the  barrel  having 
on  the  inside;  to  prevent  leakage,  cover  it  with  oloae  canvaa  glued  on,  and  put 
pa  over  the  canvaa.    Put  into  the  barrel  l"  H>s.  of  sulphur  In  lump-  and 

10  llis.  of  charcoal,  with  80  lb*,  of  zinc  balls,  or  of  small   sln>t    (down   t 
0.014  in.  iu  diameter  nearly);  turn  it  by  hand  or  otherwiae,30  revolutions  in  a 
minute.    To  in  ll>s.  of  tins  mixture  thus  pulverised,  add  30  ll«s.  of  saltpetre,  ai  d 
work  it  two  hours  with  the  balls  :  water  the  to  lbs.  of  composition  with  2  quarts 
of  water,  mixing  it  equally  with  the  hands:  granulate  with  the  grain  (n( 
The  grains  thua  made,  not  being  preaaed,  are  too  soft.    To  make  them  harder, 
put  them  Into  a  barrel  having  5  nr  8  ledgea  projecting  about  0.4  in.  insfdt 
it  at  lir-t  v  revolutions  in  a  minute,  increasing  gradually  to  20.    The  com; 

will  he  proportionate  to  the  charge  In  the  barrel,  which  should  not.  however,  be 

more  than   half  full  ;  continue   this   operation   until    the  density   is    such   that  a 

cubic  fool  i 'i"  the  powder  shall  weigh  B5S  os.,  the  mean  density  of  round  powder; 
strike  "a  the  staves  of  the  barrel  from  time  to  time,  to  prevent  the  adh< 
the  powder. 

Silt    the   grains    and    dry  the    powder    as    uaualj    thai  which    i*   too   Bni 

is  returned  to  the  pulverising  barrel. 
Thia  powder  is  round  and  the  grain  is  sufficiently  hard  on  the  surface,  but 

the  interior  is  soli,  which   make-   it   unlit   for   keeping,  and   may  (MUM  ll  to  hum 

-lowly.    Thia  defect  may  be  remedied  by  making  the  grains  at  nrsi  very  small, 
and  by  rolling  them  on  a  sheet  or  in  a  barrel,  watering  them  from  time  to  time, 

and  adding  the  pulverised  i ipoaition  in  .-mall  portions  ;  In  tins  way.  thi 

will  be  formed  by  suocesaive  layera;  they  arc  then  separated  aooording  losixe, 

g  lazed  and  dried. 

Ii  appears  from  experiment!  bai  the  simple  incorporation  of  the  materials 
makes  s  powder  which  gives  nearly  as  high  ranges  with  the  cannon  as  grained 
powder;  the  incorporated  dual  from  the  rolling  barrel  may.  therefore,  be  used  in 
ease  oi  necessity.    Gunpowder  burn-  at  the  temperature  of  575°  to  000°  Fahr. 


217 


DENSITY    OF    GUNPOWDER. 

The  density  of  gunpowder  may  he  approximately  determined  hy  taking  the 
weight  ol  a  given  quantity  ;  this  is  called  the  gravimetric  density,  and  the  mea- 
sure used  for  the  purpose  ■  gravimeter.  The  gravimetric  density  may  be  ex- 
pressed by  the  weight  of  a  cubic  foot  in  ounces,  and  a  convenient  form  for  the 
grai  i meter  is  a  brass  cylindrical  measure,  4  inches  in  diameter  and  5.093  inches 
in  height,  containing  64  cubic  inches,  or  l-27th  of  a  cubic  foot.  The  weight  of 
the  contents  should  he  ascertained  with  the  powder  loose  and  shaken:  the  dif- 
ference sixes  an  indication  of  the  relative  irregularity  and  size  of  grain. 

The  gravimetric  density  of  nnglazed  powder  (French)  made  in  pounding  mills. 
is  about  s40.  The  following  results  were  obtained  from  some  of  the  best  pow- 
der made  in  cylinder  mills  : 


SIZE    OF   GRAIN. 

Specific 
gravity. 

No.  of  grains 
of  powder 
in    10   grs. 
Troy. 

Weight  of  1  cubic 
foot. 

Cubic 
inches   in 

Loose. 

Shaken. 

J  lb.  loose 

L.  O.  A.    -    Rj(](,    

1,912 

4,9S3 

150 

1,100 

(3,000 

73.000 

171 

oz. 

929 
896 
900 

1,047 
874 

oz. 

1,039 
1.012 
1,060 
1,197 

993 

30. 
30.8 

30.7 

2.012 
1,970 

31.6 

The  specific  gravities  slated  in  the  above  table  were  obtained  by  mran-  of 
alcohol;  the  results  arc  not  perfectly  accurate,  as  the  method  is  liable  to  some 
objections.  The  following  method  of  ascertaining  the  specific  gravity  of  gun- 
powder is  pursued  in  the  French  manufactories,  but  it  is  also  not  free  from 
lions.  The  specific  gravity  of  the  sporting  powder  of  the  above  table. 
obtained   by  this   method.  ind    that  obtained   approximately,  by  direct 

irement  and  weight  of  pieces  of  dried  mill  cake,  is  about  1,920. 


rmination  of  tlu  Specific  Gravity  of  Gunpowder. 

The  instrument  used  for  this  purpose  is  a  cylindrical  glass  vessel  of  uniform 
diameter,  the  edges  of  which  are  well  ground,  and  to  which  is  adapted  a  cover  of 
lied  glass  accurately  ground  on  the  surface,  so  as  to  close  the  vessel  her- 
metically.    The  diameter  of  the  vessel  is  3  in.,  and   its  height  4.ri   in.     With  a 


21s  (  BAP.    IX. — <;i  NPOH  l>i  R. 

good  balance  take  the  exact  weight  of  the  reaael  and  cover.    Fill  i 
with  distilled  water,  and  oover  il  to  h  entirely  to  exclude  tbe  air ;  this  may  be 
ted  by  pouring  in  tbe  water  until  ii  runs  out  tbe  tide*  of  1 1> *-  vessel,  and 
then  sliding  the  oover  on — wipe  the  vessel  and  the  oover  perfectly  dry.  with. mi 
disturbing  the  cover  so  ;.s  admit  air  in  the  vessel.    Aacertain  the 

ilms  filled,  ami  deducting  it-  weight  when  empty,  set  down  the  weight 

of  distilled  water  which    it  contain-,  winch   weight    we   will    designate    by  W. 

Wipe  the  Vessel  and  cover  perfectly  dry.  and  ascertain  in  tin-  -a manner 

the  weight  li'    which  the  vessel  will  contain  of  water  saturated  with  nitre,  snob 
-  used  in  testing  the  purity  of  saltpetre  j   pour  "iii  three-fourths  of  the  sum- 
med solution,  and  having  weighed  1,500  grains  of  powder  Trie  from  dust,  pour 
it  ilowfy  into  the  saturated  solution,  so  that  the  air  between  the  grains  of  powder 

may  escape — then  till   the  vessel  with  the  solution,  and  cover  it  as  before  ]    wipe 

it  dry  ami  ascertain  the  weight.     Prom  the  weight  thus  found,  subtract  that  of 

the  vessel  and  cover,  and  that  of  the  powder:    the  remainder  will  he  the  weight 

of  the  saturated  solution  in  the  vessel ;  deduct  this  weight  from  that  \\'\  of  the 

saturated  solnl before  obtained,  and  the  difference  will  be  the  weight  i  •'■  i  I 

the  quantity  of  the  solution  winch  occupies  the  same  space  as  the  given  quan- 
tity of  powder.     Then   IP:   IT::  w'l  to.  the  weight  of  distilled  water  which  would 

have  been  displaced  by  tin-  powder;  and  this  weight  i-  i"  that  of  the  powder  as 
the  specific  gravity  of  distilled  water  is  to  the  specific  gravity  of  the  powder. 
■  the  operation  three  times,  and  take  the  mean  result. 
Alcohol  may  he  used  in  the  same  manner,  instead  of  saltpetre  waler. 

PACKING    POWD1  it. 
rn in   powder  is  packed  in  barrels  of  ion  n,-.  each.    Powder  ' 

arc  made  of  well-seasoned  white  oak,  and    hooped  with   hickory  or  cedar  h  ops, 

which  should  I"'  deprived  of  their  bark ;  the  cedar  is  not  so  liable  as  hickory  or 
white  oak  to  be  attacked  by  worms,  and  it  should,  therefore,  lie  nsed  in  prefer- 
ence, or  tin-  hoops  may  in-  prepared  by  immersion  In  a  solution  of  corrosive 

sublimate.     The  hoops  should  cover  two-thirds  of  the   barrel.     The   diniuet. 

the  bung-hole  is  L25  in.    Instead  of  a  buna  on  the  Bide,  a  Borew  hoi.'  i..">  in.  in 

diameter  is  sometime!  made  in  the  head  of  the  barrel  :  it  is  closed  by  a  wood 
s.icw  with   ail    octagonal  head,  which    triUSl    DOl    project  beyond  the  ends  of  the 

staves;  under  the  head  of  the  screw  Is  a  washer  of  thin  leather  steeped  in  a 
solution  of  beeswax  in  spirits  of  turpentine.  This  BOrew  plug  renders  it  unne- 
cessary to  take  out  the  head  of  the  luirrcl.  and  the  hoops  may.  therefore,  be 
I  red  with  OOpper  nails  J  for  transportation,  a  piece  of  cloth  should  lie  glued 
the  head  of  the  pin-.  Some  barrels  have  been  made  with  six  copper  hoop-, 
and  others  with  4  copper  and  6  or  10  cedar  hoops;  the  copper  hoop-  are  1  in. 
wide,  and  i  of  an    inch   thick,  fastened   with   two    rivets,  and    nailed   each  with  3 

copper  n.ni-.  OJ  25  in.  long.    Average  weight  of  a  hoop  'J!  lbs. 


PACKING — INSPECTION. 


219 


In  1836,  some  barrels  were  made  water-proof  by  a  lining  of  India  robber  cloth 
to  ascertain  it-  efficiency  in  preserving  the  powder  in  damp  situations,  or  in  the 

exposure  of  service  in  the  field.  T 1 1 i -~  lining  appears  to  have  had  an  injurious 
effect  on  the  powder,  when  exposed  to  heat  and  moisture,  in  consequence  of  the 
affinity  of  the  caoutchouc  for  sulphur. 


Dimensions  of  Powder  Barrels. 

Whole  length 20.5    inches. 

Length,  interior,  in  the  clear IS.  " 

Interior  diameter  at  the  head 11.  " 

Interior  diameter  at  the  bilge 1G.  ' 

Thickness  of  the  staves  and  heads 0.5        " 

Weight  of  the  barrel  with  cedar  hoops 25         lbs. 

The  barrels  have  generally  12  hoops  14  to  1G  staves,  and  2  or  3  pieces  in  each 

head.     The  above  dimensions  are  calculated   so  that,  with    100  lbs.  of  powder. 
shall    be  a  vacant   space   in  the  barrel,  allowing  the  powder  to  shake,  in 

order  to  prevent  its  caking — the  barrel  would  contain  about  120  lbs.  of  powder. 

settled  by  shaking. 


INSPECTION   AMI  1'UoOF  OF  POWDER. 


Gunpowder  should  be  of  an  even  grain,  angular  and  irregular  in  form;  it 
should  be  so  bard  as  not  to  be  easily  crushed  by  pressure  with  the  ringer:  it 
should,  when  new,  leave  no  trace  of  dust  when  poured  on  the  back  of  the  hand, 
find  should  leave  no  beads  or  foulness  when  flashed,  in  quantities  of  10  grains, 
| 'per  plate.  The  size  of  the  grain  for  each  kind  of  powder  is  te-ted  in 
the  following  manner: 

There  are  three  sieves  or  gauges  for  each  size  of  grain,  made  by  piercing  round 
boles  in  thin  sheets  of  brass.     The  sizes  of  these  holes  are  as  foil' 


• 

SOW.                                                    >,ET.                                           Rll 

Xo.     1. 

' 

Xo.  3. 

In. 

0.100 

In. 

In.           In. 


In. 

in. : 

In. 

In. 
0.03 

In. 

280  CHAP.     IX.  —  (.!   M-i.U  PKK. 

Caution   yoirdtr.  sifted   thron-h   I  \    -     1 .   2   and   8,  should   leave    BOI 

more  than  6  pel  So,  1  j  not  more  than  SO  per  nent  should  pass  through 

No.  S;  nn<l  of  iIk-  remainder,  not  more  than  one-half  should  pass  through  No.  2. 
This  would  five  about  ISO  |  >owder  in  a  weigh!  of  LOgraiua  ti 

Mutttt  powder  should   all  pas-,  through  No.   I  ■   about  one-half  - 
through  No.  •r>;   and  nearly  one-fourth  through  No.  8.    This  would  give  about 
2,000  or  2,500  grains  of   powder  In  10  grail's  troy. 

tild   all   pass   through    No.6j    DOt   more   than   one-fifth   through 
-  ;   and   not   more    than   two-fifths   through   No.  7.     This   would   give  about 
12.000  or  15.000  grains  of  powder  in  10  grams  troy 

Ordinarily,  the  uniformity  and  size  of  gram  will  I  •  I  by  mere  inspec- 

tion. 

The  powder  in  eaeh  barrel  is  proved.  For  this  purpose  a  sample  of  al 
oz.  is  taken  from  each  :  this  is  conveniently  done  by  means  of  an  extractor,  which 
is  a  copper  tube  about  1  inch  interior  diameter,  and  Is-  inches  long,  pointed  at  the 
bottom,  and  having  a  valve  at  the  lower  end,  or  an  opening  about  9  inches  from 
that  end.  by  covering  which  with  the  hand  the  powder  may  be  poured  out  of  the 
mouth  ol  the  tube;  the  sample  is  put  into  a  tin  canister  marked  with  a  number, 
a  corresponding  one  to  which  is  inscribed  with  chalk  on  the  barrel;  from  i 
samples,  the  charges  for  the  eprouvette  are  weighed  on  the  proving  ground,  as 
they  are  required. 

The  platform  for  the  mortar  eprouvette  should  be  a  block  of  oak  timber  firmly 
established  on  a  foundation  of  masonry,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  strong 
bolts;  to  this  block  the  iron  bed  plate  is  fixed  by  the  three  bolts  provided  for  that 
purpose,  the  plate  being  also  let  into  the  wood  about  L.S  inch,  to  avoid  bending 
the  bolts.  The  ground  where  the  balls  are  to  fall  should  be  free  from  stones  and 
not  too  hard. 

The  eprouvettes  are  provided  with  3  service  balls  and  a  standard  ball  (marked 
No.  1).  by  mean-  u{  which,  and  of  the  standard  powder  accompanying  each  eprou- 
vette, the  mortar  and  the  service  balls  should  I"'  verified  from  time  to  time. 

'Ph.-  eprouvette,  being  washed   clean    ami   dried    by  firing  a  scaling  charge,  is 
placed  on  its  bed,  in  a  vertical  position,  in  which   it  is   supported    by  a  wed 
prop ;  the  vent  is  stopped  with  a  copper  wire  having  a  shoulder  to  prevent  it 

from  projecting  into  the  chamber,  and  the  charge  of  powder  is  Introduced  through 

a  long  funnel  which  is  supported  on  the  bottom  of  the  bore,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
chamber:  the  ball  is  then  carefully  lowered  down  by  means  of  a  hook,  and  the 
mortar  placed  on  its  bed,  care  being  taken  not  to  jar  it  roughly;  it  is  primed  with 
B  small  strand  of  quick  match,  and  fired  without  delay.  Two  charges  are  fired 
in  this  way  from  each  sample  of  powder,  and  if  the  ranges  differ  more  than  20 
yards,  a  third  charge  is  fired,  and  the  two  nearest  ranges  are  used  in  obtaining 
the  mean  range.  The  mortar  is  scraped  and  wiped  after  each  discharge,  and  it 
is  washed  and  dried,  as  al  first,  after  about  S  shots. 


INSPECTION    AND    PROOF.  221 

The  general  mean  range  of  new  powder  proved  at  any  one  time  must  be  not 
less  than  250  yards  ;  but  no  powder  ranging  below  5j25  yards  is  received.  The 
powder  in  magazines  is  considered  unserviceable  if  it  does  not  range  over  180 
yards, 

With  the  eprouvettes,  as  adjusted  in  1S37,  good  cannon  powder  ranges  from 
280  to  300  yards,  and  small  grain  powder,  from  300  to  320  yards. 

Inspection  Report.  The  report  of  inspection  should  show  the  place  and  date 
of  fabrication  and  of  proof — the  kind  of  powder  and  its  general  qualities:  as.  hard 
or  soft,  round  or  angular,  whether  free  from  dust  or  not,  of  uniform  or  irregular 
grain — its  gravimetric  density — the  separate  ranges  and  the  mean  range — the 
condition  of  the  mortar  and  the  ball — the  state  of  the  weather. 

Marks.  Eacb  barrel  is  marked  on  one  head  with  the  place  and  year  of  manu- 
facture, and  with  the  kind  of  grain,  cannon,  musket,  or  rifle  ;  on  the  other  head, 
with  the  year  in  which  it  was  proved  and  the  proof  range,  leaving  room  for  sub- 
sequent proofs,  which  are  marked  in  the  same  manner. 


Remarks. 

Although  the  above  is  the  established  mode  of  proof  and  inspection  for  Gov- 
ernment powder,  it  cannot  be  disguised  that  a  very  imperfect  lest  of  the  relative 
projectile  force  of  gunpowder  is  thereby  afforded.  Slight  variations  in  the  den- 
sity of  powder,  which  would  but  little  affect  its  strength,  when  fired  in  large 
quantities,  produce  great  difference  in  the  proof  range  ;  and  variations  in  the 
I  the  grain  cause  still  greater  irregularities  in  the  range,  the  powder  being 
in  Othei  respects  the  same.  In  general,  gunpowder  of  small  grain  and  lore  spe- 
cific gravity  gives  the  highest  range  in  the  eprouvelte,  whilst  recent  experiments 
with  the  ballistic  pendulum  have  shown  that  the  greatest  initial  velocity,  in  a 
ivy  gun,  is  produced  by  powder  of  great  specific  gravity  and  of 
coarse  grain. 

i,i  'i  Ktbouvette.  The  best  mode  of  testing  the  projectile  force  oi  gun- 
powder is  undoubtedly  thai  oi  ascertaining  its  effects  when  used  In  the  same 
quantities  in  which  it  is  to  be  employed  in  service.  This  method  has  been  par- 
tially adopted  by  establishing,  at  Washington  Arsenal,  a  cannon  pendulum  and 
a  muskel  pendulum,  which  are  used  for  proving  samples  of  powder  sent  from 
the  manufactories     The  apparal  the  initial  Telocity  ol  ■  ball  fired  from 

a  cannon  or  S  musket. 

]„  pmnlrr.  the  initial  velocity  of  a  ball  of  medium  weight  and 

windage.  Willi  ;\  •  ihould  be: 

i  a  'J  l-pou, 

l> (Hinder  neld  gun,  not  less  than  l,.r>.r>0  feet. 
From  a  6-pounder  field  gun,  not  less  than  I 


28S  <  1 1  \  i  •  -    I\.       01  HP0WD1  I 

Ju  frmring  small  arm  povthr.  the  iniiinl  velocity  of  a  musket  ball,  with  ■ 

iuld  be  : 

With  mnskel  powder,  not  leu  than  L,80Q 

With  rifle  powder,  m>i  less  than  1,600  ieet. 

W  th  fine  (porting  powder,  not  leu  than  1,800  R 

l<  m.imks.    The  susceptibility  of  powder  to  absorb  i 
iimy  be  judged  of  bj  lb.  to  tin-  air.  iii  a  moist  place  (such  us  a  cellar 

which  is  not  too  damp),  on  a  glased  earthen  dish,  for  15 or  20  days,  stirring1  il 
the  surface  better  j  the  powder  should  be  previously 
well  dried,  at  .i  heat  of  about  140°.    v  rials, 

treated  in  tins  way,  will  not  Increase  in  weigh!  more  than  3  parts  In  1,000,  or  a 
half  of  ono  per  cent  Such  powder  kept  in  casks  in  a  . I r\-  magazine  will  nli-. <r!. 
about  B-lOths  of  1  per  cont.  of  moisture.  A  sample  thus  kepi  fi  r  L5  years,  in  a 
common  barrel.  wa>  found  to  lose  but  9-l0ths  oi  l  per  cent,  in  drying. 

A  inert'  accurate  and  expeditious  method  of  comparing  the  hygromeiric  quah% 
ties  of  different  samples  of  pow  der  is  to  expose  them  to  air  saturated  with  n 
ufe.  For  tins  purpose,  samples  of  about  1,500  grains  weight  may  be  placed  in  a 
shallow  liii  pan,  9  in  ■•,''  in.,  set  in  a  tub,  the  bottom  of  which  is  covered 
with  water:  the  pan  of  powder  should  be  placed  about  l  inch  above  the  surface 
of  the  water,  and  the  tub  covered  over.  In  this  manner  any  sample  of  powder 
may  be  compared   with  another   of  known  good  quality.    Good  powder,  made 

of   pure     materials,    will    not    absorb    more   than    ~\     per   cent,   of   moisture   ill    -1 

hours. 

<^i  tcKNSsa  oi  Fit  i:\iv;.    The  relative  quickness  of  two  different  powder-  may 
be  judged  oi  by  burning  a  train  hud  in  a  circular  or  other  groove,  which  returns 

into    itself,  made    in    a    piece    of  hard    wood:   one-half  of  thl  filled 

with  each  kind  "f  powder,  ami  lin  communicated  at  one  of  the  points  of  meet- 
ing of  the  two  trams,  the  relative  quickness  is  readily  deduced  from  observation 
of  the  point  at  which  the  flames  meet.  For  this  purpose  it  i-  necessary  that 
the  two  powder-  ( pared  should  be  of  equal  ur.on.  an. I  the  method  -  best  ap- 
plied to  th.-  comparison  ol  One  grained  powders  which  can  be  laid  evenly  in  the 

groove  :    for  such   I  id  W  del',  a  grOOVC  W  0086  cross  seel  I. 'il   it  .i   -em  0  '!  an 

inch  diameter,  and  its  length  20  feet,  di\  ided  into  tenth-  of  a  foot,  will  be  found 
convenient. 


ANALYSIS.  223 


Atudysis  of  Gunpowder. 

"Whatever  may  be  the  mode  of  proof  adopted,  it  is  essential,  in  judging  of  the 
qualities  of  gunpowder,  to  know  the  mode  of  fabrication,  and  the  proportions 
and  degree  ol  purity  of  the  materials;  the  latter  point  may  he  ascertained  by 
analysis. 

Tii  DETERMINE  the  QUANTITY  of  Saltpetre.  In  a  vessel  of  tinned  copper. 
like  a  common  coffee  pot,  dissolve  1,000  grains  of  powder,  well  dried  before 
thing,  in  2.000 grains  of  distilled  water,  and  heat  it  until  it  boils:  let  it  stand 
a  moment,  and  then  decani  it  on  a  piece  of  filtering  paper,  doubled  exactly  in 
1  he  middle  :  repeal  this  Operation  four  times;  at  the  1th,  instead  of  decani 
pour  the  whole  contents  of  the  vessel  on  the  filter;  drain  the  filter,  and  wash  it 
several  times  with  2,000  grains  of  water  heated  in  a  vessel,  using,  in  all  these 
operations,  10,000  grains  of  water.  After  passing  through  the  filters,  this  water 
contains  in  solution  all  the  saltpetre,  the  quantity  of  which  is  ascertained  by 
evaporating  to  dryness.  Dry  the  double  liller  with  the  mixture  of  coal  and 
sulphur,  and  lake  the  weight  of  this  composition  by  using  the  exterior  filler  to 
rtain  the  weight  of  that  on  which  the  composition  remains.  This  weight 
serves  to  verify  that  of  the  saltpetre,  and  to  estimate  the  loss  in  the  process. 
■  spelling  the  sulphur  from  this  composition  by  heat,  the  quantity  of  cnal, 
and  consequently  of  sulphur,  may  be  found  ;  but  this  operation  is  tedious  and 
delicate. 

To    determine    the    QUANTITY    OF    SuLPHUB    DIRECTLY.     Mix    and    beat    in    a 

mortar  in  grains  of  dry  powder,  10  of  suboarbonate  of  potash.  10  of  saltpetre, 

and  10  (if  chloride  of  sodium  :  put  this  mixture  in  a  vessel  (capsule)  of  platinum 

-  and  when  the  combination  of  the  materials  is  compli 
and  the  mass  is  white,  dissolve  it  lb  distilled  water,  and  saturate  the  solution 
with  nitric  acid  :  decompose  the  sulphate  which  has  been  formed  by  adding  a 
lion  of  chloride  of  barium,  in  which  the  exact  proportions  of  the  water  and 
the  chloride  are  known.  According  to  the  atomic  proportions,  the  quantity  of 
sulphur  will  be  to  that  of  the  chloride  of  barium  used,  as  20.12  to  i 

To   determine   the   QUANTITY   OF   Charcoal  DIRECTLY.     Mix    1,000  trains  of 
powder  wilh  an  equal  quantity  of  caustic  potash  (or  of  suboarbonate  <>(  soda  or 
potash)   ami   a    little   waier;   boil  the   mixture  for  some  time,  and   poor  it  on  a 
ible  filtering  paper;  when  the   liquor,  which   i*  ol   a  deep  yellow  color.    - 
I,  wash   the   filler   several   limes   with   distilled  water   until   the  water  01 
offl  '    until    it   cives    DO  1:   then  dry  the 

charcoal  and  weigh  'i      Repeal  the  operation  two  .  i  \~-,c  moults 

thus   ol, tamed    i  a  Vei   lied    by  COtnpOSlOg   a    powder   in    the    proportion    indi- 

'■  analysing  it   la   tin-   -  the  new  results  will  show  the  rorrec- 

i  I  lie  first. 


22  1  <    MAT.     1\. (.1   M'.iW  Dl   K. 


Restoring  !  I    /'  voder. 

When  the  quantity  of  wan  I  by  gunpowder  ^t-  not  exceed  7  per 

the  powder  may  be  reatored  by  drying.    This  may  even  be  effected  In  the 

If  ||  i-  ilry.  by  entllatlon,  or  by  the  use  of  the  chlorid< 

lime  for  20  or  30  days,    Quick  lime  may  be  used,  bat  the  -  attended 

with  danger,  on  account  of  the  beat  evolved  In  flaking. 

When  powder  I  A  from  7  t"  19  per  cent  of  water,  it  may  -.till  l>e 

led  !>y  drying  In  the  sun  or  in  a  drying  bouse  j  but  it  remains  porous  and 

friable,  and  unfit  for  transportation  :  In  this  case  it  is  belter  to  work  it  over.    In 

•  may  be  worked  by  means  of  the  rolling  bam  ribed  i"r 

making  round  powder. 

When  powder  has  become  mixed  with  dirt  or  grave!,  or  other  foreign  mi!>- 
stancea  which  cannot  be  separated  by  sifting,  <>r  when  it  bas  been  under  water, 
or  otherwise  too  much  injured  to  be  reworked,  It  must  be  melted  down,  to 
obtain  the  saltpetre  by  solution,  filtration,  and  evaporation. 


PRESERVATION,    STORAGE    AND    TRANSPORTATION 

In  the  powder  magaiines  the  barrels  are  generally  placed  on  the  lides,  three 
,i  necessary;  small  skids  should  l>e  placed  <>n  th< 
and  between  the  several  tiers  of  barrels,  in  order  to  steady  them,  and  chooks 

should    be  placed  at    interval^   Ofl    the    lower   >kid,    to  prevent   the    tolling   of   the 

kirrcl>.    The  powder  should  he  separated  boo  rdiug  to  its  kmd,  the  place  and 

date  of  iai.nc.it and  the  proof  range.     Fixed  ammunition,  especially  I 

non.  should  not  be  put  m  tin-  -am.   mag a/i ne  with  powder  in  barrels  II  it  ^•m  be 
avoided. 

in  a  room  13  or  II  feet  wide,  the  barrels  may  I"'   arranged    hi   a   double   row  in 

the  centre,  two   nil.  V-  2j   let   wide,  and  two  single  rows    6   to   12   indies   from   the 

w  alls j  in  this  way  the  marks  of  each  barrel  may  be  -<-<u.  and  any  barrel  •■^\  be 
easily  reached,    in  a  room  12  feel  wide,  an  equal  number  ol  barrels  maybe 

placed    in    two  double   rows,  with   n   central   alley  of  3  leet.  mid   two  side  alleys. 

next  the  walls,  of  about  10  In.  eaob  ;  there  should  be  an  unencumbered  spaee  of 
eel  at  the  door  or  doors  of  the  magaxine. 
i  a  be  necessary  to  pile  the  barrels  more  than  four  tiers  bigh,  the  upper 

i,er>  ih<  uld  be  supported  by  s  frame  resting  on  the  door:  or  the  barrels  may  be 

placed  on  tlieir  heads,  with  hoard-  between  the  lui- 

corded  in  the  magaxine  book,  each  panel  ol  powder  should 

ribed  On  a  ticket  attached   to  the  pile,  showing   the  entries  and  the  issues. 


MAGAZINES — LIGHTNING    RODS.  225 

For  the  preservation  of  the  powder,  and  of  the  floors  and  lining  of  the  maga- 
zine, it  is  of  the  greatest  importance  to  preserve  unobstructed  the  circulation  of 
air.  under  the  flooring  as  well  as  above.  The  magazine  should  be  opened  and 
aired  in  clear,  dry  weather  :  the  ventilators  must  he  kept  free:  no  shrubbery  or 
lOuld  be  allowed  to  grow  so  near  as  to  protect  the  building  from  the  »un. 
The  moisture  of  a  magazine  may  be  absorbed  by  chloride  of  lime  suspended  in 
an  open  box  under  the  arch,  and  renewed  from  time  to  time;  quick  lime,  as 
before  observed,  is  dangerous. 

The  sentinel  or  guard  at  a  magazine,  when  it  is  open,  should  have  no  fire 
arm-,  end  every  one  who  enters  the  magazine  should  take  off  bit  shoes,  or  put 
socks  over  tbem  j  no  sword,  or  cane,  or  any  thing  which  might  occasion  sparks 
should  be  carried  in. 

Barrels  of  powder  should  not  be  rolled  for  transportation;  they  should  be 
carried  in  handbarrows.  or  slings  made  of  rope  or  leather.  In  moving  powder 
in  the  magazine,  a  cloth  or  carpet  should  be  spread;  all  implements  used  there 
should  be  of  wood  or  copper,  and  the  barrels  should  never  be  repaired  in  the 
magazine.  When  it  is  Decenary  to  roll  the  powder  for  its  better  preservation 
and  to  prevent  its  caking,  this  should  be  done  with  a  small  quantity  at  a  time,  on 
boards  in  the  magazine  yard. 

In  wagons,  barrels  of  powder  must  be  packed  in  straw,  secured  in  such  a  man- 
ner a*  not  to  rub  against  each  other,  and  the  load  covered  with  thick  canvas. 


LIGHTNING    RODS 

l'.Tirnrir,!  /mm  n  tttftft  "/  t'hf.  French  Acadfmy  of  Srr 

\n  a  lightning  rod  there  may  be  distinguished  two  principal  parts;  the  pointed 
'/trior,  with  its  roots. 
icm  or  upper  part  Of!   the  rod  is  a  bar  of  Square  or   round    iron   or  i 
drawn  out  into  a  pyramidal  or  conical  form.  13  to  20  feel  high  (according  to  the 
height  of  the   building  and  of  the  surroundin.  nd   from  l.'J.S  in.  to  2  in. 

thick  at  the  base,  !■  on  i  proportion 

The    upper    end    is    made   of  a   conical    bras*    ro.l.   <.'(»   m    long,  gill   at    the  lop.  or 
with  platinum,  which  i»  Baited   I  -  with   -ilvcr  solder,  the  joint 

strengthened  by  a  small  brass  collar.    The  iron  and  '  I 

by  an  iron  dowel,  screwed  into  both,  and  •.retired  by  iron   pins.     The  bras*   point 
.-    I  or  armed  with  platinum. 
The  ^'m  should  be  made,  if  possfbJ*,  in  one  piece;   if  it  becomes  neeessary  to 
II 


'-'-<"•  CHAP.    IV — BOWPOWDBBt 

di\  Dl  should  lio  at  aliout   one-third   of  the    height    from   l! 

two  paru  connected  together  by  ■  tapering  tenon  in  the  upper  piece,  and  ■ 

ding  mnrtiee  below,  secured  by  to  iron  pin;  or.  the  iwn  part*  n 
.•.••il  together.     At  the  bottom  of  the  stem,  above  1 1 • « -  roof,  la  a  sbonlderaa 
flench  to  throw  off  the  ram  water  which  might  otberwiae  follow  down  the  rod 
•   ihia  flaech  the  stem  is  rounded  aboul  '..'  in.  In  height,  10 
hinged  roller  with  two  sot*,  between  which  the  end  <>i'  the  cond 
-    secured  by  a  l«>lt :  or  the  item  and  the  conductor  may  be  connected  by  a 
Mjiiau  collni  or  (Crop,  and  a  bridle,  which  the  conductor  l>y  tw<> 

ii m>  screwed  on  the  endi  of  two  branobea  ol  the  -trap  which  pa--  through 
in  the  bridle;  the  back  of  thia  strap  hat  a  braiteh  projecting  upward,  wbk 
secured  hy  a  I ■  * >  1 1  to  a  fork  formed  111  the  ••ml  of  the  conductor. 

The  stem  is  fixed  to  the  building  in  rarioua  ways,  according  to  circumataaeea. 
The  beat  method  la  to  attach  it  to  a  chimney  or  gable,  where  it  may  be  sooered 
by  strap-  paaaing  round  the  chimney,  "r  through  the  wall,  keyed  inaide  againal 
an  i r- •  ii  liar.    Chi  an  arch,  the  Mem  termiaatoi  in  three  or  four  branches  01 

Which  are  leaded  into  the  ma-onry. 

The  conductor   i-    made  of  liar-  of  square  or   round    iron  or  copper,  from  0.6  in. 

i"  l  in.  thick,  <• looted  together  by  a  berel  joined  in  the  form  o\  a  /..  faateaed 

by  2  plna  j  or  the  ban  may  be  screwed  together.    The  conductor  run-  parallel 

to  the  roof,  from  I  in.  to  8  in.  above  it.  and  is  supported,  at  Intervals  of  about  m 

by  for  it,  the  lower  end-  of  which  are  not  pointed,  but  flattened  and  bent  «t 

I  iit  angle  and  nailed  to  a  rafter,  to  prevent  the  filtration  of  water  into  the  wood; 

the  rod  is  held  in  eaeh  fork  by  a  rivet  through  the  branches  above  the  i 

The  conductor  follows  the  cornice  of  the  building  without  touching  it,  nnd 
descends  la  like  manner  along  the  wall,  to  which  it  i-  fastened  by  eraaaaw  or 
ttapU».    About  Is  in.  below  the  surface  of  the  ground,  it  i-  bent  perpendionlarly 

to  the  wall,  ami    extended    ill    that    direction    abOBl    18  feel,  when    it    pa--e-  . 
well,  or  il  water  la  not  met  with,  into  a  pit   1  .'>  leel  deep,  which  may  be  tilled  with 

•   paving  atones   it  il  ia  not  convenient  to  let  it  remain  a-  a  well. 

To  facilitate  tin-  transmissii i  the  electric  fluid,  and  to  prevent  the  rod  from 

becoming  rusty,  it  i-  enclosed  In  a  trough  tilled  with  well-burnt  charcoal,  which 

should  In-  packed  about  l.Ti  in.  thick  all  round  the  rod:   this  trough  may  he  made 

of  bricks,  or  of  stone,  tile-,  wood,  etc.    The  conductor  peases  out  of  tin-  trough 

through  the  -idi--  of  the  Well  j    if  the  latter  i-  within    the  building,  the  conductor 
-hoiiM    pass   through    the  wall  under  ground.      Tin-  01  niiiiiiiuical  ion  should  DOt  ba 

made  with  a  well  or  cistern  winch  i>  resorted  to  tor  use. 

The  conductor  terminates  generally  in  two  or  three  prong*,  which  should  he  so 
placed,  if  possible)  ss  to  he  always  Immersed  in  water  sol  less  than 2  feet;  In 
a  dry  well,  the  prongs  should  he  covered  with  charcoal  well  ram I,  and  the 

rod    within   the   well   should    be  enclosed  ill  ii   pipe  or  trough  tilled  with  charcoal. 
In  rooll  or  dry  ground,  il   the  conductor  cannot    he    led    into   moial  earth,  men 


I.KillTXIXO    RODS. 


227 


the  number  of  branches.     Lead   the   rain   water,  if  practicable,  over  or  through 
the  trough  which  contains  the  rod,  and  into  the  well. 

Chains  or  ropes  of  metallic  irire  may  lie  used  for  conductors,  and  are  conve- 
nient in  some  situations,  but  rods  are  preferable.  Copper  wire  is  better  than  iron 
lor  this  purpose. 

The  greatest  care  must  be  taken,  both  in  fixing  the  rod  and  in  its  subsequent 
preservation,  to  keep  the  communication  perfect  through  every  part  of  it;  other- 
wise it  will  be  dangerous  instead  of  useful. 

It  is  considered  that  a  lightning  rod  can  protect  a  circular  space  the  radius  of 
which  is  double  the  height  of  the  rod  above  the  roof  of  the  building;  but  when 
it  is  attached  to  an  elevated  part  of  the  building,  such  as  a  tower  or  steeple,  it  is 
safer  to  rclv  >'n  its  protection  to  the  extent  only  of  its  height  above  the  body  of 
the  building,  and  to  erect  others  for  protecting  the  more  distant  parts. 

A  building  i*  better  protected  by  two  rods  of  15  to  20  feet  high,  placed  at  a  dis- 
tance equal  to  the  sum  of  their  radii  of  action,  than  by  one  rod  of  double  the 
height. 

All  the  large  pieces  of  metal  about  a  building,  such  as  metallic  coverings  of 
the  roof,  ridges,  fastenings,  gutters,  and  long  bars,  should  communicate  with  the 
conductor  through  bars  or  wires  about  0.25  in.  thick;  it  is  better,  in  this  respect, 
not  to  use  such  materials  in  building  when  they  are  not  indispensable;  nothing 
is  to  be  apprehended  from  the  common  iron  work  of  buildings,  as  hinges, 
locks,  etc. 

The  conductor  should  be  carried  to  the  ground  in  the  shortest  line;  one  con- 
ductor may  sometimes  be  made  to  communicate   with   two  stems,  without  in- 
creasing its  diameter:  there  should  be   not   less   than   two  conductors  for  three. 
r  points:  tin'   feet  of  several  conductors  maybe   made  to  communicate 
with  each  other. 

Ooodooton   should    be  generally    placed   on    the   side    toward    the    prevalent 
storms;  the  walls  of  that   side  being  oftenest  wet  by  the  rain  might  Othi 
'  aiisn  accidents,  by  acting  as  imperfect  conductors. 

Lightning  rods  for  powder  magazines  are  attached  to  masts  or  poles  planted 
from  six  to  ten  feet  from  the  wnlls  of  the  building:  the  stem  of  the  rod  need  not 
he  thicker  thai  the  conductor,  nor  more  than  six  feet  high,  but  the  mast  should 
be  of  such  a  height  that  the  point  of  the  Mem  may  be  about  fifteen  feet  ab< 
building. 


Chap  t  b r    T  b n  t  h 


AMMUNITION  AND  MILITARY  FIBEWOKKS 

LABORATORY. 

Buildings. 

The  rooms  required  for  a  laboratory  are  : 

1.  Furnace  room,  for  casting  bullets  and  making  compositions  requiring  the  use 
of  fire. 

2.  Cartridge  room*,  for  making  paper  and  flannel  cartridges  of  all  kinds. 

3.  Filling  room,  for  filling  cartridges  for  cannon  and  small  arms. 
1.   Oompi  -.  for  mixing  compositions. 

•'.   Driving  room,  for  driving  rockets,  portfires,  fuses,  etc. 

6.  Packing  room,  for  putting  up  ammunition  for  transportation  or  storage. 

7.  ' '"  rpenU  /•*'  thop. 

8.  Magazine,  01  Storehouse  for  powder  and  fixed  ammunition,  etc. 

These  rooms  are  sometimes  arranged,  for  greater  security,  in  separate  build- 
ings, protected  by  trees  or  traverses  of  earlh  :  but  it  is  more  convenient  to  have 
them  under  one  roof  (except  the  furnace  room,  the  carpenters'  shop,  and  the 
magazine),  or  connected  by  covered  passages.  The  laboratory  should  be  apart 
from  inhabited  buildings.  The  size  of  the  rooms  must  be  regulated  by  the  num- 
ber of  artificers  i"  be  accommodated,  and  in  small  establishments,  the  number  of 
rooms  may  be  reduced,  as  the  same  room  may  he  used,  at  different  times,  for 
different   purp  »< 

In  a  large  establishment,  such  as  an  arsenal  of  construction,  the  arrangements 
of  the  laboratory  will  be  necessarily  modified  by  the  facilities  for  work  afforded 
by  other  parts  of  the  establishment 

/'    •  /  Furnii 

i.  Fmrnae*  room.    Farnacet;  work  benches;  platform  balance,  or  large  scales; 

a  tinners"  beach  and  tools,  with   a  .vice    an  anvil  and  a  cheat  for  tools:  a  smiths' 
shovel  and  pofa  •  tc. 


280  CHAP.    \.  —  AMMiMTluN     \\n    F1RKWORKS. 

\  table  lor  making  cartridges  lor  small  arms.  l'J  feel  long 

.iikI  9\  feel  «  Ide,  :..i  13  1 1 i «- ii  or  boys  to  work  ai,  tod  the  length  In  thai  proportion 

toy  greater  Dumber;  tablet  ior  oatting  paper  ami  flannel,  and  for  rolling 

—  on  j  choker  for  rocket  oaeeaj  preaa  for  rocket  aud  portfire  aches 

for  oarlridge  table*  j  stools  -  should  be  partitioned  oft*  from  these  rooms 

.Hid  furnished  with  oaaes,  drawers,  racks,  and  shelves,  Tor  materials  and  toots. 

mi 7  room.  A  shelf  '•.'  feel  wide  for  weighing  on ;  other  shelves  with  closets 
under  them;  tables  with  raised  borders  for  filling,  folding,  etc;  budge  barrel-,  or 

powder   barrels   Willi   copper   bOOpt  and  covers.   Stools   lor   leatS  j    fool  stools;  a 

step  ladder;  stand*  and  gutters  for  emptying  powder  barrel* 

■position  room.    Shelf  for  weighing  on;   shelves,  drawers  and  cloaeta; 

tables;  mealing  table*,  with  raised  border*;  -tools  lor  -eai-;  foot  iloola;  step 

Ider. 

f>.  Driving  room.  Blocks  sei  in  the  ground  or  pavement,  through  the  lioor ; 
benches  and  stool-. 

In  favorable  weather,  a  porch  attached  to  the  building,  or  a  toot,  may  be  used 
for  a  driving  room. 

'i    Peeking  room.    Tables,  benches  and  stools;  platform  balance 

tap.  Turning  lathe  and  tools;  oarpentera'  benches  and  tools 

8.  Magazine.  Shelves  and  frames,  for  boxes  and  barrels. 

Furnaces. 

Two  kinds  of  furnaces  are  used  iu  a  laboratory:  In  the  first,  the  flame  circu- 
lates around  bolh  the  bottom  and  side.-,  ol  llie  Keith1;  in  the  second,  il  come-  :n 
contact  only  with  the  bottom  :  the  latter  are  used  lor  compositions  of  which  gun- 
powder forms  a  pari. 

Furnaces  are  built  of  bricks.  The  kettle  is  of  cast  iron,  about  2  feet  In  diam- 
eter at  the  top,  having  a  rounded  bottom  and  a  flange  about  I  Inches  wide  around 
the  top,  or  else  Strong   handles,  to  sel  it  by.     The  bottom  [a  0.75  in.  thick,  and  the 

side-  ii.;.  in.     By  setting  it  In  an  iron  plate  pierced  with  hole-,  encircling  the 

bottom,  a  furnace  of  the  first  kind  may  be  converted  into  one  of  the  second  kind 

(■\  stopping  the  hi 

In  the  field,  furnace-  maybe  built  with  sod-,  or  sunk  in  the  earth,  if  brick  - 
cannot  be  readily  procured. 

Fumact  built  \oith  ndt.     Lei  the  kettle  rest  on  a  trivet,  the  feet  of  winch  may 

Bland  on  any  piece  of  flat  iron,  SUOh  a-  llie  bottom  of  a  -hot  c.nii-ler.  or  -land  for 

grape;  the  bottom  of  the  kettle  about  1  loot  from  the  ground;  build  round  it 

with  sods:   the   door  of  the   furnace   i-    10    in.   square;   the    line  of  the   chimney. 

opposite  to  the  door,  6  niche-  square,  and  commencing  about  6  in.  from  the 

ground  llie  lir.-(  part  of  the  line  inclined  at  an  angle  "t  about  15°,  the  rest  ver- 
ticil I  and  placed,  if  ei 'renin. -lances  permit,  a^.iin-l  a  wall  ;  the  top  of  the  door  ;md 
Of  the  line  may  be  Supported  by  small  bar-  Of  iron. 


LABORATORY — TOOLS    AND    IMPLEMENTS. 


23  J 


Furnace  Slink  in  the  rurth.  The  edge  of  the  kettle  should  be  1  foot  above  the 
ground,  and  t lie  bottom  1  foot  above  the  hearth  of  the  furnace;  the  earth  is  dug 
out  so  as  to  give  access  to  the  door  ;  the  flue  is  bored  out  on  the  opposite  side, 
with  a  crowbar;  it  commences  f>  in.  above  the  hearth  and  comes  out  of  the 
ground  IS  in.  from  the  surface,  whence  it  is  carried  horizontally  about  13  feet. 

In  furnaces  of  the  second  kind  mentioned  above,  the  trivet  may  be  omitted, 
and  the  kettle  may  rest  on  the  sod  or  earth,  for  about  1  in.  all  round. 


Tools  and  Implements. 

The  following  list  of  laboratory  tools  and  implements  shows  the  kinds  and 
proportions  which  may  be  required  for  a  large  laboratory  and  tor  a  park  oi 
artillery  : 


Adze   copper,  weighing  5  lbs , 

Bench,  for  drawing  the  loads  of  shells 

Bench  stake  

Bick  i  rem 

f  for  driving  fuses  ol  different  calibres 

Blocks      '  ^or  ('r'v,ng  signal  rockets  and  portfires.  .  . . 

I  for  punches 

I  for  cutting  on 

Bottle-,  with  ground  class  stoppers 

Boxes,  for  12  workmen  making  cartridges,  3  to  each  . 
Bowls      f  wooden,  various  etna 

i  earthen,  glazed,  large 

Brace-  and  bit- 

Brushes,  of  various  kinds 

Buckets 

Callipers.  var><"  

f  for    fu-es 

Chargers     (for  portfires 

li 

I   >r   small    arm-   |  revolving) 

rass,  i-r  ui  eila 

r.^ .        foomroon 

i -pnne. 


erg  driven,  copper  and 
Crowbar 

<  lulling  board-. 


Qt'ANTITV. 


Labo- 
ratory. 


I 
1 
1 
1 

72 
6 
2 
1 
4 

36 

12 
6 
2 

16 
0 
3 

36 
1 

4 

3 

2 
2 

1 
6 


1 ''  PI'"- 


Park 


CHAP.      X. —  \MMI\ll!i>\      \M>     MKKWORKS. 


Dr  fts, 


Dredg     -      -\-  - 

iron,  pointed  with  ooppei  or  bran,  for  driring  port* 

firei 

j  for  driving  fuses  for  IS  in.  and  l'i  in.  -hell* ;  lunji  and 

short 

for  drum-  tit-.--,  for  8  In.  •belli  snd  bowitners  .  long  and 

short 

for  driving  signal  rookel  r2»pdr 

do.  do.  do.         L-pdr 

for  driving  terpenta,  iron 

of  iron  or  wood,  for  portfire  <  isea   

I  for  rockel  cases,  seta  for  each  oalibre 

lerpeata 

I  for  lenders 

j  for   small   arm   cartridges,  of  each   calibre.   1    to   each 
workman 


Porraera,     |iir  By|j0(|er8  a0(j  cap8|  for  eaoh  oalibre 

I  for  mortar  oertridgea  do.  

i  for  pots  for  rockets,  do.  
lor  cutting  pots  on,  do.  ■ 
for  cones  for  rookete,  do.  
lor  Weds,                                        do.                

Pork,  iron,  for  dipping  pitched  fncines 

Pnnnela,  of  oopper  and  tin,  various  kinds 

I'n -i-  tetters 

Puse  extractors 

ateeli  for  shot  ;""'  ■helh>j  ior  each  calibre.. . . 
double,  lor  grape  sod  canister,         do. 
do.      for 'cartridge  formers,  do.        .... 

do.      for  priming  tubes 

of  iheet  iron.  ior  abot  bloolca,  for  each  calibre. 

do.  tor  canister  bottoms^     do. 

do.  ior  osnisters,  do. 

of  oopper  or  woo.l.  ior  eaanoii  cartridges 


QUANTITY. 


'  rauges, 


Park. 

12    * 

8 

34 

8 

l 

1 

9 

t 

a 

1 

6 

SI 

20 

1 

i 

i 

1 

i 

1 

i 

1 

i 

i 

28 

10 

10 

9 

1 

•J 

1 
1 

1 
1 

Gimlets 


Gimleta  for  priming  roekets 

Lrlue  poi  and  brash 

Gunners'  callipers 

Gunners'  pincers 

. .  (iron,  band,  for  strapping  shot,  etc 

Hammer-.  '  ' 

i  i  topper 

rlandbarrows,   with   rope  or   lonther  bottoms^   for  powder  bar* 


Hai.li.-i 

Hook-  ior  unpacking  ammunition  boxes. . 
Implements  lor  making  paper  fuses — sets. 


3 
13 

2 


LABORATORY TOOLS    AND    IMPI.OVM  -. 


333 


QTANTITY. 


Kettles, 


(  iron,  lor  melting  lead  . 
I  iron,  lor  firestone,  etc 
1  iron,  for  pitch 

I  copper    lor  paste. 


v    .  |  for  cutting  paper,  large  and  small 

Knivos'  [block 

T     II  ■«  J  'ron-  'or  l«"a(''  pitch,  etc 

1  s'  {  copper,  for  saltpetre,  etc 


Lanterns 

Letter  punches  (stencils),  set 

f  for  driving  fuses  and  portfires 

Mallets,  J  for  driving  rockets 

(  carpenters' 

Measures    {  lor  l,OW(ler-  ,rom  S  l,,s-  to  4  oz 

1   (gallon,  quart,  pint,  half  pint,  and  eill 

Mortar  and  pestle,  bronze 

Mori  a  r.  marble,  with  pestle  of  hard  wood 

f  for  bulls  and   buckshot,  sets 

».      1  ■       !  for  incendiary  balls,  different  calibres 

-    or  cylinder!  of  copper  or  tin),  for  portfires 

each  calibre 

Mullers.  wooden 

•  ■-  of  rarknta  kinds 

>.-  f  for  cutting-  wire 

Nippers,  <  c  ,    .. 

11       '  I  for  trimming  balls 

Palms,  lor  sew  in;:  canvas 

■    brushes  

f  for  cartridge  papers  lor  small  arms 

Patterns    '  "n'  °'  BBCB  kind  and  calibre  for  paper  cartridges 

'  '  |  tin,  of  each  kind  and  calibre  lor  llannel  cartridges  .... 
tin,  of  each  kind  and  calibre  for  canisters 

Pitchers,  stone 

•    for  twitting  wire 

i ■••  (>f-r  and  pasteboard 

les,  Of  sheet  iron,  for  Shot  blocks,  for  each  calibre 

Ponchos  

(  f o  r 

Pun  

{.  for  for  13  in.,  in  in  .  -  .n..  ami  M-pd 

i  wood 

I;  ■  els,  or  frames,  for  quick  match 

Icet  stand 

Rolling  boards,  for  j  -.etc 

r   i  ■  f  c^rpentere' 



r  sharpen 1 1  


2 
2 
1 
2 

12 
1 
5 
1 
5 
1 

48 
6 
2 

22 
5 
1 
1 
6 
4 
4 
2 
I 

150 
2 
6 
4 
12 
4 
1 
1 
1 

IS 
6 
4 
1 
1 

12 

I 
- 

2 

1 
4 

- 


234 


iii\p     v    -AMMUNITION     \M>    MKIwokks. 


■ 


h\  ided  Into  Inches  and  i"<»tlis 

-   oopper,large  small,  and  mediam ;  or  spring  balanoee  . . » . 
r-  .in.]  shears  ol  different  sixes  .  one  pi ir  for  anon  cartridge 

maker 

pper,  for  taking  op  materiala 

Screw  driven 

Scribera 

Shell  |»! Hi.-  son  vt 

i  hair,  Noe.  l.  -'.  3,  and  I.  with  frame*  

'  '"    i  bolting  doth 

ana,  ror  dei  cartridgea  for  small  arma 

ShoveU 


i 
5 

i  a 


Skimmer,  copper,  (or  saltpetre 

Soldering  furnaces  and  irons 

Socks,  pairs 

I  steel,  for  aaltpetre,  etc 

Spatulas,  i  lor  lire  si  one . 

(for  packing  ammunition  boxea 

Spokeahave 

Spoola,  for  twine  

f  wooden 

^""•••{fron 

Stamps,  for  flannel  cartridges,  for  each  calibre 

Tarpaulins 

Tbimblea 

Tin Ti i- is  oreaae 

Tinners'  sli ears 

Trestles,  paira 

Trivets,  Iron 

f  for  the  demolition  of  cartridges  for  small  arms 
Tubs,  <  common 

(for  making  slow  match,  etc.  (casks  sawed  in  two). 

Twiating  machine,  i'<>r  match  rope,  etc 

Watering  pots 

Weights,  s,.|-  inr  each  balance  or  pair  ol  scales 

braaa,  for  piercing  priming  lubea 

Yanl  Stick 


12 

I 


1 

•_) 

■1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

- 

. 

9 

a 

i 

9 

1 

60 

3 

1 

6 

24 

9 

10 

B 

2 

•j 

1 

1 

I 

9 

1 

■J 

1 

2 

0 

6 

1 

■_> 

1 

1 

1 

1000 

1 

100 

1 

LABORATORY  —  TOOLS  AND  IMPLEMENTS. 


235 


Powder  Measures. 

Made  of  sheet  copper;  those  for  use  in  the  park  should  be  made  without 
handles,  for  the  convenience  of  putting  them  up  in  a  nest;  their  form  is  cylin- 
drical, the  interior  diameter  and  height  being  equal. 

To  find  the  diameter  and  height  of  a  cylinder  to  contain  a  given  quant  it  u  of 

gunpowder:  Multiply  the  weight  in  pounds  by 

33. 2  for  cannon  powder )     c         ,.         , 

.,n   .  ,-  '        ...  ■      >  of  medium  density, 

39.4  lor  musket  or  rifle  powder  J  J' 

and  take  the  cube  root  of  the  product. 


DIMENSIONS    OP    1'iiWIiKR    MEASURES. 


Weight  of 

powder. 

Lbs. 

oz. 

0 

1 

0 

2 

0 

4 

0 

8 

1 

0 

1 

1 

1 

8 

Diameter  and 
height. 


In. 

1.337 
1.685 

2.122 
2.i)73 

3.855 


Weight  of  powder. 


Lbs. 


2 

0 

2 

8 

3 

0 

4 

0 

4 

8 

6 

0 

5 

0 

Diameter  and 
height. 


In. 

1.240 
4.57J 
1.657 
5.346 
5.560 
6.120 
6.730 


Precautions  against  accidents. 


Avoid,  as  much  as  possible,  the  use  of  iron  in  the  construction  of  the  build- 
ings, fixtures.  t;ilile>,  etc.,  of  the  laboratory  j  sink  the  heads  of  iron  nails  if  used, 
an']    paste    paper  or   putty  over  them;   cover  the  floor  with  oil   cloth  or  car; 

it  frequently  swept.  Let  the  workmen  in  the  powder  room  wear  socks, 
and  take  them  off  when  they  go  out  Keep  no  more  than  the  requisite  quantity 
of  gunpowder  la  the  laboratory,  and  have  the  ammunition  and  finished  work 
taken  to  the  magazine.  Let  powder  barrets  be  carried  in  handbarrows  made 
with  leather,  or  with  alioga  of  rope  or  canvas,  and  the  ammunition  in  b 
Let  everything  thai  la  lO  be  moved  be  lifted,  and  not  dragged  or  rolled  on  the 
floor.     Never  drive  rocketa.  port  in  a  room  where  there  is  any  powder 

■  |p|    thai    Uaed    at    the   tune       Nerer   enter    the    laboratory  at 
nigh'  ;i nd  then  use  a  close  lantern,  with  a  wax  or  oil 

light  carefuMj  trimmed      Allow  no  an   •  near  the  laboratory. 


'j:?t)  (  HAP.     X.  —  AVMIMII'IN    AND    MRKWoKK-. 


MATERIALS 

Nor.  The  proportion!  are  by  wtigkt,  and  the  temperatures  in  degrees  of 
FaJirenheil'a  thermometer. 

Sai.iikikk.  For  use  in  the  laboratory,  saltpetre  mii-t  be  rednoed  to  fine  pow- 
der,orelse  to  very  mtnote  crystals,  it  la  beat  pulverized  in  the  rolling  barrels 
at  the  powder  mills,  but  it  may  be  pulverised  by  hand  in  the  laboratory,  as  fol- 
lows:   Pol    Into   a    rolling   harrrl  50    lbs.   of  dry  refined    saltpetre,  and    LOO   lbs.  of 

eompoaition  balls;  turn  the  barrel  lor  two  boors  and  a  half  at  30  revolutions  a 

minute,  striking  it.  at  the  same  time,  with  a  mallet  to  prevent  the  saltpetre  from 
adhering  to  the  sides.    Separate  the  balls  by  means  of  a  brass  wire  screen,  and 

the  foreign  substances  with  B  hair  sieve. 

Saltpetre  may  also  lie  pulverized  l>y  pounding  it  in  a  brass  mortar,  or  by  solu- 
tion as  follows:  Pot  li  lbs.  of  refined  nitre,  with  .r>  pint*  of  clear  water,  in  a 

broad  and  shallow  copper  pan  over  a  slow  lire.  and.  as  the  nitre  dissolves,  skim 
off  the  impurities  :  stir  the  solution  with  a  wooden  spatula  until  the  water  is  all 
evaporated,  when  the  nitre  will  be  very  while  and  fine.  Should  it  boll  too  much, 
the  pan  must  be  lifted  from  the  lire  and  .set  upon  wel  sand  or  earth,  and  the  salt- 
petre should  be  stirred  until  it  dries,  to  prevent  it  from  adhering  to  the  pan. 

Chakcoal.  To  make  charcoal  fit  for  laboratory  use:  Bury  an  iron  kettle  in 
the  earth,  to  within  -1  inches  of  the  edge  ;  put  small  pieces  of  wood  againal  the 
sides:  set  lire  lo  them,  and  add  wood  as  it  burns,  covering  that  which  i>  already 
charred;  stir  it  with  a  poker,  from  time  to  time,  until  the  kettle  is  full  oi  char- 
coal; then  put  on  a  cover,  and  when  vapor  ceases  10  come  Over,  cover  it  with 
earth  :  at  the  end  of  Is  hours  take  out  the  charcoal,  and  separate  the  wood  which 
is  imperfectly  charred. 

Charcoal  should  be  kept  in  closu  barrels,  in  a  dry  place.  For  nae,  when  not 
previously  pulverized,  it  is  put  inta  n  rolling  barrel  with  I  times  Its  weight  of 
bronze   balls,  and    run    for  half  an  hour  :   It  IS  then  Screened  and   bolted,      It   may 

be  pulverized  also  in  a  leather  bag,  in  which  it  i-  beaten  ahoUl  live  minutes  with 
a  maul  :  the  bag  should  be  well  tilled;  it  is  held  on  a  block  and  turned  occasion- 
alls  by  one  man  whilst  another  pounds  it.  Charcoal  for  signal  rockets,  being 
used  coarse,  is  beaten  about  15  blows,  and  passed  through  a  coarse  and  a  line 
.-.  ii-ing  that  which  remains  on  the  latter:  charcoal  from  hard  wood  answers 
best  lor  this  purposeu 

Si  i.i-ii t  It .  When  melted  sulphur  is  to  be  Deed,  eare  must  be  taken  thai  it  does 
not  become  thick,  which  occurs  at  about  330°.  It  is  pulverized  by  being  rolled 
4  hours  ;n  a  rolling  barrel,  with  twice  its  Weight  <>l  balls,  or  by  being  pounded 
in  a  mortar  and  sifted.  Koll  brimstone  is  used  (or  melting,  and  flowers  of  sul- 
phur may  be  used  instead  of  roll  sulphur  pulverized,  but  is  not  so  good. 

i.i  nfowoi  a.     Fo?  compositions,  gunpowder  is  viealeil,  either  by  rolling  it  for 


MATKKIALS. 


237 


2  hours  with  once  and  a  half  iis  weight  of  halls,  or  l>y  heating  it  an  equal  length 
ol  time  in  a  leather  bag,  or  by  grinding  it  with  a  muller,  on  a  mealing  table. 

Mealed  powder  and  pulverised  saltpetre,  charcoal  ami  sulphur,  are  generally 
obtained  from  the  powder  mills. 

Lead.     Specific  gravity  11.3f)2—  melts  at  <*>00°. 

T  _-  of  lead  frequently  contain  foreign  matters;  the  fraud  is  easily  detected 
by  immersing  the  pig  in  a  vessel  of  water  with  straight  sides,  so  that  the  quan- 
tity of  water  displaced  by  the  lead  may  be  easily  measured  ;  the  weight  of  the 
load  should  be  equal  to  that  of  the  water  displaced,  multiplied  by  11 

Lead  melted  in  contact  with  air  is  soon  covered  by  a  coat  of  grey  oxide,  which 
rapidly  increases  in  thickness.  The  formation  of  this  oxide,  or  of  dross,  is  pre- 
vented by  covering  the  lead  with  powdered  charcoal  or  rosin. 

To  reduce  the  oriih  of  hml.  Put  in  a  kettle  about  50  lbs.  of  lead,  with  ]-10th 
of  its  weight  of  powdered  charcoal  or  grease;  cover  the  kettle,  and  raise  to  a 
red  heat;  stir  the  mass  and  add  gradually  more  coal,  as  it  assumes  a  yellow 
color,  using  in  all  1-Gth  of  the  weight  of  oxide  ;  dip  out  the  lead  with  an  iron 
ladle,  and  pour  it  into  iron  moulds  or  pans.  After  having  obtained  in  this  way 
two-thirds  of  the  weisht  of  oxide,  in  lead,  throw  the  dross  into  a  tub  of  water 
and  wash  it.  to  separate  the  ashes  and  coal;  dry  the  remaining  oxide  and  grains 
of  lead,  and  put  them  in  the  ladle  with  l-2f>th  of  their  weight  of  rosin  ;  raise  it 
to  a  red  heat,  set  fire  to  the  rosin,  shake  the  ladle  and  pour  o(T  the  lead  ;  a  fur- 
ther addition  of  rosin  will  produce  more  lead;  l-14th  of  the  weight  of  dross  is 
generally  used.     Tallow  may  be  used  in  place  of  rosin. 

When  the  quantity  of  dross  is  considerable,  it  may  be  reduced  in  a  similar 
manner,  in  a  small  cupola  furnace. 

Acetate  of  Lead  (sugar  of  had)  is  used  for  making  slow  match  ;  it  is  a  white 
efflorescent  salt,  of  a  sweet  taste,  very  soluble  in  water. 

Pi.tmmer.s*  Solder  (soft  solder)  is  an  alloy  of  lead  with  i  or  J  of  tin  ;  used  for 
soldering  tin. 

Antimony.  Specific  gravity  6,700 — melting  point  809°;  it  is  easily  reduced 
to  powder,  and  by  its  combustion  with  sulphur  produces  strong  light  and  heat, 
with  a  blue  or  white  flame.  Antimony  is  never  found  pure  in  the  shops  :  that 
which  is  sold  under  the  name  of  regulus  of  antimony  always  contains  a  little 
sulphuret  of  antimony,  arsenic,  and  sometimes  sulphuret  of  iron. 

Copper   (see  page  8)  beinp  but  shtrhtly  acted  on  by  saltpetre  ^  is  emplt 
powder  nieastm  ■-.   ntenaili   l'>r   refining  saltpetre,  etc.     Copper  vessels  should 
not  be  exposed  to  a  great  heat,  or  used  for  heating  compositions  containing  sul- 
phur; the  eopfMT  would   be   rapidly  ozydiied,  Of  would  combine  with   the   sul- 
phur, and  there  would  b<-  duogof  of  explosion. 

T'.RnszE  is   used  for  utensils  and  implements  liable  to  blows,  or  acting  by  per- 
-  on. 

Prass  Wil 


2S6  CHAP.    \.       AMMUNITION     UfD    FIRSWORHI 

Acbtati     f  Corrn  i  used  to  make  slow  natch,  which  . 

_•  conl  and  en  Maine. 

Con  ■  reddish  sparks  tad  •>  gre<  nlsb  bloc  Berne. 

Zi\c.    Specific  gravity  6,880— melts  al   890*  — is   rolatiliaed   si   .<   n 

to  400'  .  it   in. iy  in-   pulverised   under  the  hammer,    ii  gives  i  bluish 
flame;  aa   alloy  of  sloe  and  antimony  pulverised  gives  beautiful   blua  dropa. 

The  oxide  of  zinc  [ftounri  <>/'  ;t>ic\  produces  the  a |>('<- i r.i n.-c  called  gold  rain. 

li;n\.    Pilings  snd  thin  oh  i  ry  brillianl  sparks  and  stars,  the  i 

of  which  depend  on  ths  rise  ol  the   particle  used;  the  Slings  must  be  made 
when  wanted,  or  be  rery  carefully  preserved  from  rust. 

Stk>  i  -  sad  ■mall  pieces  ol  vied  gh  <•  the  mosl  brillianl  -|cir!>-. 

c^r   bum,  pulverised,  pives  very  large  red  iparks  [Chine**  fin).     White 
:-  of  thin  pots  :irc  to  !■<■  preferred  :  to  faoflftate  pulverization. 

hc.it  tin-  iron  nil  snd  throw  it  into  cold  water. 

Bum   lr.  -v    Choose  the  softest  snd  moal   pliant:  to  make  it  bend  easily  ll 
must  be  snnealed  by  beating  to  n  dull  red.  in  s  tire  of  shavings,  and  letting  U 

cool  on  a  bed  of  hot  allies  sheltered  Iroin  the  wind. 

Tin  should  be  very  pliant,  of  a  imooifa  inrfsoc,  tree  from  rust,  having  a  white 
and  homogeneous  fracture. 

For  the  live  preceding  articles,  see  Cjiai'TKH  XIV. 


MATERIALS. 


289 


i.  \r.ni:.\T«.i:v  PAPEB 


v.. 


Kind. 


For  ball  cartridges... 

niiiBkPt 

rifle 

pistol 

For  wrappers 

musket  or  rifle 
cartridges 

pfstsl 

For  blank  cartridges 

musk<  t 

wrapper*  for  do.. 
rtflrec 

1  i  in   re 

2  in.  r<«kets 

For  fixed  aminnnit'n 

tut  fi"ld  guns.. 
B-pdn 


12-pdrs. 


Inches. 

ia  by  i».' ,, 


is  by 90 


i:.  by  20 


19  by  28 
13^  by  24 


F..rennn..n  eartridf '«  1!)  by  23 
24-pdrs .... 

32-pdrs 

42-pdrs 


1.000 


1     - 
20 


1.000 


1,000 


8fl 


Articles  made  with 
one  bundle. 


12.000  Cartridges 

16,000  Oartrid( 

I  artridges 

6.000  Wrappers 

9.000  Wrappers 

■ 
4,000  Wrapper*  ..  ... 
1,000  Cases 

200  Cases  

126  Cases 

2.000  Cylinders  ...  1 

2.t>00Caps | 

1,000  Cylinders  ... 

|    inders  ... 
i'S 

■' I?ae« 

1 

Bags 


Quantity  required  for 

a  stated   number   of 
articles. 


§ 

a 

1 

a 

m 

c 

s 

o 

r. 

1,000 
1,000 
1,000 

a 

100 
100 

vgi 

1,000 

50 

100 

' 

500 

100 

100 

400 

100  each 

25 

100  sack 

100 

Km 

100 

IM 

100 

Lbs. 

1.66 
1.25 


0.6 

0.4 

1.5 

0.78 

52. 


8. 

e. 
u 

M 

2L 

a 


should  be  well  if  zed,  smooth,  strong,  and  of  even  thickness  ;  tl 

of    bundle  jire«sed.   1  inches. 

rong  materials,  with  very  little  sizing, 
of  ordinary  maU  >th.  well  sized,  and  eolored  Umt. 

■(  best  mat.  I  and  well  sized. 

The   several  kinds  to  be   packed   in  biindlt  -  .1.  in  bundles  of  1 ,00fi 

the    others,   in   bundles  of  Bets;   all   without    folding.     The 

_    veil  abOYI  •  l»  are  required  to  have  when  trim- 


•Jill 


I   MM".     \.  —  \MMI\llhi\     AM"     FIREW0RK8. 


A  Tram  ol    paper  :s  90  tjiurr*  of  24  tkooti  each. 

Proof  ■     i;  papot.     Cut   a    -tri|i    I    in.  wide   and   one  foot   loug,  in  the 

•  direction  of  the  fibre  of  the  sheet  :  make  ■  loop  by  lapping  the  end*  of 
the  •  trip  and  pressing  ihem  between  two  rollers  fixed  In  a  frame;  suspend  ■ 
■cale-paa  by  means  of  ■  hook  attaehed  to  the  ends  of  another  roller  rifling  in 
the  bottom  of  the  loop;  these  stripe  should  sustain,  before  breaking,  the  follow- 
ing weight!'  : 


Lbs. 

Lbs. 

No. 

1 

851 

No. 

1 

180 

2 

Kii 

8 

3 

674 

«"' 

31 S 

Pabchxsht,  need  principally  for  fuse  caps.  Parchment  paper  may  be  substi- 
tuted for  it. 

Pasteboard  is  made  of  2  or  3  sheets  of  paper  pasted  together;  about  SO  of 
the  sheets  of  pasteboard  are  put  under  press  for  one  hour,  then  dried  separately 
in  the  shade,  and  put  again  in  the  press  for  one  hour,  before  they  become  tho« 

roughly  dl  f. 
Pasts.     Flour  paste  is  made  beet  of  rye  flour.    Sifl  the  flour  and  mix  it  with 

mea  its  weight  of  water:  heat  it  gently,  stir  it.  and  let  it  boll  for  three- 
quarters  of  an  hour;  when  it  becomes  ropy,  pour  it  into  bowl.-,  and  pass  il 
through  a  sieve  before  it  is  quite  cold.  The  flour  yields  7  timi  -  its  weight  of 
paste.     Time  required  to  make  it,  one  hour  and  a  half. 

Starc/i  /  wtt  Mix  wheat  starch  with  twice  its  weight  of  water  :  pour  it  grad- 
ually into  <\\  times  its  weight  of  boiling  water,  and  let  it  boil  for  10  minute-,  .-tir- 
ring  it  all  the  lime:  then  proceed  as  before.  Stsrcfa  yield-  8  time-  it-  weigh!  of 
paate.    Time  required,  l  hour. 

Paott  for  pasteboard.  Mix  the  flour  or  stsrob  with  19  times  it-  weight  of 
water:  tin-  yields  9  tf  mes  the  weight  qi  Hour,  and  ll  time- the  weigh)  of  starch. 

The  addition  of  L-16tfa  Of  glue  make-  the  pa-te  lit  for  pa-tin-  -heel-  of  parch- 
ment together,  or  for  pasting  paper  on  wood.  Diaaolve  th«'  glue  separately,  and 
pour  ii  Into  the  cold  water  with  which  the  floor  or  starch  is  mixed. 

These  different  kind-  of  paste  should  be  used  cold.  A  supply  for  not  more 
than  2  or  3  days  should  be  made  at  one  time,  but  it  may  be  preserved  longer  by 
adding  alum  in  the  proportion  of  2-lOtbs  of  the  weight  of  flour.  The  depreda- 
tions of  rai-  may  be  prevented  by  dissolving  a  like  proportion  of  colocjntn  in  the 
water  with  which  the  paste  is  made. 

Glue  should  be  hard,  dry,  transparent,  of  a  brownish  nil  color,  and  free  from, 

smell.      It   i-   dissolved    In    its  own   weight   Of  boiling   water.      A   glue   pot  with   a 

water  bath  should  be  used,  to  avoid  burning  the  glue. 


MATERIALS.  *  241 

[bXNQLAM  Solution.  Dissolve  4  OS.  of  isinglass  in  3  pints  of  boiling  water ; 
it  is  used  sometimes  in  making  quick  match. 

Flannel,  Wildbore,  or  .Serge,  for  cartridge  bags,  should  be  made  entirely  of 
wool — it  should  be  soft,  closely  woven,  and  not  frayed — the  width  should  be  even 
in  the  same  piece;  that  |  yard  wide  is  convenient  and  the  most  common — the 
colors  :»re  to  be  preferred  in  the  following  order:  green,  grey,  yellow,  blue,  red, 
white;  reject  black,  which  is  almost  always  burnt  and  weak.  Wildbore  and 
serge  are  to  be  preferred  to  flannel.  Fabrics  of  cotton  and  flax  are  not  nsed, 
because  the  powder  sifts  through  them,  and  they  are  more  apt  than  woollen  -tutl- 
to  leave  fire  in  the  gun. 

Canvas.  Take  the  strongest  and  closest  woven  ;  used  for  sacks  for  fire  balls, 
bags  for  rolling  leaden  balls,  and  in  case  of  need,  for  shot  straps. 

Twins,  should  be  strong,  smooth,  and  well  twisted — 0.03  in.  thick  for  bund- 
ling cartridges,  etc.,  and  for  sewing  fire  balls — from  0.06  in.  to  0.0S  in.,  for  fixing 
ammunition,  etc. 

Thread,  lor   infantry  cartridges  ;  of  unbleached   flax,  two  strands,  strong  and 

even.     If  home-made,  it  should  be  gently  boiled  for  one  hour  in  a  weak  lye  and 

washed  in  pure  water.     Excellent  hemp  thread  is  obtained  from  the  manufacto- 

re  even,  stronger  and  cheaper  than  the  home-made:   it   is  conveniently 

wound  in  balls,  and  may  be  used  without  spooling  it. 

Rope  should  be  even  and  well  twisted;  that  most  commonly  used  in  the  labo- 
ratory is  white  hemp  rope  from  1  in.  to  1.0  in.  in  girth.     (See  Chap.  XIV.) 

Miscellaneous  Materials.  Spirit*  of  turpentine,  roein,  turpentine,  tar,  pitch 
(See  Chap.  XIV),  petroleum,  beeetaax,  tallow,  are  used  in  compositions  for  lighting 
and  incendiary  purposes:  lineeed  oil.  in  mixing  some  compositions,  and  gum 
arabic  in  other-,  to  give  them  body  and  tenacity.  The  latter  retards  combustion  : 
it  i<'ii  should  be  prepared  as  it  is  wanted,  being  liable  to  spontaneous 
decomposition. 

Alooh       ~  ,iudy  or  whiskey,  and  vinegar ^  are  used  tor  mixing 

n'tions  in  which  saltpetre  enters,  because  thai  soi It  is  but  slightly  soluble 

in  those  liquid.-. 

Lump  btaet  is  employed  t'>  give  a  train  of  rose  colored  fire  in  the  air;  common 
»ak,  lor  yellow  flame-:  flint  glatt,  in  powder  for  while  fires:  mica,  for  rose 
color.  i  of  zmr.  lor  blue  lami 

Solutt  jh, iti  of  i  i,i  , ,imn, i  a  ml  alum,  are  used  for  rendering  poper  and 

rlot/i  incombustible 

used  i"i   particular  purposes,  will  be  mentioned  under  their 
prop< 

K 


2 1 2 


CHAP.    X.— AMMUNITION     \M>    FIREWORKS. 


FLINTS 

Tin*  beet   fl ;  i]  I  -  .ire  tr.ni-lci'cnt.  with    ■   MBOOlh   surface,  of  a    uniform   lint    of 
Light  yellow  or  btOWB  OOlor,  tod  s^lifc; h 1 1\-  oonohoidal  fracture.    They  are  generally 
l  from  England  or  France. 
The  parts  of  a  Him  are:  the  nig*  or  km!,  the  lent,  the  stake,  the  /••<v,  slightly 

\.  tnd  the  AW  or  lower  face,  elightly icavej  in  using  the  flint,  tha  bevel 

iced  uppermost.    There  ire  lhr<  i  military  service ;  mmtiwt,  rj/U, 

and  pistol  flints.    A  good  musket  flint  will  last  for  more  than  50  fires.     Flints 
issued  i"  the  troops  In  the  proportion  of  1  flint  in  20  rounds. 


DuuemroRa. 

MUSKKT. 

RIKI.K. 

PISTOL. 

Min. 

Max. 

Mill. 

Max. 

Mm. 

Mai 

In. 

L.20 
1.08 
0.28 

In 

1.50 
L.13 
0.33 
0.55 

In. 

0.97 
0.79 
0.20 

0.41 

In. 

1.30 
0.88 

0.71 

In. 

0.83 

0.30 

In. 
1.10 

ii.  is 

The  rifle  and  the  musketoon  lake  the  same  flint  I"  the  Inspection  oi  flints, 
first  verify  their  dimensions  with  s  gauge,  giving  the  maximum  and  minimum 
dimensions;  see  that  the  bevel  is  free  from  spots  and  irregularities  of  surface, 
that  the  lace  and  bed  are  nearly  parallel,  and  have  not  loo  great  ■  curvature. 


Packing  Flints. 

Flints  are  usually  packed,  for  sale,  In  large  casks,  or  In  barrels  about  the  site 
der  barrels;   the  latter  will  bold  about  7,500  musket,   13,700  rifle,  and 
1 1,700  pistol  flints. 

In  service,  Ihey  are  packed  in  boxes  of  the  following  dimens 


KIND    OF    FUN  is. 


Interior  dimensions  of  a  box.   Flints  in  each  box 


T. 


.2  S, 


u  = 


_  °  S. 


M  nski 
Rifle  . 
Pistol 


III. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

24 
24 
24 

Il.fi 
ll.fi 

ll.fi 

8.75 
1.78 

2,415 
1,311 

5,000 
5,000 


Lbs. 

Ill 

12 


LOS. 

55 


FLINTS. 


243 


The  weight!  vary  according  to  the  kind  of  flint,  the  black  and  inferior  kind 
being  the  heaviest. 

The  boxes  should  be  made  of  pine  boards  1  inch  thick,  planed  on  both  sides, 
and  dovetailed  at  the  corners.  The  length  and  width  of  all  flint  boxes  are  the 
same:  the  depth  ia  only  varied  to  give  the  required  capacity  to  boxes  for  differ- 
ent descriptions  of  flints.  If  any  parcel  of  one  denomination  shall  be  found 
larger  or  smaller  than  usual,  the  depth  of  the  boxes  should  be  Increased  or 
diminished  so  as  1"  contain  them  conveniently.  A  rope  handle  (or  becket)  is  to 
be  inserted  in  each  end  of  the  box.  In  boxing  a  large  parcel,  it  will  not  be  neces- 
sary that  the  contents  of  each  box  should  be  actually  counted,  if  the  flints  are 
nearly  uniform  in  size;  after  counting  out  accurately  lour  or  five  parcels  of  5,000 
each,  from  any  cask,  let  each  be  separately  weighed,  and  take  the  mean  weight 
of  the  counted  parcels  as  the  basis  for  determining  the  quantity  for  each  box, 
when  taken  from  the  same  cask.  After  the  flints  are  placed  in  the  boxes,  all  the 
interstices  are  to  be  filled  with  dry  sand,  in  order  to  exclude  the  air  from  them 
as  much  as  possible;  and  for  the  same  purpose,  the  boxes  should  be  well  made, 
of  seasoned  wood,  and  with  close  joints.  Each  box  should  be  plainly  marked 
on  the  end  with  the  number  and  description  of  flints  contained  in  it,  and  with 
the  year  in  which  they  were  manufactured,  if  this  be  known;  if  not  known,  then 
with  the  year  in  which  they  were  procured. 

Hints  should  not  be  placed  in  the  upper  stories  of  a  building,  but  in  the  base- 
ment or  cellar,  where  the  air  is  damp  and  cool. 


CARTRIDGES  FOR  SMALL  ARMS. 


CHARGES  OF  POWDER. 


H 


--  - 
1 1 


IB 


~*    - 

.=    o  M  *> 

•  J  -  z 

JB  l. 

?         CQ  • 


stow. 


Musket 

M  usketoon. . 

Hall's  carbine 






In. 

Grains 

Grains 

17 

110 

64 

1-lth 

7.") 

0.65 

17 

7.") 

03 

I -6th 

93 

i-:m 

93 

l  -::d 

233 

l-7th 

Musket. 
powder. 

|    IMle. 
j   powder. 


flu- 1.  •■},., t  are  0.31  in.  in  diameter  ;  we.  159  to  1  lb. 


\!  1  1  (HAP.     \. — -AMMI   MIIHV     AM>     NRKW0RX8. 

•  'arii  ■  ither  with  timgU  bait,  l  /"<//  and  •')  buckshot,  or  sometimes 

wuli  12  /,iir/.-*A->f.  and  tin y  are  designated  accordingly. 


Making  Balls. 

To  Cast  Balls.  f>  men  required  to  each  kettle;  2  to  c;isi  the  balls,  1  to  extract 
and  roll,  and  3  to  trim  them. 

Tools  and  Utensils.  1  iron  kettle,  fixed  in  a  furnace  as  before  described — 2 
iron  ladle*,  0.10  in.  thick.  3.5  in.  dia ler,  with  a  lip  on  the  left  side  and  a  handle 

18  in.  Ion;;,  a  little  bent — 1  bench,  of  1  in.  plank — 0  mould*  (brass),  with  double 
rows  for  6  or  8  balls  on  each  side,  or  for  8  balls  and  IS  buckshot :  placed  on  the 
bench  —  1  mallet  —  1  doublt  ball-gauge;  (he  diameter  of  one  ring  is  0.002  in.  greater 
than,  that  of  the  other  0.0015  leas  than,  the  true  calibre  of  the  ball — 3  nipper* \ 

arm  is  bent  and  fixed  in  the  bench,  the  other  is  about  f>  in.  longer,  and  has  a 

wooden  handle;  the  jaws  are  of  steel,  two  inches  wide,  tempered  and  ground 
sharp:  they  may  be  so  formed  as  to  cut  the  gate  according  to  the  spherical  sur- 
face of  the  ball.  Under  the  jaws  of  the  nippers  is  a  hole  in  the  bench,  through 
which  the  balls  fall  into  boxes  placed  to  receive  them — 1  rolling  barrel,  2  feet  long 
and  1  foot  diameter,  made  of  hard,  thick  staves,  with  but  little  bilge,  and  hooped 
with  iron  ;  it  has  a  small  scuttle  in  the  bilge,  with  hinges  and  a  hasp  and  staple  : 
the  barrel  has  a  gudgeon  in  each  head,  and  is  turned  by  a  crank  in  a  frame  to 
which  a  hopper  may  be  attached.  Instead  of  the  rolling  barrel.  J  strong  oanvat 
boat  may  be  used;  they  should  be  5  feet  long  and  16  in.  in  diameter,  suspended 
horizontally  by  4  cords  attached  to  the  joists  of  the  building— 1  tereen  (sheet 
iron),  the  holes  of  which  are  of  the  diameter  of  the  largest  calibre  gaugej  it  is 
supported  by  gudgeons  which  turn  in  a  frame,  or  in  the  tops  of  two  stakes  driven 
in  the  ground. 

Casting.  Weigh  the  lead  ;  till  the  kettle  and  cover  it;  as  the  lead  melts  add 
more,  until  it  comes  within  '.)  inches  of  the  edges  of  the  kettle;  then  cover  it 
with  a  layer  of  powdered  charcoal  1  in.  thick  :  push  the  heat  until  paper  in  con- 
tact with  the  lead  is  inilamed  by  it:  thi>  requires  from  l  to  2  hours. 

Immerse  the  ladle  and  till  it  about   j   full  of  lead  covered  with  oharcoal,  which 

j.t  back  by  a  piece  of  wood,  in  running  the  lead  j  till  all  the  moulds  on  one* 
side,  then  turn  them  and  fill  the  other  side:  the  tirst  castings  are  thrown  back 

Into  tiic  kettle,  being  imperfect  from  the  inouhK  being  cold  j  the  diameter  of. 
some  Ol  the  balls  is  verified  from  lime  lo  time,  with  ihe  gauges;  the  moulds  miisl 
be  carefully  cleaned  when  it  is  perceived  that  the  lead  sticks  to  them,  and  if  any 

moulds  give  imperfect  balls,  they  must  be  filled  with  copper. 

Extract  the  balls  and  trim  them:  in  cutting,  the  ball  should  be  gently  prosed 
with  the  left  forefinger  against  the  nippers,  the  gate  being  placed  against  the 
jaws. 


CARTRIDGES  FOR  SMALL  ARMS. 


245 


To  Smooth  the  Ralls.  Tut  100  lbs.  of  them  ir.lo  the  rolling  barrel,  and  roll 
them  for  3  minutes ;  or  50  lbs.  into  a  bag  and  shake  it  five  minutes;  then  run 
them  through  the  screen,  putting  in  50  lbs.  at  a  time  ;  those  which  remain  on  the 
screen  are  recast 

With  the  above  force,  30,000  to  35,000  musket  balls  are  made  in  11  or  12 
hours. 

With  proper  care  in  observing  the  instructions.  100  lbs.  of  lead  will  give  from 
96  to  98  lbs.  of  balls. 

Pressed  Halls.  Lead  balls  are  now  generally  made  by  compression,  by 
means  of  machinery,  either  at  the  arsenals  or  at  private  establishments.  These 
balls  are  more  uniform  in  size,  smoother  and  more  solid  than  the  cast  balls. 
Compressed  buckshot  are  also  readily  obtained  from  private  shot  works. 

Packing.  Balls  are  packed  in  boxes  made  of  1  in.  boards,  9  in  square  inside, 
and  5  in.  deep,  containing  100  lbs.  of  balls  or  buckshot;  they  should  be  marked 
on  one  end  with  the  weight  and  kind  of  balls,  the  place  and  dale  of  fabrication  ; 
the  top  is  fastened  with  six  2-inch  screws,  and  the  boxes  must  be  hooped  with 
iron  for  transportation. 


Making  Out  ridges. 


DIMENSIONS    OF    PAPER    FOR    CARTRIDGES. 


TRAPEZOIDS. 


1 

a! 

d 

•a 

tj 

T3 

1     — 
bo 

to 

g 

V 

V 

o 

o 

W 

a: 

■J 

B9 

—  -3 


("Single  ball,  or  ball    and    buck 


Musket. 


Rifle  . 


shot 


"J  Plank 

(  1*2  buckshot. 
(  Pall 


Blank 

J  Pall.. 


In. 

in. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

16.5 

13 

4.33 

5.25 

3 

20 

15 

4 

4.75 

2.75 

16.3 

13 

3.3 

5 

3 

16.S 

13 

1 

2.25 

20 

15 

3 

2.25 

16.3 

13 

a.73 

2.25 

15 

2.5 

2.25 

IS 
20 
0 
16 
30 
24 


To  CtT  the  Pater.     1  Cutler.  1  assistant. 

Implements.      1   Cutting  board,  30  in    square.    1  pattern,  of  hard  wood   or   iron. 
of  the  dimensions  of  each  of  the   papers;    1    rule,  of  hard  wood,  33  in.  long. 


2-M  CHAP.    \.  —  ammimi1"\     \M»    PIRBWOKU 

1.5  in.  wide,  and  0.9  In.  thick,  id* cut  l>y:  '2  laborata  inw;   2  '«■■</ 

_  '.  Dives  <>". 

The  paper  i«  lust  ,ul  into  strips  of  a  Width   <-<  ]  ti  :i  [   (..  the  length  (if  a  trap. 

tod  then  Into  trapezoids,  by  meant  of  the  pattern*.     Cut  about  -  at  a 

lime.     A  cutting  machine,  like  that  nsed  by  bookbinders,  facilitate!  the  opx 
lion  when  many  band*  arc  employed. 

T<>  make  the  Cylinders.  1  master;  in  men  to  roll  the  cylinders;  1  to  till 
them;  I  to  fold;  1  to  bundle.  Boys  i  lu-I-  from  12  to  In  years  of  n^c  may  be 
adrantageously  employed. 

1  plemt  ntt  and  utensilt,  for  each  workman  for  making  cylinders.  9  bore*,  for 
the  empty  cylinders,  made  of  \  in.  boards  :  Interior  dimensions,  80  In.  long  9  in. 

wide,   and   .r>  in.  high,  without   a   cover:   they   are   placed    upon    the    sides,    facing 

the  front  of  the  cartridge  table,  which  is  (tarnished  with  brackets  to  receive 
them,  ami  al>o  with  a  small  enclosure  oi  Utekm   for  balls  al  the  right  hand  of 

each  workman  ;    L  spool  of  thread,  turning  on  a  vertical   iron    spindle   fixed    in   the 

near  the  shot  locker.     1  ll>.  of  thread  is  required  for  10,000  single  ball  mus- 
ket cartridges,  being  s'  inches  to  s  cartridge  ;  1  choking  stringy  made  by  twisl 
iher  I  or  5  cartridge  threads  j  fastened  to  the  edge  of  the  table,  at  the  right 

hand  of  the  workman.      1  pair  ofaci*SOrs,  to  cut  the  thread  :  1  former,  cylindrical, 

of  hard  wood,  of  the  same  diameter  as  the  ball;  one  end  convex,  the  other  con- 
cave, to  receive  one-third  of  the  ball  ;  length,  6  or  7  inches. 
Take  the  paper  in  the  left  hand,  the  former  in  the  rlghl  ;  lay  the  paper  on  lbs 

table,  with  the  side  perpendicular  to  the  liases  toward  the  workman,  the  broad 
end  to  the  left;  place  the  former  with  its  convex  end  at  the  broad  end  of  the 
paper  :  turn  it  SO  8S  to  envelop  it  with  the  paper,  then  with  the  rlghl  hand  laid  llat 

upon  the  paper,  roll  all  the  paper  upon  the  former:  seize  it  with  the  left  hand, 

and.  with  the  choking  string  ill  the  righl  hand,  take  one  turn  around   the  cylinder 

al  about  hall  an  inch  from  the  end.  to  which  diatance  the  end  of  the  former  is 

withdrawn;    hold  the  former    firmly  in   the   left    hand,    and   draw   gently    upon    the 

choking  string,  pressing,  al  the  same  time,  with  the  lefl  fore  finger,  upon  the 

projecting   end    of  the    cylinder,    thus    folding    it    neatly    down    upon    the    end    of 

the  former.     Having  choked  the  cylinder,  cany  it  to  the  righl  side,  and.  with  i In* 

twine  in  the  righl  hand,  take  tWO  turns  and  a  half  hitch  firmly  around  the  part 
that  has  been  choked  j   withdraw  the  lormer  and   Introduce   the   ball,  following   it 

to  the  end  of  the  cylinder  with  the  lormer  reversed  j  raise  the  whole  again,  and. 
with  the  same  thread  iwlnch  is  never  cm  uuiil  the  cartridge  is  finished),  take 
two  half  hitches  just  upon  the  upper  side  of  the  bail,  between  it  and  the  con 

end  of  the  former.      The  op, -ration    is  expedited   by  rolling   the   ball    placed    in    the 

i  in.  aw  end  ol  the  former  and  ohoking  the  paper  over  it.  Cut  the  thread  and 
place  ihc  cartridge  in  the  box  which  stands  fronting  the  workman. 

/•"'./  Ball  and  Buekehot  Cartridge*.  Roll  and  ehoke  the  paper  ;  put  in  3  buck- 
shot; follow  them  with  the  former,  and  take  a  half  hitch  of  thread  over  them, 
then  insert  the  bull  as  before. 


CARTRIDGES  FOR  SMALL  ARMS. 


247 


Buckshot  Cartridge.*  have  4  tiers  of  3  buckshot  each,  inserted  like  the  first, 
with  a  half  hitch  between  them,  and  finishing  with  a  double  hitch. 

For  rifles,  the  ball  is  prepared  by  being  enveloped  in  a  square  piece  of  fine 
muslin,  or  of  soft  thin  leather,  or  of  bladder,  tied  over  it  and  leaving  a  projecting 
end  about  i  in.  long,  which,  after  being  trimmed  with  scissors,  is  introduced 
into  the  paper  cylinder,  which  is  choked  over  it  and  fastened  by  two  turns  and  a 
double  bitch. 

1,000  patchea  require  about  4  yards  of  muslin. 

Cylinders  for  blank  cartridges  are  made  by  folding  down  the  paper  over  the 
concave  end  of  the  charger,  touching  the  fold  with  a  little  paste,  and  pressing  it 
on  a  ball  imbedded  in  the  table  for  that  purpose. 

To  Fti.i.  the  (  'ylinders.     1  man  to  fill,  4  to  fold,  1  to  bundle. 

Implements  and  utensils.      1  large  copper  pan,  for  powder. 

1  charger  for  each  kind  of  cartridge,  made  of  thin  copper,  with  a  handle  at 
the  top.     The  chargers  are  conical : 


Dimensions  of  chargers. 


Diameter  .  \  ,    ,,"  "  * 
(  bottom 


Height 


110  grs. 


In. 


0.8 
0.6 


1.35 


75  grs. 


In. 


0.7 
0.5 


1.25 


30  grs. 


In. 


0.5 
0.4 


0.85 


1  Funnel,  copper,  of  the  following  interior  dimensions 


In. 
1.75 


_.  ,r  ,    f  superior >  •  ': 

Diameter  of  funnel,  j  inferl0r n.r> 

Diameter  of  pipe 

Height  of  funnel 

Length  of  pipe 


0.5 
1. 


The  funnel  has  a  ring  handle  0.<1  in.  diameter. 

A  charger,  On  filling  eartridgea  much  more  expeditiously,  ia  made  by  attaching 
in  a  large  braaa  funnel  two  charging  cylinders  which  communicate  with  one  dis- 
charging pipe  at  the  lower  end.  These  cylinders  are  alternately  filled  and 
emptied  by  a  reciprocating  m"tion  of  the  funnel  pipe. 

1    folding  ho c  for  each   calibre,  made   with    only  two   sides;   width    equal   to   5 
Deter  Of  ihc  ball,  height   equal   to  twice  thai  diameter.      Tw 
•d  nailed  on  the  table  will  answer  the  MUM  purpose  nmre  conveniently. 
Take  tht  boXI  -  lull  of  cartridge  cylinders  to  the  table   in  the  filling  room  ;  as 


21* 


-.\>mt  mi  Ki\     wii    i  iui.w  0RK8. 


they  are  filled,  incline  the  cylinders  over  from  the  empty  opee ;  when  all  in  one 
full,  fold  the  paper  down  over  the  powder  by  two  rectangular  (bids,  and 
place  the  cartridge!  before  the  men  who  are  to  bundle  them. 
Bordldio.     Pol  ■  wrapper  in  the  (biding  box,  and  place  In  it  '-'  tiers  of  B  ear* 

each,    parallel   10  each   oilier   an. I   to   the   short    sides    Of  tin'  wrapper,  the 

halls  alternating;  wrap  the  cartridges,  whilst  in  the  folding  box.  by  folding 
the  paper  nver  ihem:  tie  them,  iir-i  iii  the  direction  of  the  length,  then  of  the 
breadth,  with  a  bit  of  twine  fastened  In  a  single  flat  knot. 

A  package  of  IS  percussion  cups  is  placed  in  each  bundle  of  l11  cartrid 
the  end  of  the  bundle. 

The  oase  for  the  caps  is  made  like  a  cylinder  for  a  rille  cartridge;  it  is  choked 
at  one  end  an  3  tied :  when  the  caps  are  inserted  it  is  folded  like  a  cartridge. 


Dimensions  of  Bundles  of  Percussion  C<irtri<ljes. 


KIND    OF    CARTRIDGE. 


Length 

height  of 

Breadth. 

Thickness 

cartridge). 

III. 

In. 

In 

2.(5 

3.1 

1.35 

2.90 

3.1 

l .  35 

3.1 

3.1 

1.35 

1.83 

3.1 

1.35 

2.5 

3.1 

1.35 

-.'.1^ 

3.1 

L.88 

2.43 

3.1 

1.35 

1 .  39 

3.1 

1.35 

3. 

2.6 

1.15 

L.9 

2.6 

1.15 

2.1 

2.6 

1.15 

1.58 

2.6 

1.15 

2. 

2.6 

1.15 

1.12 

2.6 

1.15 

Musket 


Mnsketoon  . . . 
Rille 

Hall's  Carbine 


Pistol 


f  Ball 

J  Buck  and  ball 

I  Buck  shot .. . 

(  Blank 

(  Ball 

J  Buck  and  ball 
1  Buck  shot  . . . 

|  Blank 

I  Ball 

'(  Blank 

j  Ball 

i  Blank 

(  Hall 

Blank 


CARTRIDGES  FOR  SMALL  ARMS. 


249 


Wrapping  paper  is  bill  slightly  sized,  with  a  view  to  its  being  immersed,  before 
using:  it.  in  a  varnish  made  of  beeswax,  linseed  oil  and  spirits  turpentine,  for  the 
purpose  "I"  making  the  paper  water-proof. — See  Chapter  VII, 
1 .000  lbs.  of  paper  require  : 

Beeswax 133  lbs. 

Spirits  of  turpentine 135  gallons. 

Linseed  oil 10  gallons. 

Willi  the  above-mentioned  force,  10,000  musket  cartridges  are  made  and  bun- 
dled in  10  hours,  being  1.000  for  each  maker  of  cylinders. 


Packing  Cartridges. 

Ball  cartridges  are  packed  in  boxes  to  contain  1,000  each.     Blank  cartridges 
may  be  packed  in  powder  barrels. 


Interior  dimensions  of  packing  boxes  for  1,000  Percussion 
Cartridges. 


KIND. 

Depth. 

Length. 

Width. 

WEIGHT. 

Empty. 

Packed. 

in. 

n.7r. 
6.75 
5.75 

5 . 7.') 
5.75 

In. 

15.5 
15.5 

13. 
13. 
13. 

In. 

11.75 

9. 
ll.fi 

11. 

8. 

Lbs. 

12. 
11.75 

11  . 
9. 
7. 

107 

Musketoon,  ball 

Rifle,   ball 

100 
00 

fifi 

Pistol,  ball 

45 

The  boxes  are  made  of  1  in.  white  pine  boards,  and  arc  furnished  with  wood- 
en brackets  or  handles,  nailed  to  the  ends;  the  lids  fastened  with  four  1J  in. 
screws.  They  are  painted  olive  color.  The  kegs  or  boxes  should  be  lined  with 
strong  water-proof  paper,  and  the  bundles  of  cartridges  miisi  be  closely  packed, 
so  as  not  to  shake  in  transportation.  Each  keg  or  box  should  be  marked,  on 
both  end-,  with  the  number  and  kind  of  cartridges  ;  on  the  inside  of  the  cover, 
with  the  place  and  dale  of  fabrication. 


260 


\>IMIMI  H>N     AM"    1  [REWORKS. 


AMMUNITION  FOB  FIELD  PIECES.— Plate  17. 

The  charges  of  powder  are  contained  in  cartridge  bag*. 
The  projectile  is  attached  io  a  block  oi"  wood  called  ■  tobot. 

il  the  12-poundtr  howitaer,  the  cartridge  ami  the  projectile  are 
attached  to  the  tame  sabot,  making  together  <>  round  of  Jkoed  ammunition. 
For  32  and  '2  {-pounder  howitamrs,  the  p  wparate  from  the  charge,  and 

the  cartridge  is  attached  to  a  block  Of  WOOd,  called  a  tOTtridgt   Iduck. 

Charges  of  "Powder. 


FOR    Q 

FOR    HOW] 

KIM). 

12-pdr. 

6-pdr. 

32-pdr. 

24-pdr. 

12-pdr 

Lbs. 

a.  a 

Lbs. 

1.25 

1. 

Lbs. 

2.5 
2.5 
3.23 

2. 
2. 
2.5 

Lbs. 

For  spherical  case  or  canister. . . 
For  shells.  (Small  charge 

l. 

1  '• 

Cartridge  Bags. 

The  best  materials  for  cartridge  hairs  are  wildhore,  merino  and  hombazette 
The  Mull'  should  he  composed  entirely  of  wool,  free  from  any  mixture  of  thread 
or  cotton,  and  of  sufficiently  close  texture  to  prevent  the  powder  from  sifting 

through  ;   that  which  is  not  twilled  is  to  he  preferred.      Flannel  i-  used  when  the 
other  material-  canmn  he  on  \  enieiitly  obtained. 

Makino  Cartridge  Bass.  A  oartrldge  bag  for  field  eerrioe  Is  made  of  a  rec- 
tangle which  forms  the  cylinder,  and  a  circular  piece  which  forms  the  bottom. 


1>1  MBNSIONS. 


Length  of  rectangle  (cylinder  de 

\  eloped  i 

II'     ghl 

Diameter  of  bottom 


12  i»lr.  gnn; 
82  a  M  pdi 
bowitsera. 


In. 
14.2 

to. 

5.25 


6-pdr.  gun, 
and  12-pdr. 

bow  ii /i  i . 


In. 

11.1 
7.25 
1.37 


l  in.  allowed  for  seam. 

I)..ri  in.       do.         do. 
1  in.         do.        do. 


AMMUNITION    FOR    FIKLD    SERVICE. 


251 


The  length  of  the  rectangle  (development  of  the  cylinder)  should  be  tnken 
in  the  direction  of  the  length  of  the  stuff,  as  ll  does  not  stretch  in  that  direction. 

One  hundred  1 '.'-pounder  cartridge  bags  require  about  27  yards  of  stuil  of 
single  width  (252  inchei 

One  hundred  0-pounder  bags  take  about  15  yards. 

Implements.  Tables — ■patterns,  of  hard,  well  seasoned  wood,  or  of  sheet  iron 
or  tin  for  the  rectangles  and  buttons — scissors — chalk,  or  colored  crayons, 

A  marker  and  his  assistant  spread  a  piece  of  stuff  on  a  table,  and  with  the 
patterns  trace  out  the  rectangles  and  bottoms;  a  cutter  follows  and  cuts  them 
out  with  scissors. 

Sewing.  The  bags  are  sewed  with  woollen  yarn,  with  12  stitches  to  an  inch  j 
they  are  stitched  within  half  an  inch  of  each  edge,  and  the  two  edges  of  the 
seam  are  turned  down  on  the  same  side  and  basted,  to  prevent  the  powder 
from  sifting  through  ;  the  edges  of  the  bottom  are  basted  down  upon  the  sides, 
i  fixed  ammunition  are  sewed  to  within  3  in.  of  the  mouth,  for  12-pdrs. j 
to  within  2.75  in.,  for  6-pdrs.;  all  others,  up  to  the  mouth. 

Cartridge  bags,  when  tilled,  should  pass  through  the  small  shot  gauge  of  their 
calibre;  those  used  for  patterns  should  be  thus  verified.  The  empty  bags 
should  be  measured  by  laying  the  bag,  flattened  out,  between  two  marks  on  a 
table,  showing  the  width  of  the  pattern  bag  ;  a  variation  of  0.1  in.  greater  or  less 
is  allowed.     Reject  those  sewed  with  too  large  stitches. 

Bags  for  immediate  use,  or  for  blank  cartridges,  may  be  formed  by  sewing 
together  two  rectangular  pieces  with  semicircular  ends  ;  the  stuff  is  marked,  for 
cutting  and  sewing,  with  stamps  of  the  following  dimensions  : 


I  for  cutting,    (Tw"1,,h.  •:••:•;. :•••■•. •• 

«hmn,     J  (  .Length,  including  semicircular  ends 

'  ■  <  for..wi«g,  TM\ TV;- ••••-•, ;■ 

i  Length.  Including  semicircular  ends 


12-pdr. 

In. 

7.6 

10.5 

10. 


0-pdr. 


In. 

S. 

S.5 

5.2 
8. 


These  stamps  are  made  of  1  in.  boards  of  the  dimensions  of  the  cutting 
Stamp,  With  a  handle  in  the  middle  of  one  side  ;  to  the  edges  of  the  board  is  fast- 
ened i  -trip  ni  tin  or  copper,  projecting  about  j  in.  on  the  side  opposite  to  the 
handle  ;  another  strip  is  inserted  in  like  manner  in  a  groove  parallel  to  the  edges 
of  the  board,  at  the  distance  for  the  tewing  stamp  ;  the  edges  of  these 

"■trips  arr  made  rough,  to  retain  the  chalk  or  paste  used  for  marking. 

PackINO.  ed    from    moths   by  being  packed  With 

pounded    camphor   and    black    pepper,  or  dipped  in  water  villi  ar-rnir  i 
in  it.     Or.  they  may  be  scaled   up.  in   bundles  of  50.  in  cases  made  of  cartridge 


252 


(MM'.      \. \MMt\llh>\      \\l>     FIREWORKS. 


•.  iili  strips  of  thin  papal  puled  over  the  si 
bundle  i-  marked  with  the  Dumber  and  kind  of  b 
Tbey  may  be  preserved   from   moisture  by  being  enveloped  in  water-prool 
i  commended  t^r  cartridge!  Ibr  small  arms. 


Cartridgi    Blocks.— Fl&te  17. 

Cartridge  bloeka  are  cylinders  of  wood  to  which  the  cartridge!  "i  howitzers 
are  attached,  to  give  them  a  better  finish,  and  to  increase  the  length  of  the  smaller 
-  so  thai  they  may  till  the  chamber  <>!  the  piece,  and  may  be  less  a|>t  to 
turn  m  the  bore. 

They  arc  made  of  poplar,  linden,  or  other  soft  wood. 


DIMENSIONS. 


Diameter 

Height 

Distance   from   middle  of  groove 

t"  bottom  of  block 

Width  of  groove 

1  'c|itli  i  >i  _  n  tove 


32-PDR.  HOWITZER. 

24-pDR.  sovmu. 

Small 
charge. 

Large 
charge. 

Small 

charge. 

Large 

ohai 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

4.15 
2. 

4.15 

0.75 

4.19 

1. 

4.18 

0.5 

1     "'  ' 
0.3 
0.15 

0.375     | 

0.4 

0.3 
0.18 

0.3 
0.18 

0.3 
0.15 

Sabots.— Plate  17 


Babota  are  made  ol  poplar,  lindt  n.  or  other  light,  close-grained  wood  ;  the  stuff 

should  lie  clear  of  knots  and  Splits,  and  it   m  n  -1  be  W  ell  Seasoned. 

Salmts  icir  shot  and  spherical  case,  for  guns,  have  ont  groovt  Ibr  attaching  t lie 
eartridge — those  for  gun  canisters,  and  Ibr  the  12-pdr.  howitser  shells,  spherical 
ease  and  canisters,  have  two  groovot.  These  grooves  are  •''  in.  wide  and  .13  In. 
deep.    The  corners  of  the  grooves  and  bottom  are  slightly  rounded. 

SabotS  fbr  the  32  and  24-pdr.  howitzers  have  no  grooves;  ihey  are  furnished 
with  handles,  made  of  oord  about  .18  In.  thick,  passing  through  two  holes  In  the 
sabots,  >8S  in.  diameter,  and  fastened  by  knots  countersunk  on  the  inside. 

The  dimensions  of  finished  sabots  are  verified  with  approprii 


AMMUNITION    FOR    FIELD    SERVICE. 


253 


1'2-phr. 

aim, 

6-PDR. 

'.I    N. 

32-pr.R. 

bowtti'b 

24-i'Mt. 

howttz'b 

12-PDR. 

bowits'b 

DIMRNSTON-  01    BABOTfl 

-  8 

c  a 

—  — 
1.  ■ 

„,. 

2. 

c 

5 

- 
V 

In. 
2225 

5  - 

■  - 

-  r 

In. 

8 

a 
s 
0 

In. 

2225 
3.58 

-  -- 

-  - 

III. 

2.4 
:..!'. 
4.5 
2.4 
4..-. 

3.12 

1.6 
12. 

c 

'= 
0 

In. 
4.75 

4.:. 
4. 
4.:. 

0.76 
6.19 

80. 

-  S1 

In. 
2.4 

.-..:; 

2.4 

• 

1.5 

1  5 
12. 

c 
s 

1 
1 

e 

^4 

—  T 
1-    ' 

u 

a 

In.      In. 

4.6     3.2 

l.:i 

2226 

0.7     

In. 

4  4.-. 

4. :.2 

2.76 

4.1.-. 
1.5 

2.26 

4.1;. 

0.:, 
4.47 

".4 

0.8 

322 

1. 
1.8 

0.4 

•V2 

0.5 

0.4 
0.8 

DCTityfcrtaJl.     |  ^Vns    fnuv.tun 

4  47 

Distance  from  middle  of  lowei  groove  to  1 

0.4 

19. 

n.4 

0.6 

Straps. 

Strap*  are  made  of  sheet  tin  ;  they  are  cm  with  shears  and  straightened  with  a 
wooden  mallet,  upon  a  block  of  lead. 

For  sliot,  there  are  two  Straps  1  rossing  at  rigbl  angles,  one  passing  through  fl 
slit  in  the  middle  of  the  other.  For  shells,  there  are  four  straps  soldered  to  a 
ring  of  tin,  or  fastened  to  it  by  cutting  4  slits  in  the  rinir.  into  which  the  upper 
the  Strap  are  booked  and  turned  down  on  the  inside  of  the  ring. 


DIMENS 


Q  I  Width. 

STRATI  •       1 


I   In! 


I  OB   SHELLS    IKD  8PB 


L2-pdr    r.-pdi-    32-pdr  24-pdr  L2-pdr    6-pdr 


In. 

0.4rj 
1*2.75 


In. 

0.35 
10. 


In. 

10.5 

2.3 

i.a 


in. 

0.55 

2.3 
1 . 1 S 


In. 
0.  1: 

2.3 
MS 


In. 

2.3 
L.15 


/  Shells. 

I1LS   AND   II  .taming    M  D.  long. 


25  1 


(HAT.    \. —  \MMt\lI!o\     \\I>    FIREWORKS. 


with  strong  flat  heads  0J9  in.  diameter— Aoccm  and  iorreb,  for  straps  and  sabot — 

}   hammers,  for   Strapping — 1   common  hammer — I  punches — shot   gauges  ol   each 

r  each  calibfe,  0/M  in.  greater  then  the  largest  ^h. .1  gauge, 
through  which  th<-  shot  should  pass  after  ii  i-  strapped — tow  or  rags,  for  « 
balls—  I  •   "• — 1  tarpaulin,  if  tin-  not  ■  plank  floor. 

A  helper  knocks  nil'  tin-  scales  from  the  balls  with  a  hammer,  cleans  and  dries 
the  Interior  of  the  shell*,  it"  requisite,  wipes  the  balls,  and  gauges  them  both 
before  and  after  they  are  strapped.  The  workman  Insert*  the  roughest  part  of 
the  shot  in  the  eerily  of  the  sabot,  and  strikes  a  few  blows  on  the  bottom  ol  the 

Sabot  I"  make  the  shot  enter:  he  .an  tell  by  the  sound  if  the  shot  tOUCheS  the 
ivity  :  if  it  does  D0|  tOUCb,  Ik'  tries  another  Sabot.  W'nh  the  edge 
of  the  hammer  lie  bend-  one  end  ..|  the  strap  which  i->  not  slit  into  the  groove  of 
the  sabot,  punches  and  nails  it  ;  he  fastens  the  other  end  in  the  same  manner. 
Cutting  "li  the  superfluous  length  ;  he  then  nails  the  other  strap,  and  with  his 
hammer  sets  them  both  in.  Close  to  the  hall,  at  the  top  of  the  sahot. 

labota  for  32  and  24-pounder  field  howitiera  havii  1  .  each  strap 

Stened  by  one  nail  on  the  side  and  '-'  under  the  bottom  "I  the  sahot.  Two 
men  can  strap,  in  111  hours,  130  shot,  or  75  shells,  cutting  the  tin  from  tin-  sheet, 
If  tin  or  sheet  iron  cannot  he  procured,  straps  may  he  made  ol  ttrong  canvas. 
1  Inch  wide,  sewed  at  the  point  ol  crossing.  The  part  ol'  the  hall  which  is  to  be 
led  in  the  sahot  is  dipped  iii  glue  :  the  straps  are  also  glued  to  the  I. nil  ;  t he 
ends  arc  doubled  into  t lie  groove  and  secured  by  IWO  nails  in  each  end.  Another 
method  is  to  wrap  round  the  ball  a  band  of  cam  ass  1  inch  wide,  one  hall' of  which 
is  glued  to  the  ball,  the  other  to  the  sabot;  or.  the  shot  may  he  kept  in  pla. 
merely  tying  the  cartridge  bag  over  the  lop  ol  it. 

/•'</:,■  Plugs. — Plate  17. 

The  fuzes  lor  field  shells  ami  spherical  case  arc  inserted,  at  the  moment  of 
loading  the  gun.  into  wooden  fttOSflugi,  previously  driven  into  the  shells. 

These  plugs  ■">■  made  Of  beech,  perfectly  seasoned  and  dried,  so  th.it  they  may 
not  shrink  alter  they  are  driven. 


DIMKN 


,.  (  at  top  . .  . 

r  diameter.  ,   ,     ,, 

(  at  bottom 

,    ,      ■        ,.  (at  top  .  .  . 

:  diameter. .  •    ,  ,   ' 

( at  bottom 

Height 


spherical 

ca^e. 


111. 

1.25 
1.025 

0.50 
0.435 

1. 5 


For  other 

Shells  and 

spherical 

•'.IMS. 


In. 

0.75 

0.50 
0.4325 

1.35 


KK.MAKKS. 


Exterior  taper  .15  in. 
to  ]  in. 

Interior  taper  .05  in.  tO 
1  in. 


AMMUNITION    FOR    FIELD    SERVICE. 


256 


Charging  Shells. 


to  fill  the  shell 

Powder    )  to  burst  the  shell 

required.  J  to  blow  out  the  fuze  plug 

for  service  charge 


32-pdr.     24-pdr.     12-pdr.  remarks. 


Lbs.   oz. 

1 

0  8 

(t  2 

0  12 


Lbs.   oz. 

0        S 


Rifle  or  musket 
powder  is  used 
in  preference  to 
cannon  powder. 


Matkhi m.s.      Riflr  or  miislrt powder —  Fuze  plugs. 

[xplbwekts.  1  Funnel — Powder  measures, lo  hold  the  required  charges — 1 
small  mallet — 1  Fuze  plug  reamer. 

The  shells  having  been  properly  cleaned  and  dried,  and  attached  to  the  sabots, 
pour  in  the  charge  of  powder;  drive  in  the  fuze  plug  with  the  mallet,  until  the 
top  of  it  is  within  .1  in.  of  the  surface  of  the  shell  ;  be  careful  that  the  plug  is  not 
split  in  driving.  Ream  out  the  fuze  hole  in  the  plug,  with  a  careful,  steady  hand  ; 
if  the  hole  is  properly  reamed,  the  fuze  will  project  about  .15,  when  pressed  in 
with  the  thumb.  Slop  up  the  hold  in  the  fuze  plug,  by  inserting  a  wad  of  dry 
tow,  which  should  be  pressed  in  firmly  with  a  round  stick. 

Spherical  Case  Shot. 


Number  of  musket  balls 

Bursting  charge  of  powder,    oz. 

-  hot   loaded lbs 


B-in. 

4S6 

42 
30C 

32 

24 

18 
120 

12 

78 

225 

17.') 

L5 

B 

8 

6 

: 

4.5 

39. 

30.13 

22.70 

11. 

38 
2.5 


The  shot  having  been  cleaned  and  strapped  to  the  sabot,  put  in   the  balls.     In 
order  to  gel  in  the  whole   number  of  balls,  it  is   sometimes   necessary,  when  the 
shell  is  nearly  full,  to  push  the  upper  balls  aside,  with  the  nnger,  or  with 
Pour  in  the  charge  of  powder,  shaking  it  down  among  the  balls.     Insert  the  fuze 
plug,  ream  out  the  top  it  with  tow,  in  the  same  manner  as  for  common 

shells. 

Cani  I  Plate  17. 

A  canister fer field e*r vie*  <onsists  of  a  tin  cylinder  attached  to  a  sabot  and  tilled 
with  cast  iron  shot.     For  the  dimensions  ol  Canisu  ■<  'hat.  II. 

the  tin  is  tapped, fi  in.  and  soldered.    Th> 

75  in.  long.     A  plate  of  rolled 
H  1 1 h   a  sheet   ir.  id 


<II\I\    X.  —  .OPIiMlii'N     \M>    FIREWORKS. 


BtO  Strips    I  in.  I"  .'  in.  Inns:,  ninl  Uirneil  doa  n  <>\  ST 
the  ( (Ol 
The  tin  is  .02  in.  to  .025  in.  thick.     (Double  tin.) 


r  cylinder  (developed    

Height  of  

Interior  diameter  of  cylinder 

,  ter  of  platei  for  bottom  end  covi  r ... 

Thickneai  ol  bottom  plate 

TbiokneM  of  she<  rer 

,i  oi  finisbe  including  sabot. 


Number  of  lien  of  shot 

Number  of  ihot  in  each  of  3  lower  tiers 

Number  of  shot  in  itli  tier 

Whole  number  of  shot 


ii  dt  finished  canister 


12        6 


In. 

1.48 
1.40 

0.0*3 

6. 

I 
7 

27 
14.8 


In. 
Il.fi 
5.4 

ii.  ii- 


pon  now  it/ Kit*. 


32        24        12 


6.75  10.5 


I 

7 
0 

Lbs 


In. 
7.1 
6.14 
0.10 


4 
19 
19 
IS 


In. 
18.3 

ii. in 

. 

I 
19 
19 
18 


In. 
14.4 

1. 19 
i.  in 
0.99 
0.01 

l 
19 
19 
18 

Lbs 
10.8 


nation  of  0.05  In.  mure  or  le>>,  Is  allowed  in  the  diameter  of  tbi 

bottom. 
Tin-  exterior  diameter  of  each  canister  must  be  verified  with  the  maximum 
ige  of  the  calibre,  and  the  Interior,  with  ;i  cylinder  of  .i  diametei 
less  than  thai  given  in  the  table,  which  should  enter  the  canister,  other*  lae  it  la 

rejected. 

e  filling  the  canister,  dip  the  tin  cylinder  [ntoe.  lacker  ol  bees-v. 
solved  In  spirits  ol  turpentine,  to  prevent  il  from  rustin)      I  oal  the  balls  and 
the  plates  a  Ufa  paint  or  i<>;il  ur. 

I',,  i  is,.  I'^Miii-.    Place  the  caniste  r  upright  on  s  bench;  insert  the  iron 

„,,,,,,,  :iM,i  place  it  fiat  on  the  sabot  |  |>nt  in  s  tier  of  balls,  till  the  interstices  with 

dry  sifted  saw  duat,  pack  it  with  n  pointed  slick  so  that  the  balls  will  hold  by 

.ml  throw  out  the  loote  sawdust;  place  another  tier  of  balla  and 

in  the  same  manner  until  t lie  canister  is  filled  ;  cover  the  upper  tier  with 

sawdust;  i>m  on  the  cover,  and  on  it  place  one  of  the  iron  bottoms  furnished 

with  s  handle,  and  strike  It  with  ■  small  mallet  In  order  to  ( press  the  saw 

■  lu-i    then  remove  this  bottom  and  turn  down  the  slit  pieces  oi  the  canister  over 
.  r.  with  ii  hammer.     When  the  canister  Is  finished,  verify  its  diametei 
with  the  maximum  »li< »t  gauge  of  the  same  calibre. 


AMMTMTION     ll)|!     IIKI.l.     -IK\|.    I. 


257 


Cylinders  and  < ' 

For  the  greater  security  of  field  ammunition,  the  cartridges  are  covered  with 
paper  cylinder!  and  caps.  The  cap  is  drawn  off  at  the  moment  of  loading  the 
and  in  using  solid  shot  it  may  It  placed  over  the  shot,  to  diminish  the 
windage.  A  cylinder  and  a  cap  are  formed  together  by  folding  the  papn 
former,  which  allows  a  lap  of  about  0.75  inch  for  pasting.  The  requisite  length 
lor  the  cylinder  is  cut  oil"  from  the  smaller  end;  the  rest  from  the  cap.  which  is 
choked  at  the  end  from  which  the  cylinder  is  cut. 


Buramtoim. 

FOR  ' 

FOR    HOWITZERS. 

12 

6 

32 

In 

11.1 
10. 

3.5 
3. 

12 

Paper  for  a  cylinder  f  Length  developed  .... 

In. 

1  1.1 
12.  S 

5. 

1 

1.'. 
0.71 

0.15 

10. 

In. 

11.6 
11.5 

1. 
3.5 

13. 
. 
5.17 
0.15 

in 

In. 

11.1 

12. 

In. 

11. G 

- 

Height  of  cylinder       , 

3. 

f  Length    (exclusive  of 

1            I 

M 

EV 

i 
c 

% 

1  E 

rormers    for    cylin-     ...    ,  '              \" 

,>                                 -    «  I'H  1 1    :il   upper  end.  . 
-  and  caps.         !  «...           .  ■  • 

1               \\  idth   at    ower  end. . 

1  ~J' 

-3 

t. 

a 
1) 

'  vlindrical  former-   1   ] .<  Ilgth 

= 

J        m 

II 

The    choking   former   should    be   bored   through  the  axis  with  a  \  inch  hole,  to 
facilitate  drawing  off  the  cap;  one  end  is  rounded. 


in,/  Ammunition. 

'>"''  <  i:  Burnt*    for  powder—  1  futmd—l.att  tf  jwrfw 

ires  with  Sen* I 
the  cartridge   bag*— 2 tmrpauUnt 

I-'  <-/<"/<  .,|_f,/„,,, 

\.  and  tan  he  car- 

tridge  I  ■  i  ammunll  io0U—\ 

M    pi.w 

■ 

ild  be  filled  in  the 
17 


268  CHAP,    x — AVMisiih'v     wii    i  li. i  WOBMM, 

magaiiae,  or  filling  roeai,  and  earned,  alter  lx  ea  ;i imI  gasuj 

•    finishing  room.     One  ol  Ibe  gangers  take-  ■  filled  bay  with  one  hand. 

squeezing  the   bag  opoo  the  powder;  be  etrikee  with  the  other  band  on  the  top 

and  :  ie  beg,  l  witting  the  month  ol  ibe  bey  down  upon  the  |>  iwdt  r  el 

the  Mine  limej  be  then  triee  m  with  ibe  small  gauge,  through  which  it  should 

pesa  wuii  not  more  than  0.25  inch  play  .  should  it  not  do  tin*,  the  plied 

.Hid  reject)  •    filled  end  gauged,  are  placed  upright  in  :i  tub  "r 

and  oerried  l>y  ibe  gangers  into  the  finishing  room,  where  the  nun  ere  placed  in 

nlf  on  .1  bench,  feeing  oa<  li  other.    One  of  them  opens  a  bag  and 

-  ilit-  powder,  the  other  inserts  the  sabot  ol  a  strapped  shot  tquere  upon  t he 

powder    and    draws    up    the   end    ol    H  I  I   tin-  ~ li< •!  ;    the  lirsl   man    | 

about    i   feel  of  twine  through  the  pierced  -ink.  and  make-  two  tores  and  a 

double  bitch  with  the  end  at  tin-  top  ol  the  saboi ;  In-  makes  a  knot  In  ti nd  of 

the  twine,  inserts  it  into  tin-  slil  in  the  other  choking  stick,  and  lightens  the 
double  hitch  by  rolling  the  twine  on  the  slicks  end  bearing  upon  tin-  sabot;  be 
then  lakes  out  tin-  end  ol  tin-  twine  from  the  slit,  ties  ll  in  a  hard  knot,  whioh  he 
lightens  with  the  assistance  of  the  choking  stick,  and  cuts  the  twine  off  near 

the  knot.  The  Second  man  turns  down  the  mouth  ol'  the  beg  over  tin'  nabot  and 
i  he  iir-l  makes  a  similar  tie  in  the  groove;  he  makes  n  not  her  In-  below  the  saliot, 

■he  twine   being  lodged  between  it  and  the  powder,  to  prevent  the  latter  from 

-iiting  in  between  the  bag  and  the  sahot ;  he  then  runs  the  paper  cylinder  over 

the  cartridge  and  sabot,  leaving  about  2  inches  of  the  end  ol  the  cartridge  uo> 

i  red,  and   he  m. ikes  a  tie.  similar  tu  the  oiiiers.  iii  the  groove  ol  the  sabot 

He  now    holds  tin-  shot  i'n  the  left  hand    and    examine-  it.  Striking    the    sabot  with 

ibe  right  hand.  1 1  necessary,  to  bring  it  straight ;  ii  tin-  shot  i-  properly  fixed,  the 

I   ami  tin-    bag  will  be    on    tin-  -ame  nxi-  :    tl.e  -e.iiu-  should    be    between    two 
-traps,  and  tin-   knots  should  be  neither  "ii  the  seam-  nor  on  the  Strap* 

The  assistant i  pa--  the  partridges  through  the  large  gauge  whioh  is  0.04  Inch 

.  r    than    the    large  gauge  lor  ihe  shot.       II    the    -i/.e  i-  eorreet.  tliey  put  on  the 

paper  cap,  lay  the  cartridges  on  their  sides  in  the  box  ol  the  bandbarrow, and 
carry  them  to  the  magasine.    Those  which  will  not  pa--  throu-h  tin-  gauge  nro 

handed  becll  t"  the  lixers,  who  CUl  the  Strings  and    put  them  up  anew. 

(  'atlUtSTi    fat  I'n  Id  gu  )!!■   are    lixed   in   the  same   manner  as  shot,  exeepl   that   the 
lirst   tie  i-   made  in  the  upper  grOOVe  ol    the  Sabot  j  the  e\  linder  is  lied  in  the  lower 

groove.    The  caps  must  be  cut  somew  hat  shorter  than  those  f"r  shot  cartridges. 

/■'./;     llir     \':yilr.     I'ulil   lunril :,  i  :    The  -hell-,    spherie.il    ease   and  eam-lei.-,  are 
fixed  in  the  same  manner  a-  the  gun  eam-ler-. 

/•'.;/    ih,     Mm  ill, mi    Imirit zri  :    The  sabot-  having   but  line  groove,  the  lir-l  lie  I* 

omitted,  and  the  cartridge  Is  covered  with  a  cap  only. 

Fur  ih'  '.\i)i,iti  uiltr  mill 'i\-]ioiiinlfr  howii  zi  i  s :  The  cartridge  i-  not  attached  to 
tin-  projectile.    The  cartridge  block  i-  Inserted  with  the  grooved  end  next  to  the 

powder,  and  a  tu-  mail.'  in  the  groove;  the  mouth  of  the  bag  is  then  turned 
down,  and  another  tie  is  made    between  ti.,  block  and  the  powder;    the 


AMfcTNITION    FOR     KIKI.H    SERVICE 


259 


superfluous  pari  of  the  bag  ia  col  oil.  and  the  cartridge  if  covered  wiih  it s  cylin- 
der Hid  c;i|>,  us  in  oilier  CBSes. 

When  the  shot  ia  attached  to  the  aabot  by  a  single  bond  of  canvas,  or  when 
it  is  placed  in  the  aabot  without  any  strati,  the  cartridge  bag  ia  drawn  over  it  and 
tied  on  top  j  tor  this  purpose,  the  bag  should  have  an  additional  length  ol  from 
2J  to  3  Inchea 

When  splints  cannot  be  obtained,  place  upon  the  powder  B  layer  of  tow  aliout 
0.2  in.  thick,  forming  ;>  bed  for  the  shot ;  lie  the  bag  over  the  shot  and  around  the 
IOW  :  ihl   l>ag  require*  to  be  1  inch  longer  than  for  strapped  shot. 


Dimensions  and  weights  of   Fixed  Ammunition 


DIMKNS 


Height   of  charge  of    pow-  )  L  chartre 

der,    including    cartridge  J         6 

blocks  for  32  and  24-pdr.  [  a       ,,      , 

1  Small   charge  . 

howitzers J 


Height  of  at  rapped  shot  or  shell 

Height  of  canister  with   sabot 

[Shot 

Height  of  a  round  of  fixed  j  Shell 

ammunition,  with  cap...  j  Spherical  caae 
(  Canister 


Cartridge,   including    car-     (Large  charge. 

Ifidge  block (Small    ch:ir;_.    . 

Bfaot     Strapped 

Shell,  strapped  and  charged 

Spherical  caae,  strapped  and  charged 



f  Shot 

Rounil  of  amiin.  1 1,  small  . 

nition   compb  l<  il  case  

• 


FOR  «I'NS. 


12  6 


In.         In. 


FOR    HOWITZERS. 


32 


5.02 
8. 

10.4 


9.5 
12.4 

i .  56 
2.06 
12.75 


3.25 

1 . 1 3 
B.75 
8.43 


;  Sphei 
{  CanU 


11.43 
14.8 

15.4 


1 3 . 5 
16.91 


7.b 

10.3 

Lbs. 
1.3 

1.05 


7.3a 


In 


1     7.4 


7.14 

10.5 


U.S. 

3.88 

3.1 

31, 

27.7 
34.1 

31.6 


24 


In 

5.9 

5.4 


Lbs. 
2.7 
2.34 

18.8 

21.25 
21.15 


12 


In. 


►  3.25 
6.42 

10. 
10. 
12.3 

Lbs. 

1.05 

11.3 

10. v 

10.6 
11.88 


200 


AMMI    M  I  |ii\      \M>     1  I  K  I   U      RKS. 


Packing  Field  Ammunition. 

Patting  bom.  for  Held  ammunition  are  made  of  well-aeaaoned  atafl  ganeraUj 
white  pine),  153  in.  thick,  dovetailed  al  the  coraera.  The  lop  of  the  l>ox  is  fas- 
tened with  >ix  -'-in.  aorewa;  the  boi  h;i>  l wo  baodlea  of  lj  in  rope,  aitaohed  to 
eta  at  the  eoda. 

The  boxea  are  painted  r  ■  >"  ii atafde,  and  the  kind    >i  ammunition 

i*  marked  on  both  ends,  in  large  while  lettera.  The  place  and  date  ol  Cabrioa- 
■ are  marked  on  the  inaide  of  Ihe  ooi 


Dimensions  and  Weights  of  Packing  B 


MM>   OP    AMM'Ni  |  ION 


'  hint. 


(Shot 

L2-PDB.    ■  Spherical  case. 
(Canister 


t 

'"i-i-dk.    ■  Spherical  case. 
(CaniMer 


/•";;  Hotoitz*  rt. 


f  Sheila 

33-rDB.    ]  Spherical  oaee, 

(_Cani>ler 


Sbelli 

24-pdk.     '  Spherical  oaae, 

<  "il  II  I  >llT 


12-rDR.    < 


Sheila 

Spherical  <;i^<-. 

•  'iiillMer 


INTERIOR     I 


Length.     Width.      Depili 


In. 

. 
17.3 
18.4 

24. 
24. 


12.73 
17.23 


In. 

in.:. 

. 
12.5 

10.5 


12.75 
12.75 
12.75 

11.8 
11.5 
11.5 

9.25 


In. 


12. 
12. 

16.6 

11.6 
11.5 
I  1.75 

10.5 
10.5 

r,!.r> 


Empty.    Pai  ked 


25 


23 

25 

26 

.!ii 
:(ii 
31 


148 
161 

118 
146 


136 
16S 

1 58 
180 
170 

140 
183 

177 


The  above  weights  are  thoae  ol  white  pine 


AMMUNITION    FOR    FIELD    SERVICE. 


201 


Contents  of  each  packing  box  for  Full  Ammunition. 


MM'    ..I      VMM!    Ml  [ON. 


KIND  OF  AMMOITIuV. 


Ili'Wrr/.F.RS. 


Shot  fixed 

Priming  tubes 

Portfires 

Slow  match yards 

SPHERIC  \  i.  CASH. 

simt  fixed 

Priming  tabes 

Portfires 

Slow  match yards 

f  black,      2-sec. . 

o  \  red, 

tuzes.     J.  , 

I  green.     4-scc. . 

I  yellow, 

CAXISTHR. 

'  ampler*-  fixed 

Priminjir  tubes 

Portfires 

Slow  match yards 


6 

5 

1 

1.5 


b 

6 

l 

1.5 

3 
8 
3 
3 


8 
5 

1 

l.r, 


1 1 


1.5 


J  I 

•r) 

1 

1.5 

7 

11 

7 


II 

5 

I 

1  .5 


Shells  fixed... 
Shells  strapped 

Cartridges 


(small  charge 
large  charge 


Priming  tubes 

Portfires 

Slow  match yards 

|  black,        2-sec. . 

J  red,  .'{-see.  . 

]  green,        4-sec  . 

[yellow,      5-sec. 


Fuzes. 


SPHERICAL  CASE. 


Shot  fixed  

Shot  strapped 

Cartridges,  small  charge... 

Priming  tubes 

Portfires 

Slow  match yards 

{  black,        2  sec., 
red,  3-sec. . 


Fuzes,     \ 


\  green. 
I  yellow, 

CAMSTER. 


4-sec< 

5-sec 


Canisters  fixed 

Canisters  with  sabots 

■  Il'i !S.  small  charge. . . 

Pruning  lubes 

Portfires 

Slow  match fifth 


I 

4 
1 

3 

1 
L.5 

2 
4 
2 
2 


4 
4 
3 
1 
1.5 
2 
4 
2 
2 


4 
4 
3 
1 
1.5 


6 
6 

1 
3 
1 
1.5 
2 
6 
2 
2 


6 
6 
3 
I 
l.S 
2 
0 
2 
M 


6 

3 

1 

1.1 


12 


5 

1 

1.5 

6 

12 
6 


12 


5 

1 

1.5 

6 

12 

6 


12 


5 

1 
1.5 


Manner  oj  packing  Ammunition  Boxes. 

FOR''  t,  *)ihmrril  cair    niiri  rnvistm     fi',,1      Laid     ll  across 

the  box,  the  sh"i  or  oanisters  alternating  with  the  cartridges  at  eaeh  side       Tin- 
I   canisters  of  the  upper  tier  rrM    00    ttu^c  of  the   lower,  and  not  on  the 
rartri 


CHAP.    I         wvimimn     wo    rniKWOSKl 

i>n.   HowmBM      Steffi  .')"/  tpket  hef     Placed 

tin-     kill*    il.iwn      rOOtiOg    mi     Ml  ul     .J.'i    in.    tlii.U.   |>hli"«".l 

lengths •!«!•  ol    lha    Iidx    unil    n       ■  |irt*vt-nl  llir  faga  |>l uu ■« 

irmii  bearing  on  lha  bottom  oi  tii,-  box      The  balls  ;«r«-  bold  down  '  y  mmII  Mri|>* 

:  taeked  with   sprig*  i"  the  ■idea  ol  lha  box,  over  the  •nbou     T 
(ridge*  are  Inul  <>n  top  ol  tbi    -  ■ 

He  |i.n  i.iii  in  the  mom  meaner,  omitting  the  strip*  ol  wood  fa  the 
bottom  <>t  the  >•< > x 

Fun   1'Ji'i'n    In  in  \mi   MooYTAia    Howmaaa      SktlU  and  aphtritmt  ea 
ti  i '•! :  Placed  upright,  lha  l>all>  down,  reatiag  oa  stiipa  ol  for  tha  "(In-r 

cere. 

Cii>ii\ii!s  nrr  packed  ia  lha  -mum-  meaner,  resting  oa  lha  bottom  nl  the  l>"x 

In  nil  tha  l>"xr».  tha  small  stores  are  placed  la  lha  raoanl  spaoea  oa  lop  of  tha 
ammunition 

Tha  ire  pal  op  la  ■  boodle,  wrapped  In  water-pi 

per  "i  •  orrespondtng  '"lor. 1  marked  wilh  iba  lime  of  burning.     All  lha  Fuses 

tor  .1  liov  are  put  in  "in-  parcel,  wrapped  with  water  proof  paper,  nod  marked 

Ft  r\  I. 

A  layer  -'i  tow  it  placed  ia  lha  bottom  of  each  bos,  and  lha  wbola  content* 
.in-  well  packed  la  low,  filling  tha  l"-\  so  n  i"  be  proceed  dowa  bytheoover. 
A !». .in  :i  lbs  ,,i  tow  arc  required  for  ■  box 


AMMUNITION    POR  SIBOI    \  \  l»  GARRISON    SKRV10I 

( 'iirtii'l'h  !. 

Tin-  ordinal*)    service   ohorga  "i    powder  I  run*    in  »n+famwik   i lie- 

weight  "i  tha  -li"i  ;  bul  il barge  v.iru->  aooording  i"  circumstances,  from  out- 

third  the  weight  "i  lha  idol  (for  a  breaching  lmiii-r\  |,  to  onu-aiartA  ni  that  weight] 
for  firing  doable  >li"i  .>r  hot  ihot,  and  still  l<">-.  fbr  riooohel  firing.  The  ohargea 
i"r  mortara  and  howilaera  rary  aooording  lo  tba  required  ran 

Carti  y*  ii ml garrison  ttrvie*  are  usually  made  ol  wooHeei  -mil 

These  are  oat  la  two  pieces,  in  lha  form  oi  ■>  h--i.hii.-Ii"  wilh  semicircular  aade, 
which  are  sewed  together  to  i"rm  tha  bag,  aa  described  la  making  bags  lor  field 
service  l   for  lb*  maaaer  "i  making  and  preeerviog  them. 


AMMUNITION    FOR    SIEGE    AND    GARRISON    SERVICE. 


263 


THmenbiont  of  Oartridgi 


rolXMBIAIlS 


IMWITZEK8. 


u 

u 

•o 

•O 

"O 

d 

?.  C 

D. 

a. 

O. 

i 

00 

*-• 

v. 

6 

7* 

in-in.    Mn 


Charge  of  powder pounds 


Pi  'motor  nf  ohamber 

Lenjttli  of  chamber 

Diameter  of  cartridge 

Length  of  1   lb.    "f    powder    in   a 

r:n  trills:'1   

Width  "f  ratting  stamp 

Width   of  sewing  "-tamp,   nnd  of 

the  finished  bug 

Whole  length  of  hag.  rat... 
Length  of  i  utridge,  filled., 


Quantity  5-4  Rfiff  forlOO  bags,  yds.      30 


10.5 

8. 

8. 

6. 

4 

20. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In 

In. 

In. 

7. 

6.4 

5.82 

5.3 

4.02 

li 

7.5 

6. 

6.5 

5. 

4.6 

4.2 

0.98 
10.35 

1.16 

9.55 

1.45 
8.75 

1.7S 

8  ie 

2. 
7.6 

0.63 

12.7 

9.35 
18. 
11. 

8.55 
18. 
10.5 

7.75 

18. 
12. 

7.15 
17. 
11. 

6.6 

14. 
9. 

11.17 
24. 

14. 

30 

27 

25 

23 

14 

20. 
12.5 


Paper  Bags.  Cartridge  bags  for  heavy  ordnance  may  be  made  entirely  of 
paper  The  bottom  is  circular;  one  end  of  the  paper  forming  the  cylinder  is 
cut  into  slips  about  1  in.  long,  which  are  pasted  over  the  paper  bottom  on  a  cylin- 
drical former. 

The  dimensions  of  the  formers  and  of  the   paper  are  easily  obtained  from   the 
roing  table.     The  formers  must  be  bored  through  the  axis,  to  facilitate  draw- 
ing off  the  bag. 

When  I  paper  bag  is  filled,  the  open  end   is  folded   down*  bout  J  in.  vide,  and 
tin-    fold   is   rolled  on   itself  down  to  the  powder,  and  the  part  which    projects 
■1  the  cylinder  is  turned  in  on  the  top  of  it. 

|it  to  leave  paper  burning  in  the  gun.  lor  which  reason  those 
made  of  woollen  stuff  ar<-  preferable. 

Per  ctilitmhintU  mi, I  sin  ronsl  hoirit zrrs.  the  cartridge  should  always  occupy  the 
whole  length  of  the   chamber:   for  this    purpose,  ill    firing  with    reduced   chat 
»  cartridge  Uori  n  the  bag,  over  the  powder.    The  length  of  this  l 

for  any  el  loced  from  the  length  occupied  by  1  lb.  oi  powder.  •> 

given  in  I  Ie. 

/  ■  made   in   the   same   manner  as   for  guns, 

their   dimension*  OOlTespondina,  i   the  chamber  of  the  mortar.      Ruts* 

ibe  ■  enerally  ponred  looae  mm  the  chamber,  the  bag  being  u*ed  <>ni) 

arrying  It  to  the  mortal   a  gun  cartridge  hag  of  any  convenient  eiae  may  ba 


•,"ll 


-A  MM  I    M  I  I'  iN      AM>     I  IKI.U  ORKS 


.  -  are  made  double,  !>y  putting  one  bag  within 
•  ii  ili.u  the  bags  nr.-  free  from  boles. 
g  or  I'tlxr  tired,  a 

calibre  may  be  need  fler  iiie 

11  red  miii  ibe  ba|  filled  with  hay,  ; 

ii  wad  the  band*  to  reduce  the  dia  ba\  ing  shaken  this  bag  d  ■«  n  and 

md  flattened  the  empty  part  of  ibe  two  bags,  lie  them  with  woollen  yam. 
musket  earl  i  lop. 

,11, rr.  cartridge  ;  le  of  woollen  aluff  i"r  small  call- 

il  ..i  paper  for  heavy  ordnance.    They  should  be  of  ili<-  full  diai 
re  or  chamber. 


Strapping  Shells. 

for  iheUt  for  heavy  pun-,  howitzers  and  columbiads,  are  made  of  plank. 


NS   OI'    SAliuTS. 


81EGE    AM>    0AHBISO2I 


■I  *  .  OASI 

aowrrssas. 


i- 


ls 


12       10-ln.     8-ln.    ,10-ln.    8-ln 


height 



•  ■  1 1 .  .in 

■  i  i  I  »•  - 1  • 1 1 1    

t if  tiaii.  .  kUdioi  ol  f*Ji  * 


I  Width  . 


In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

l  5 

1.6 

1    i 

J. 

■ 

6.4.'t 

:  " 

V41 

l. 

0.78 

1. 

l. 

1 

1. 

J-l 

0.66 

0.6 

0.5 

l. 

1. 

81, 

19. 

l< 

U 

In 

-' 

1. 
3.93 


i  mi-  of  ihe  -ir:.|,-  baa  a  slit  In  ibe  middle  for  the  other  -ir.i|i  to  p;i->  through. 
Tun  rings,  or  loops  of  tin,  0.38  Inch  diameter  .ire  soldered  securely  to  the  nIii 
mi  ru  |>  of  ili<-  howitser  and  columbiad  sheila,  for  the  purpose  of  attaching  a  handle 
made  "i  cord  h.i'i  inch  to  0.25  luch  thick. 

The  shells  arc  placed  In  the  sal  ot,  and  ilw-  streps  put  on  in  such  ;i  manner  that 

the  fuse  bole  may  full  in  one  oi  the  angles,  between  two  straps,  and  thai  ibe  ;ixi» 

ni  the  fuse  bole  may  stand  .it  an  sngle  of  about  15°  with  that  of  the  sabot    The 

the  shell  should  not  be  covered  by  the  streps.    The  straps  ;in-  fastened 

li  end  with  2  -/</</.>  In  the  side,  and  '-'  in  ili«-  bottom  of  the  sabot. 

In  losding  the  piece,  care  must  be  taken  to  place  the  fuse  hole  i"  t'"-'  ti|>p»r 
part  of  the 


AMMUNITION    KOR    SIEGE    AND    GARKISON    SERVICE. 


2(55 


( anisters. 

A  canister  for  a  siege  nn<l  garrison  g">i.  is  made  l>y  turning  one  end  of  the  tin 
cylinder  over  tin-  iron  bottom,  from  0.25  in.  to  0.38  in.  wide,  according  to  the 
calibre;  the  other  end  ia  cut  into  strips  0.5  in.  long,  to  turn  down  on  the  cover 
when  the  canister  is  tilled.  Tin-  cover  for  these  canisteri  ia  oi  cheet  iron.  .1  m. 
thick:  it  h;is  a  handle  3.75  in.  long  by  1.75  in.  wide,  made  of  iron  win 
fastened  to  the  cover  by  a  strap  of  sheet  iron, 2  in.  long,  1.75  in  wide,  secured  by 
two  rivets  0.15  in.  thick.     The  bottom  plate  is  of  east  iron,  OS)  in.  thick. 

For  dimensions  of  Canister  Shot,  see  Chaftkb  II. 

Cantstt '  -  for  3-inch  siege  and  sea-coast  howitzers,  arc  attached  to  sabots,  oi  the 
following  dimensions  : 


8-INCH  CANISTER  SABOTS. 


Whole  height 

Greatest  diameter 

Diameter  at  the  bottom    

Diameter  of  cylinder  tor  the  tin 
Height  ol  cylinder 


SIEGE. 

SEA  COAST. 

In. 

In. 

1.68 

5. 

7.85 

7.85 

♦  Bottom  hemi- 

• 

6.4 

spherical. 

7.8 

7.8 

0.75 

0.75 

Dimensions  and  weights  of  Canisters. 


MMI   n  • 


1  t)B   MM.!     AND   0  IRRISON    HI   [»S. 


42         32         24  18  12 


FOR  V-IN. 

imwn/i  its. 


Length  of  tin  for  cylinder,  de- 
veloped   

II'    ghl  of  ditto 

Interior  diai  icter  of  cylinder. 


Xuml.'  t   »hot 

Number  ol  shot  in  each  oftbe 

Sloi 
Numl  • 

illlllilier  of    thot 


In. 

In. 

In. 

j  1  . 5 

20. 

6.19 

8.14 

8.1 

7.35 

i 

1 

1 

7 

7 

27 

.17. 

In. 

16.7 

7.7 

6.OT 


7 

27 

23. 


In. 

In. 

1.1 

1.47 

1.42 

7 
27 
16. 


12 
19 


In. 


12 
12 

48 


gflfi 


-AMMlMIIoN      \Mi     KIKF.WIIHK.H. 


< :  apt . 

For  the  dimensions  of  (Irapr  Shot,  see  ChAPTKS  II. 

A  Btajth  or  Orapi  consists  "i  9  shot,  put  together  by  means  of  2  east  iron 
plate*,  2  ring*  and  I  pin  and  nut.     See  Piatt  17. 


dimensions 


B-in. 


and 


Diameter  o(  plates 

Thickness  of  plates 

Interior  diameter  of  rings  .... 
Diameter  of  round  iron  for  rin_ 

pin 

Length  of  pin,  including  tapped  part. 
Height  "I  stand,  between  the  outsides 

of  l lie  plalcs 

WKMillTS. 


Plates 

Pin,  nut,  and  rings. 
Stand,  complete  . . . 


IV 


- 


,'l 


1- 


In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

7.85 

0.6 

6.55 

6.83 
0.6 

5.73 

6.24 
0.5 

5.16 

0.5 
1.75 

0.G 

11.7 

0.5 
9.25 

0.5 
8.7 

0.38 

9.85 

B.75 

8.2 

7.5 

Lbs. 

Lhs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

13.6 
4.75 
7 1 . 5 

10.2 

2.8 

51.25 

8. 

2.5 

39.75 

6.75 

t.81 

30.61 

In. 

:..17 

0.4 

4.26 

o.:ts 
7.18 

6.8 

Lbs. 

1.56 

1.12 

22.15 


19 


In. 

4.52 

0.4 
3.8 

0.32 
6.12 

5.8 

LI.-. 

::.  II 
0.69 
l  1.84 


The  square  of  the  nut  is  2  diameters  of  the  pin;  its  thickness.  1  diameter. 
The  head  of  the  pin  is  countersunk  flush  with  the  bottom  of  the  lower  plate. 
which  has  a  slot  to  prevent  the  pin  from  turning  when  the  nut  is  screwed  on. 
Each  plate  has  on  the  inside  3  beds  for  the  shot,  of  a  depth  equal  to  half  ihe 
thickness  of  the  plate;  they  are  made  in  the  form  of  a  spherical  segment,  the 
curvature  of  which  is  the  same  as  thai  of  the  shot  :  their  centres  are  on  equi- 
distant radii,  midway  between  the  edge  of  the  pin  hole  and  that  of  the  plate.  In 
the  upper  plate  are  2  holes  0.25  in.  diameter,  placed  opposite  to  each  other  at 
0.5  in.  from  the  edge  of  the  plate,  to  receive  a  rope  handle. 

Par  the  b-i)icfi  tea const  howitzer,  the  stand  of  grape  must  be  attached  to  a  coni- 
cal sabot.  The  sabot  is  4.25  in.  long,  7.85  in.  diameter  at  the  large  end,  and  6.4 
in.  at  the  small  end.  The  Sabol  may  be  fastened  to  the  lower  plate  with  screws, 
or  the  pin  may  be  made  long  enough  to  pass  through  it ;  or  else  the  sabot  may  be 
Melted  into  the  piece  separately  from  the  stand  of  grape. 


AMMUNITION     FOR    S1E0K     AND    OARRISON    SERVICE. 


267 


Filling  Shells  for  Mortars. 


CHARGES  FOR  MORTAR  SHELLS. 


f  of  the  shell  filled  with   powder 

Charge. .  I  to  burst  the  shell 

(to  blow  out  the  fuse 

(  Cannon    powder 

Ordinary  service  charge  . . .  <  Incendiary     match,   or 
L     other   composition.. 


1  Man  to  fill,  1  helper. 

Materials.  Cannon  powder — > neendiary  match— pieces  of  fire  stone,  3  in.  long, 
or  other  incendiary  composition — loaded  fuses— tow. 

Implements  and  Utensils.  \  pair  of  shell  hooks — I  handspike — 2  hand  ham- 
mers— 2  scrapers  ("pieces  of  sword  blade) — 2  tow  hooks — 2  pairs  of  pincers — rags — 
1  chisel  and  1  mallet,  to  clean  the  shells  and  break  up  any  hard  substance  that 
may  be  found  in  the  interior — 2  searchers,  for  sounding  cavities — shell  gauges — 
I  grate,  to  dry  the  shells  on — 1  faze  saw — 1  gimlet — a  ring  of  rope,  or  a  hollow 
block  —  1  funnel— powder  measures — 1  tub,  or  vessel  for  powder — 2  baskets,  for  the 
composition  and  fuzes — 1  rasp — \  fuze  setter,  and  1  mallet. 

To  Charge  a  Shell.  Clean  the  shell  inside  and  out ;  gauge  it ;  see  that  it  has 
no  holes  or  (insures  deep  enough  to  cause  its  rejection:  that  the  fuze  hole  is 
well  reamed,  and  that  there  are  no  flaws  around  it  on  the  inside;  if  the  shell  is 
wet,  heat  it  slightly  and  let  it  cool  slowly. 

Cut  the  fuze  to  the  proper  length,  according  to  the  range,  by  resting  it  in  a 
groove  made  in  the  block,  the  saw  running  in  a  cut  made  for  it;  or  bore  the  fuze 
through  with  a  gimlet,  perpendicularly  to  the  axis,  at  the  proper  length. 

Place  the  shell  on  the  block  or  ring  of  rope;  pour  in  the  powder  and  introduce 
the  incendiary  composition  ;  try  the  fuze,  which  should  enter  J  of  its  length; 
cover  the  head  of  the  fuze  with  tow.  and  drive  it  with  the  fuze  setter  and  mallet, 
«o  that  the  head  of  the  fuze  shall  project  not  more  than  0.2  in.  to  0.4  in. 

Shells  are  generally  filled  and  the  fuzes  driven  in  the  battery  magazines,  as 
i in  v  ;ir<-  required. 


86h 


-  \MMI   M  I  l«i\      \NH     n REWORKS. 


( '/,./  &  Columbia      and  hea 


rim...i    SI    i 


X..  till  1 1..-  kIi.II 

To  bum  tb<  shall  

•«  "ui  the  fn/.  plug 


•  BAMb 

L04n 

Ma 

Lb*,  oi. 

3      4 
1       6 

1     U 

1      0 

1     - 

1       8 

o  ia 

1        4 


0  II 

1  0 


M 

U 

11 

Lbi.   ox. 

1       ii 
0      8 

I.I.-     OB. 
■i      11 

0     : 
0      l«, 
(,     IQ 

1 

0      1 

ii     : 

fcse*  for  these  sheila  ere  made  with  pa  lerted  al  the 

lime  ui  loading  the  p  • 

Tin.-  fHKtplugi  ara  MiiicU-  ui  wood,  of  of  brass,  driven  or  screwed  ioto  the  Rue 

bole;  ihey  are  covered  with  a  cap  ui  peculiar  i struotion  which  oontaiai  the 

priming  of  the  fuse.  The  size  of  the  plug  is  indiciueil  l>y  ihnt  of  the  fuse  hole  in 
the  shelL 

The  bursting  charge  ia  poured  Into  tin-  shell  through  the  hole  in  lha  face  plug. 


Wads. 

\\';iil-  for  proving  cannon  are  made  oul  of  /mil. 

Impi.kmks  i  s.     I  wad  mould  with  two  holes  It  each  calibre;  made  of  oasl  iron 
cylinders  lei  In  oak,  or  ol  two  strong  pieeaa  oi  oak  strapped  with   iron  aed 
:  by  a  hinge—1  drift  for  ditto — 1  wtaui. 


MMSMSIOBI   or    MOI  LM. 


10-ln.     8-ln. 


In. 

,        .,'  Ism  bole, 0.76 

•wofnaatMa,  (,„mii 

■  upper  block 10. 

Thickness  ol  lowei  block 

Width  ol  bl*  ki     II 

Dfauneh  i  ol  cyllndri  d  drill   

I  ol  .1...  do      24 


In 

:  a 

8. 

i 
i  i 

j  i 


i  j 


In 
0.5 

r. 

4. 


33 

1 4 

18 

19 

In. 

III. 

in 

[n 

i  u 

i  B 

u 

.'..:i 

4 

1 

4. 

4. 

19 

11..'. 

11 

In. 

24. 

to 


NUhi-..  Wxvb.    The  junk,  after  having  been  picked,  is  c presaed  by  being 

beaten  in  the  smaller  mould  until  il  asau -  the  requisite  dimensions;  it  ia  then 

taken  out,  by  raising  the  npper  pan  of  the  mould,  and  closely  wrapped  with  rope 
yam  passed  over  II  in  the  direction  of  the  axia  ol  the  cylinder  and  fastened  by  ■ 
few  turns  round  the  middle  of  the  wad;  after  which  il  is  plaoed  In  the  large 


SLOW     MATCH. 


201) 


mould  and  again  beaten  with  the  maul  and  drift ;  the  diameter  of  the  wad  when 
linished  is  verified  with  a  wooden  gauge  corresponding  to  1  he  large  gauge  of  the 
shot. 


DIMENSIONS  AND  WEIUIITs  i.r 


10-in. 

8-in. 

42           32 

M 

18 

12 

Diameter  and  height  of  wad. 


:  of  wad  

Quantity  <>r  junk  required  fur 

llMI  Willi- 


In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

7.9 

6.8 

6.2 

5.1 

Lbs.  oz. 

Lbs.  oz. 

Lbe.os. 

Lbs.  oz.. 

1 

U  8 

8  8 

5  10 

4  6 

3 

1650 

850 

4.'S7 

300 

In. 

4.4 


; 


1  8 
UO 


I 


Aii  uddition  of  .'3  per  cent,  to  the  quantity  required  may  be  allowed  for  waste, 
tar.  etc. 

Wada  for  firing  hot  nhot,  and    for   other   like   purposes,  may  be    made  of  hay. 
w  rapped  with  rope  yarn  :  they  are  fabricated  in  the  same  manner  as  junk  wads. 

Ring  wad*  (or  grommet*,  aa  ihey  are  called  In  the  naval  service)  havi 
Ibund  v  •  ■  able  in  increasing  the  accuracy  of  tire,  and  they  are  to  be  pre- 

ferred where  the  oliject  of  a  wad  is  merely  to  retain  the  ball  in  it»  place.  They 
consist  of  a  ring  of  rope  yarn,  about  0.7  in.  thick,  With  two  pieces  •  > I  - 1  r. . nu 
twine  tied  across  it,  ai  -  with  each  other.     The  size  of  the  ring  is  the 

full  diameter  of  the  bore,  in  order  that  it  may  lit  tight.     These  wads  may  I"-  at 
tached  with   twine  to  the  straps,  or  to  the  balls;  or,  they  may  be   inserted,  like 
Wads,  -i  II  <T  the  ball. 


MILITARY  FIREWORKS 

Slow  Match 


Pw  PABATl  lade  of  hemp.  flax,  or  cotton   rope,  about  0.6 

in.  diatni  e,  well  l 

formi  i  h  without  any  prepai 

T"  prepare  hemp  <<r  Has  rope    boil  it  10  minutes  In  water  holding 

l.  or  lei   it  remain  in  i  until  it 

is  thorough!-.  run    it   through   the   hand-,  to  take  l1 

I  Sard  by  attarhing  one  end  to  Ihc  putting 

• 

•  r  i if  the 


•J7<l  CHAP.      \. VMMIMIIi'V      *\h     IIKIUUKKS. 

riclii.nl  0.1   in.  and  until  the  ten-ion  and  liardue--  are  even 1  rt-lch  M  >>n 

r  .11  ..  fenoe  10  dry.  and  pul  il  up  in  neal  OOilt  Ol   23  yards  i.nli. 

100  yards  ol  rope  require  2£  lbs.  ol  sugar  ol  lead. 

thus   prepared  barm    i  laebei  in  an   tour.    Cotton  matoh  benu    ij 
ii  in  hour. 

Ii  sugar  "i  lead  oaanot  be  procured,  the  rope  maybe  limply  leaehed.  Fot 
1 1 ■  i  —  purpose,  ii  ii  pul  into  ■  leach  ml>.  and  steeped  in  pure  urate*  tor  19  I  >  un 
Ibis  water  i-  then  drawn  off  and  replaced  by  ley  prepared  in  s  boiler  with  • 
quantity  ol  aabei  equal  to  hall  the  weight  ol  the  rope,  ti>  which  5  pel  cent.  ol 
quiik  lima  i>  added — tin-  ley,  with  the  ashes,  ii  put.  after  being  warmed,  lata 
j.rr  i>i  the  lull,  and  when  u  has  run  through  iod  remained  some  lime  in 
the  tub,  n  ii  draw  n  off,  heated  again,  and  poured  Lack  on  the  ashes.  This  ope 
rati.. ii  is  several  times  repeated  in  the  course  ol  24  hours,  which  I*  the  time 
required  tor  the  rope  io  be  well  leached.  Alter  being  taken  out  and  twisted 
with  sticks,  ii  is  steeped  for  '■<  minutes  in  but  water,  being  stirred  at  the  same 
time,  and  the  operation  is  finished  as  before.  Match  prepared  in  this  maaner 
burn.-  •>  inches  In  an  hour. 

By  treating  bad  match  or  old  rope  with  sugar  ol  lead,  yerj  good  match  may 

be  made. 

Blow  match  weighs  from  li  to  5  oz.  to  the  yard. 

1'a.  mm..  Slow  match  is  packed  in  tight  casks  or  boxes.  A  oaak  40  io.  high, 
24  in.  diameter  (weighing  80  lbs.)  contains  150  lbs.  ol  match. 

Dimensions  ol  i  box  to  bold  200  lbs.  hemp  or  220  lbs.  cotton  matoh  ii  la 
long,  2S  in.  wide,  18  in.  deep— weigh!  ^1  lbs.  It  it  made  oi  boards  l  in.  thick, 
ends  U  in.  It  hai  corner  pieces  of  hard  wood  2J25  in.  square.  The  oasks  and 
boxes  should  be  marked  with  the  kind  and  quantity  ol  matoh,  place  and  date  ol 
fabrication. 


Quick  Match. 

Take   COttOn  yarn.  SUCfa   as    is   used    for   eandle  wiek.  ol    SUCfa    1    SlXfl  (generally 

l  strands)  that  when  doubled  and  twisted  In  the  Sogers,  Il  may  be  0.07  in.  in 
diameter;  wind  it  Into  s  loose  ball  ol  convenient  sixe  (say  l  lb.,  whieh  will 
measure  1,000  yards),  and  steep  il  in  gummed  brandy  or  whiskey,  until  the  not' 

ton  i-  thoroughly  soaked.      In    a  wooden    bowl  or   eopper    | put   a    layer  about 

J  in.  deep,  ol    paste  made  of  mealed    powder  ami  gummed  spirits,  of  the  eoii-'-t- 

eney  ol  flour  paste  j  on  tins,  spread  a  coil  of  the  cotton  by  unrolling  the  ball  and 
diatributing  ii  equally  on  the  surface  of  lbs  paste  until  there  are  5  or  0  yarns  over 
one  anolhei  put  another  layer  of  the  paste,  and  proceed  in  this  manner  until 
the  bowl  is  full,  taking  care  not  to  entangle  the  strands;  the  laal  layer  ol  paste 

should  be  a  little  deeper  than  the  Others.      After  the  OOttOU   ha-  been  'I  or   I  hours 


MATCH PRIMING    TUBES.  271 

in  ihe  bowl,  wind  it  on  a  reel,  making  it  pasa  through  a  funnel  filled  with  the 
paste,  and  taking  care  that  the  several  turns  of  yarn  do  not  touch  each  other. 
Before  it  is  dry,  dredge  it  with  mealed  powder  :  let  it  dry  slowly,  then  cut  it  off 
from  the  reel  and  put  it  in  bundles.  The  gum  should  be  first  dissolved  in  the 
smallest  possible  quantity  of  hot  water  or  vinegar,  and  afterward  mixed  with 
BpiritS. 

Match  thus  prepared  should  be  hard  and  still',  and  the  composition  should  hold 
lirinly  on  ;    1  yard  burns,  in  the  open  air.  13  seconds. 

1,000  yards  of  quick  match  require  I  lb.  of  cotton  yarn,  8  lbs.  of  mealed  pow- 
der, 1J  gallons  of  spirits,  and  2\  oz.  of  gum  arabic.      Weight  when  dried,  9  lbs. 

By  using  vinegar,  a  match  is  made  which  burns  less  rapidly  in  the  proportion 
of  4  to  .r> ;  and  with  pure  water,  in  the  ratio  of  4  to  0.  Alcohol  makes  a  quicker 
match,  but  it  cannot  be  gummed,  and  the  composition  does  not  stick. 

\  slow  kind  of  match  is  made  by  adding  sulphur  to  the  mealed  powder;  with 
one-sixth  of  sulphur,  1  yard  of  match  bums  22  seconds;  with  one-fifth,  33 
seconds  ;  with  one-third,  .r>.rS  seconds  ;   with  one-half,  162  seconds. 

Quick  match  enclosed  in  tubes  burns  more  rapidly  than  in  the  open  air.  and 
more  so  in  proportion  as  the  lubes  are  smaller.  To  communicate  lire  very  ra- 
pidlv.  it  is  enclosed  in  paper  tubes  called  leaders. 


Priming  Tubes. 

In. 

Dimensions  of  tubes. — Length 3-25 

T-    .      ■         ,.  I  at  top 0.17 

Exterior  diam.        ,.    '  A.. 

[  at  bottom 0.14 

,    .      .        ■•  i  at  top 0.12 

Interior  diam.    -     .  .    '  „    , 

I  at  bottom 0.09 

Bxteriot  diam.  J  at  top 0.75 

of  cup.  (  at  bottom 0.70 


r.     .l     r  exterior 0.28 

Depth  of  cup  .  \ 

'  '         interior . 


(interior 0.21 

u  i  h.iit  of  1,000  tubes,  empty— IS  lbs. 

V<i<il  for  tubu-  -00  lbs.  Bancs  tin         ") 

.")'>  I!.-  Lead  \  for  11,000  tabes. 

1  J  lbs.  Antimony  J 

nff  tubes. — The  metal  is  melted  in  an  iron  pan.  placed  in  the  oven  of  a 
Move,  and  the  mould*  are  kept  heated,  at  the  same  time.  SO  that  their  tempera 
ture    may    b«    lo_;li    enough    t"    ■COroh    dry    Shavings,      During    the    casting,   the 

moulds  should  ba  sssoki  sally  with  rosin,  or  pine  knot-,  to  prevent  the 

mi  sticking.  Sis  moulds  should  ba  seed  Is  casting,  and  they  should 
not  be  cooled  by  wetting  them  When  not  01  use  the  moulds  must  be  kept  well 
oiled  sod  Iree  from  rust 


379  <n\r.    \.-     ammi  \i !  i.>\    AND    I  [Rl  m  ouks. 

Tin- 1 abet  «rr  drawn  from  the  moaldi  bj  meant  of  ■  lever  fixed  mti>  ti"-  wort 
a;  when  the  spindle  withdraw*,  the  tube  In  the  mould,  •  small 

i  into  the  tube,  which,  by  being  gently  tipped  with  a  hammer, 
-  ih<-  lobe  and  withdraws  it. 

ikod of  m,  now  generally  ;■■  -  to  oui  the  metal 

i,  each  "i  which  la  formed  Into  ■  tube  by  being  pressed  ihrouf 

tpptd  i'\  running  them  through  u  groove,  over  which  ■  plane  la 
i  -  of  the  cap. 

CaARonro.    Tm  ed  with  mealed  powder  made  liquid  by  sp 

winf.  which  i-  injected  into  them  with  a  tvbt  injector  holding  one  quart  A  bet* 
ter  method  i>  t"  make  the  mealed  powder  into  ■  »ofl  paste  which  i>  pressed  Into 
1 1n-  tube  with  the  thumb. 

A  Mr. Hid  Hi'  quick  match  -'  in.  Inn;:  \i  placed  serosa  tin-  cup,  whit  li  i*  then  fill* 
ed  with  the  same  paste ;  a  small  brass  wire  n  ».22  is  run  through  the  tube  aod 
withdrawn  after  the  composition  Is  ■  I  r y . 

A  paper  cap  Is  placed  over  the  cup  and  twisted  tightly  around  the  tube,  under 

Dp. 
Composition  to  fill  1,000  tubes: 

2J  lbs.  mealed  p  iwder. 
2    quarts  of  whiskey,  or  spirits  of  wine. 
Weight  ol  1,000  tubes,  filled— 18  lbs. 

Priming  tubes  may  be  made  alao  of  quills;  for  thi>  purpose 
the  barrel  <>i  the  quill  i>  cut  <>H  at  both  ends,  the  largest  end  is  -lit  mi.'  "  p 
»).f>  in.  long,  which  are  bent  outward  at  ri-lu  angles;  fine  woollen  yarn  Is  tlien 
woven  into  these  slits,  like  basket  work,  or  ;i  perforated  >li-«-  "i  paper  is  pasted 
in  them.    The  lube  Is  filled  and  finished  .i~  ! ■< 
The  small  end  of  the  quill  may  be  closed  with  sealing  wax,  aod  the  tabs 

ed  with  rifle  powder. 
I    ese  tubes  are  preferable  for  service  on  shipboard,  or  in  casemates  "r  blook- 
booses,  as  there  i>  no  danger  from  ili«'  fragments  blown  out  of  the  vent,  whioh 
I  ber<  may  be  a  Ith  metallic  tubes 

I'm  mortar  $orvieo,  |irn g  lubes  may  be  made  by  inserting  s  strand  of  < 1 1 1 1 1 ■  U 

match  in  a  cylinder  of  thin  paper,  of  1 1 j « -  same  diameter  and  length  as  the  metal 
lube.    The  match  should  p  1 3  inches  beyond  the  upper  end  of  the  tube 

rubes  are  tied  op  in  bundles  of  10,  wrapped  In  paper 


PORTFIRES.  273 


Portfires. 


Making  the  CASKS.  Formtrt  for  portfire  cases  are  made  of  steel,  turned 
•ttioolb,  22  in.  long,  and  0..r>  in.  diameter,  with  a  hole  0.2  in.  diameter  through 
one  end.  for  the  purpose  of  drawing  it  from  the  case.  The  length  of  the  case  is 
18  in. :  exterior  diameter  0.65  in.  ;  interior  diameter  0.5  in.  One  sheet  of  paper. 
N"  1.  makes  two  rases,  and  each  case  weighs  1  oz.  The  case  is  rolled  hard 
with  a  hand  rolling  board,  the  sheet  being  pasted  after  one  turn  around  the 
former. 

Drivihb  PORTFIRES.  Portfire  moulds  are  made  of  brass  ;  they  are  18  inches 
long,  with  a  bore  0.65  in.  diameter;  the  mould  consists  of  two  parts,  0.4  in. 
thick  at  top.  and  0.6  in.  at  bottom,  which  are  held  together  by  a  socket  at  bottom, 
and  by  4  strong  bands. 

Three  drift*  arc  used  for  driving  portfires;  they  are  made  of  steel,  with  brass 
tips.  0.5  in.  long,  upon  the  lower  end.  These  drifts  are  22  in.,  15  in.  and  10  in. 
long  and  of  a  diameter  0.1  in.  less  than  the  interior  diameter  of  the  case.  Four 
spiral  grooves  are  cut  upon  the  surface  of  the  drifts,  making  one  half  of  a  revo- 
lution in  22  inches  ;  the  grooves  are  0.15  in.  wide  and  0.05  in.  deep.  The  handles 
of  the  drifts  are  6  inches  long  and  0.75  in.  diameter,  with  the  head  enlarged  to 
1.25  in. 

Mallet*  for  driving  portfires  are  turned  of  hard  wood,  and  weigh  one  pound. 

Pill  the  case  in  the  mould  and  drive  on  the  rings — insert  a  small  funnel  in  the 
top  of  the  case— pass  the  long  drift  through  the  funnel  to  the  bottom  of  the 
mould— fill  the  funnel  with  composition,  and  strike  the  drift  about  three  blows 
every  second,  raising  the  drift  a  boat  half  an  inch  with  the  fingers  of  the  left 
hand  between  the  blows.  In  this  way  the  composition  finds  its  way  around  the 
•idea  and  through  the  grooves  of  the  drift  to  the  bottom,  and  is  uniformly  and 
compactly  driven.  The  shorter  drifts  are  used,  as  the  case  is  filled.  A  man  can 
drive  120  portfires  iii  ten  hours. 

Port  fires  should  not  be  primed  with  mealed  powder.  Before  commencing  the 
driving,  a  piece  of  paper  should  be  pushed  with  the  long  drift  to  the  bottom  of 
the  case,  and  after  the  portfire  is  driven,  tin-  lop  of  the  case  should  be  turned  in 
and  beaten  down  :   thn*  both  ends  of  the  composition  arc  - •■■■  1 1 r«  .1 


CnmpoMtmn    fur    100   porttf" 

Mitu >....ia 

i'hur l.fl  lb«. 

Mealed   |  2.5  lb« 

The  portfires  mafic  with  tin*  Timponlion  burn  ten  nipt 

is 


27  1 


\MMt   M  I  l<>\       \Mi      lllil    UdHkS. 


dmpositioo  must  be  intimately  mixed,  by  grinding  with  a  mullet  on  the 

_    table,  rubbing   it  through  the  handa i  passing  it  through    i 

nding  the  ooarae  parta  that  remain,  and  adding  Ihem. 
Portfire*  may  be  driven  in  n  cylinder  'PP*r  "r  tin,  supported  in  •> 

bol s  block  "i  hard  wood  :  but  aa  they  cannot  be  driven  so  bard  in  tl 

tin-  proftortion  of  mealed  powder  in  the  oorapoaition  ihonld  be  reduced  to  1}  lb., 
in  order  thai  the  portfire  may  not  born  i""  fast. 


BIOS   inv BH8I0V8  01    tOZXI   1 

100 

In. 

18 
0.1 
5.1 

In 

«».  i 

Width 

in.  l 

The  boxes  mi-.'  made  >>i  white  pine  boards  0.75  in.  thick,  the  aidea  dovetailed 
together,  and  the  lop  fastened  with  six  lj  in.  screws,  the  heads  countersunk 
and  covered  with  putty.  Tiny  should  be  lined  with  water-proof  paper,  and 
painted  with  one  coal  of  olive  color — marked  mi  one  «•  nd  with  the  number  and 
kind  of  contents,  and  the  year  of  fabrication. 


Fuzes  for  Mortar  Shells. — Plate  17. 


DIIIRNSIOMS    \  \  l>   »  K  H ;  HIS. 


i  at  iippiT  end 

Diameter  <>i  fuse     al  lower  fii <i  of  iir>t  com 
lower  end  of  fuze 


(I 
, ,  fat  the  lop 

l>iainrli:r    "I    i-iin  ,     ' 

1  |  ai  the  bottom 

Diameter  of  the  bore 

Length  "I    lir>t  cone 

Depth  "i  the  cup 

Tin. -I >*  hi  w I  ai  the  bottom  of  the  fine 

Leugth  of  composition 

Whole  length  of  fuae. 


Length  "i    I  >t    ,1  nit  I        ,  ,  , ,      ,       ■. 

.   .  .  exclusive  » » I  iln-  bauuli 

Length    "i    2d    dnit  j 

Diameter  oi   drill-, 


Weight  ni  composition  ii>r  LOO  fuzes 
Weight  ol   1W)  fuzes,  complete 


13-in. 


LO-in. 


In. 

In 

In. 

i  ,ss 

1.1 

l.tffl 

1 .65 

l  .55 

1.15. 

l . 

0.9 

l. 

O.7.- 

0.9 

0.8 

0.6 

0.  I 

0.3 

0.3 

2.8 

i.a  • 

0.5 

0.4 

i. a 

().'.» 

0.9 

9. 

8. 

r>. 

10.8 

9.  1 

6.3 

$, 

8. 

1.5 

1. 

l. 

0.36 

0.  -'7 

0.21 

Lbs. 

Lb*; 

Lbs 

B 

1 

3J. 

54 

33 

id 

FUSES.  275 

Wooden  fuzes  for  mortar  service  are  made  of  beech,  ash.  or  linden,  seasoned 
and  free  from  knots.  They  are  bored  in  the  lathe,  and  the  exterior  is  graduated 
into  inches  and  tenths  (,  omrnencing  at  the  bottom  of  the  cup)  by  means  of  8 
steel  gauge  applied  to  it  in  the  lathe. 

Compositions  for  Mortar  /' 


So. 

Nitre. 

Sulphur. 

iv  i       i     l           Time     m( 
Mealed          , 

,              burning 
powder.         ,        ,  ° 
'                        1  inch. 

REMARKS. 

1 

2 

1 
1 

3               3.8  sec. 

.'1             5.     sec. 
1            J    2.2  sec. 

f  For  10-inch  and  8-inoh  mortar 
\      light. 

(  For  13-ioch  and  10-inch  mortar 
|      heavy. 

The  composition  must  b<-  well  pulverized,  thoroughly  mixed  with  the  hands, 
and  sifted.  As  ihe  time  of  burning  will  vary  a  little  according  to  the  quality  of 
the  materials  used  (especially  of  the  msaled  powder),  a  few  trials  should  be 
made  to  determine  the  exact  composition  in  each  case. 

Dkivino.  TIk-  articles  necessary  for  driving  fuzes  are:  Block*,  with  holes  of 
the  >ize  Hi  the  fuse — mallets — steel  drifts,  shod  with  copper — coppei  ladle*,  lo  con- 
tain sufficient  compu  >>e  1  diameter  of  the  bore  in  height  when  driven 
— roppi  r  pant — mealed  powder-— fuze  composition. 

In  driving  fuzes  be  careful  lo  put  in  equal  quantities  of  composition  each  lime, 
by  passing   -i   drift  over  the  ladle  to  take  off  the  composition  along  the  ed{ 
keep  tli>-  strokes  a«  regular  as  possible,  giving  always  the  same  number  and 

with   the  same  each  ladlelul  ol   composition.     The  pan  wilh   the  compo- 

sition   must    not    I"-    placed   o,i    the   driving   block,   as   the   sulphur  would   collect 
iher,  and  would  separate  from  ihe  re>t  of  the  composition. 

Li-Hi.,  10-in.,  ami  s  in  driven  with  mallets  that  weigh  I  lb.;  smaller 

fuzes,  with  mallet-  weighing  ?  lb.  and  i  lb.;  21  blows,  in  volleys  ol  3,  are  given 
lo  every  ladh  ful  "i    composition,  m  fuzes  over  24-pdr.,  the  drift  being   r 
after  each  volley  \   IS  blows  lo  each  ladlelul.  in  smaller  lii/.r-.. 

nan,  in  10  hours,  can  drive  SO  13-in  ,SI  lo  ISO  small,  r  i 

1  'uses  ii,u>i  always  be  driven  i"  tli<-  same  height,  lor  which  purpose  the  Ja.-t 
drift  must  i '■  narked.    They  are  primed  with  mealei  Iriven  with  the 

-    applied    lo  a  ladlelul  OSIlion.      Tic 

ni   |i  .  iboul  0.2  in.     The  cup  is  tilled  with  mealed 

powdk  »ed  with   spirits  ol  wine  dry,  it  is 

covered    with    I    small    pi-  r,,ny. 


•J7li  CHAP.    X.  —  AMMi\iu<i\     \m»    miWORKI 

■rater-proof  p«per.  marked  with  the  number  <<(  seconds  the  fuze  l>urns  to  the 
laeh.     Fit  preservation  and  transportation,  i li <■  Rise  is  capped  with  water  ; 
paper,  linen,  >  r  i  on,  and  lackered.     Fuses  are  packed  with  tow,  in 

lined  with  water-prool  paper. 
Puses  may  be  driven  with  bUndfire  <-<  otposition,  which  will  not  discover  the 
_         I   :i  - li t-l I  ii)  the  night : 

Compositions:                      Mealed  powder.                   Billed  wood  ashes. 
1 0  part-.  | I     parts. 

2 L 6  parts *.'i  |>;irt-. 

one  ladlelul  of  Ibe  common  face  composition,  or  <>i  mealed  powder,  most  be 
driven  m  the  top  of  these  fuses. 


Fuzes  for  Field  s,  rv 

The  fuze  for  field  shell*  and   spherical   case   consists   "I   a  04OMI    BOM,  Whioh   is 

charged  with  fuze  composition,  and  is  Inserted,  at  the  lime  <>i  loading  the  gun, 
into  a  wooden  i'li<z  previously  driven  into  the  faae  bole,  as  described  at  pagt 

Mamm;  iiik  1'apkk  Casks.  The  case  is  made  of  a  slnp  of  smooth  paper, 
rolled  hard,  on  I  mandril  0.35  inch  diameter,  and   glued,  alter  llie   first   turn,  with 

isinglass  glue.    The  strip  of  paper  is  in  the  form  of  a  rectangle  joined  to  a  tra- 
pezoid ;  it  is  rolled  from  the  large  end. 

Inches. 

Whole  length  of  the  paper lb. 

Length  of  the  rectangular  part 9. 

Width  of  the  rectangular  purl 1  ..r> 

Width  at   small  end 0.4 

Diameter  ol  finished  ease  before  I  At  top 0.53 

being  cut (  Al  bottom 0.44 

Log  paytr  (so  called),  or  thin  drawing  paper,  is  suitable  for  making  these  cases. 
The  dimensions  ol  the  strip  of  paper  must  be  regulated  by  trial  with  the  kind  of 
pa  per  used. 

Alter  the  case  is  dry,  it  is  smoothed  by  rubbing  it  with  a  fine  file,  and  with 
-and  paper. 


277 


FUZE  COMPOSITIONS. 


MEALED  POWDER 


TIME  OF  BURN- 
ING 1  INCH. 


COLOR  OP 
FUZE. 


1 

2 
3 

l 


0. 
3. 
3.5 
4.0 


2  seconds. 

3 

4 


Black. 
Red. 
Green. 
Yellow. 


The  materials  must  be  thoroughly  incorporated  by  being  carefully  ground  to- 
gether with  a  m tiller.  The  composition  should  always  be  tried  before  driving 
many  fuzes,  as  the  time  of  burning  is  subject  to  variation,  according  to  the 
quality  of  the  materials  and  their  manipulation. 

One  pound  of  composition  is  required  to  charge  100  fuzes. 

Charging  the  Fuze.  The  case  is  set  in  a  brass  die.  made  in  two  parts,  which 
are  held  together  by  a  strong  ring  or  socket  inserted  in  a  block  of  wood.  The 
composition  is  driven  in  the  usual  manner  with  a  half  pound  mallet,  with  15 
blows  to  each  ladleful  of  composition  ;  one  ladleful  makes  a  length  of  0.25  inch 
in  the  luze. 

Cutting.  The  fuze  is  next  put  into  an  iron  gauge,  the  bore  of  which  has  the 
same  taper  as  the  fuze,  and  it  is  cut  off"  at  both  ends,  witli  a  saw  or  sharp  knife, 
to  the  proper  length.  It  is  then  stained  the  proper  color,  according  to  the  com- 
position used. 

Interior  diameter  of  cutting  gauge..  J  al  J°P •'    iaf  '• 

(  at  bottom 0.45      " 

Length 1. 


Fuzes  for  heavy  Guns,  Cohnnbiads,  and  Howitzers. 

These  fuzes  are   made   in  a  similar  manner  to  those  for  field  service.     Their 
dimensions  are  as  follows  : 

f  Whole  length 1°.        Hi' 

/>....  .  r    .i    i-  Length  of  recto nnie 6. 

raver  for  the  <  nse.       ...    .  ,       c  _  _. 

'      J  Width  of  rectangle 2.88       " 

I  Width  of  small  end 0.1  '• 

f  DiameliT  nt  tup (I  W.\  " 

j.-.,. e    j         "        a'  bottom 0,1 

'   ■  Lengtl  2. 

|  Diameter  of  composition 0.3         " 


27M 


CHAI'.     X. AMMtMTION     AND     HKIW'U.K-. 


'■' 


POWDII 


ri  mk  or 

BOHN1NG 
1    INCH. 


1 

g 

1 1 

10  aeo 

n 

12 

1  1       • 

*. 

» 

10 

•jii       ■ 

ill*   procured   from    Du- 
pout's  powder  nulls. 


The  lime  of  burning  these  slow  com|i  subjecl  to  considerable 

lions,  according  t<>  Ibe  quality  of  materials  and  ibe  manipulation  in  mixing  ihem. 
Iii  making  these  fuzes,  I  special  care  shoulj  be  taken  to  try  the  oom po- 

sition used,  and  to  vary  the  proportions  so  as  la   produce  ibe  required   result* 
Tin-  above  table  Is  given  ;i>  an  approximate  guide. 


PKRCU88ION    OAPfi    FOB    SMALL    AllMS. 

Making  the  Caps.  The  cap  for  small  arms  is  made  of  copper;  it  is  very 
slightly  conical,  with  a  rim  nr  fianch  at  the  open  end :  ii  has  four  slits,  extending 
about  half  the  height  of  the  <m|>. 

The  sheet  copper  for  making  the  caps  la  No.  -I.  weighing  about  13.5  •>/.  to  the 
square  foot.  It  Is  obtained  in  sheeta  Is  In.  ■  1 1  In.,  weighing  I  lbs. ;  the  copper 
should  be  pure,  well  annealed,  and  rolled  a-  evenly  as  possible. 

The  copper  ta  cleaned  by  being  immersed  in  a  pickle  made  of  1  part  (by 

measure)  of  sulphuric  acid  and  40  |>art-  of  water;  it  is  then  ac ed  by  hand, 

with  fine  sand  or  saw  dust,  and  washed  clean  in  running  water;  alter  which  it 
is  slightly  oiled  by  being  rubbed  with  a  rag  dipped  in  clear  neatatbot  oil. 

The  rap-  an-  I. .lined   by  B  Inaeliinr  whwh  GUIS  a    -tar   nr   hhnik   from    the    -heel 

and  transfers  it  lo  a  die  in  which  the  cap  is  Bhaped  by  mean-  of  a  punch.  For 
n-e  in  Boughton'a  machine,  the  copper  is  first  out  Into  strips,  from  which  the 
blanks  an-  out  and  ihe  caps  formed;  Wright's  machine  cuts  the  blanks  from 
the  whole  sheet  and  forms  the  cap.  The  first  maohine  make-  2,196  caps,  the 
■  ■nl.  2,314  caps,  irom  a  sheet  of  the  sise  above  mentioned.  Each  machine 
.•an  make  about  5  000  caps  an  hour. 

1,000,000  oi  caps  amply,  weigh  1,162  lbs. 

Before  being  charged,  the  caps  are  cleaned  by  being  rolled  in  dry  saw  dust, 
hui  if  only  a  -mall  quantity  oi  jrood  oil  is  used,  this  operation  is  unnecessary, 

l'n:.  i  uion  Powdi  !■■  The  powder  with  which  the  caps  are  charged  consists 
nf  fulmtittiti  of  mercury i  mixed  with  half  it-  weight  of  saltpetre. 


PBRC1  B8I0M    <  APS.  279 

To  prepare  the  fulminate  of  mercury.  In  a  glass  retort  or  bottle,  holding  about 
half  a  gallon,  dissolve  !<•  oz.  of  pure  mercury  in  5.5  lbs.  of  nitric  acid  of  the 
Specific  gravity  of  1.40.  The  solution  may  he  made  at  the  ordinary  temperature 
of  the  air  in  summer;  in  winter  it  is  facilitated  by  placing  the  retort  in  a  water 
bath  heated  to  about  120°.  The  vapors  which  come  over,  being  very  deleterious, 
must  not  be  inhaled. 

When  the  solution  is  complete,  pour  the  liquor  into  a  glass  vessel  with  a  wide 
mouth,  or  a  glazed  stone  jar.  of  the  capacity  of  8  or  10  gallons,  into  which  5.7-r> 
lbs.  of  alcohol,  of  the  specific  gravity  of  0.&.r).  have  been  previously  poured  — 
care  must  be  taken  to  pour  the  nitrate  of  mercury  on  the  alcohol}  the  re 
mode  of  mixing  would  be  attended  with  danger.  This  operation  must  be  per- 
formed at  a  sate  distance  from  the  fire,  as  the  fumes  of  ether  which  escape  are 
highly  inflammable,  and  great  heat  is  evolved  during  the  effervescence  which 
ensues  from  the  mixture.  When  red  fumes  begin  to  appear,  they  must  be 
reduced  by  adding  a  small  quantity  of  alcohol.  The  proportion  of  alcohol  used 
in  the  whole  operation  varies  according  to  the  quality  of  the  acid  and  alcohol, 
and  perhaps  the  state  of  the  weather:  the  proper  quantity  is  best  determined  by 
trial  with  the  materials  made  use  of. 

When  the  effervescence  has  ceased,  B  precipitate  of  fulminate  Of  mercury  will 
be  found  at  the  bottom  of' the  vessel;  this  must  be  repeatedly  washed  in  solt 
water,  until  the  water  no  longer  reddens  litmus  paper.  The  fulminate  is  in  the 
form  of  very  small  crystals,  of  a  light  gray  color  and  brilliant  surface.  If  the 
operation  is  well  performed,  no  metallic  mercury  will  be  reproduced.  The 
weight  of  the  fulminate  when  dried  is  ab  tut  13  per  cent,  greater  than  that  of  the 
mercury  used. 

If  the  proper  proportions  are  not  used  (or  if  the  material-  are  not  of  good 
quality),  the  product  will  be,  instead  of  fulminate,  an  impalpable,  yellow  powder, 
wlii.-h  is  incombustible.  When  this  is  observed,  the  result  may  generally  be 
corrected  by  varying  the  proportion  of  alcohol  in  the  mixture. 

The  fulminate  of  mercury  is  kept  under  water,  in  jars  or  wide-mouthed  DOt- 
tles,  holding  about  2  lbs.  each,  which  should  be  preserved  from  frost. 

Tn  prtpnrr  the  pertuetion  powder:  The  water  is  drained  from  the  fulminate,  and 
the  latter  is  partially  dried,  until   it   contains  only  20  per  cent,  of  moisture.      In 
this  state  it  is  mixed  with  f>()  per  cent,  of  Its  weight  ol  refined,  pulverised 
petr<  arorked   with  a   spatula  and  a  wooden  muller,  on   a  wooden 

table,  until  the   Ingredients  are  intimately  mixed.     While   still   in   a   moist  Hate. 
the  mixtun  ■    !   through  a   common   I  •       it  is  then  dried,  with  _ 

m   the   sun.  or    in   a  room   warmed   by  tines.      When   quite  dry.  it  is  again 

a   hair  sieve,  by  rubbing  it  with  the  hand,  or  with  a  leather  pad. 

so  as    l<>   reduce   il    to  a   fine   grained   powder,  but   not   to  dust,  when   it    is    ready 

The  dried    powder  is  put  lot  den  or  paper  hoses,  holdinu 


•X) 


CHAP.    \. — AMMUNITION     \\l>    FIRK.works. 


half  n  pound  each,  whirl)  should  be  kepi  in  .1  small  magazine,  standing  apart 
from  other  buildings. 

CBABonfa   1  hk  Cam.    The  charge  of  each  cap  is  Haifa  grain  of  pen 
powder,  which  is  put  Into  the  cap  and  compressed  by  machinery  contrived  for 
the  purpose.     In  one  of  tln-s,'  machines  [made  hi  Washington  Arsenal)  the  cepi 
are  placed  by  hand  ami  the  powder  is  supplied  fiom  a  small  hopper. 

In  Wright's  machine,  the  charging  is  combined  with  the  apparatus  for  making 

the  caps.  The  caps  are  taken  up  as  they  are  Conned,  and  they  are  charged  and 
pressed  without  handling;  this  machine  being  supplied  with  copper  in  sheet* 
and  the  percussion  powder,  delivers  the  taps  ready  lor  being  varnished,  at  the 

rate  o/'  5.1)110  an  hour. 

Varnishing  the  Caps.  In  order  to  lix  the  charge  in  the  cap  and  to  protect  it 
from  the  effects  ol"  moisture,  a  drop  ol"  varnish  is  put  into  each  cap. 

Tu  prepare  tin  varnith.  Dissolve  1  lb.  ol'  the  best  gum  shellac  in  1  quart  of 
rectified  alcohol,  containing 95  percent,  of  pure  spirit.  The  solution  is  made  at 
the  ordinary  temperature  of  the  air  in  summer;  it  requires  about  20  days,  during 
which  it  must  be  frequently  Stirred.     The  operation  is  found  10  be  much  hastened 

;ind  facilitated  by  putting  the  materials  into  a  small  rolling  barrel  made  of  tin. 
which  is  kept  in  motion  by  the  power  which  moves  the  machines. 

1  quart  of  alcohol  and  1  lb.  of  shellac  make  1.46  quart  of  varnish  :  a  small 
quantity  of  alcohol  is  occasionally  added  for  t  li  i  11 11  i  nj*  the  varnish  when  it  is  used. 

To  apply  lite  varnish.  The  caps  are  put  into  holes  in  a  board  IS  in.  by  12  in. 
and  .25  in.  thick;  .r>l)()  in  each  board.  This  is  quickly  done  by  taking  a  parcel  ol 
caps  on  the  board  and  shaking  it  sideways,  the  caps  Battling  themselves  in  the 
holes.  When  the  boards  are  filled,  the  defective  caps  and  those  which  have  lost 
their  charge,  are  easily  detected  by  the  eye.  The  varnish  is  contained  in  a  glass 
tube,  furnished  with  a  sliding  valve  of  iron  wire,  which  allows  a  drop  of  varnish 
to  escape,  when  the  tube  is  pressed  in  the  bolt. mi  of  the  cap.  In  this  manner  a 
boy  or  a  girl  can  varnish  5,000  or  0,000  an  hour;  or  the  varnish  may  be  applied 
by  means  of  a  simple  machine  ;  about  twenty  boards  arc  used  :  the  caps  remain 
in  them  30  or  40  minutes,  when  the  varnish  is  sufficiently  »et  for  them  to  be 

turned  out  into  a  tray,  for  drying.  These  Hays  may  be  18  in.  long,  12  in.  wide, 
and  2  in.  deep,  to  contain  5,000  caps  each.  The  caps  should  be  exposed  for  24 
hours  111  a  room  healed  to  about  100°;  they  are  then  put  into  bags,  and  may  be 
kept  2  or  ,'i  days  more  in  a  temperature  of  about  120°,  before  they  are  packed  in 
boxes. 

Fifteen  quarts  of  varnish  are  required  for  1,000,000  of  caps,  and  about  ,'i  quarts 
of  alcohol  lor  thinning  the  varnish  and  cleaning  the  tubes. 

Weight  of  1,000,01)0  caps  charged  and  varnished.  1,233  lbs. 

PACKING,  The  caps  arc  put  into  bags  of  strong  linen,  10,000  in  a  bag.  These 
bags  are  made  like  cartridge  baus  for  field  service;  6  in.  diameter  and  13.3.  in. 
deep.     They  are  marked  with  the  place  and  date  of  fabrication. 

Weight  of  bag,  with  10,000  caps,  12.5  lbs. 


PERCUSSION    CAPS. 


281 


Ten  of  these  bags  are  packed  in  one  box. 

The  packing  ho.rcs  are  made  of  while  pine,  1  in.  thick;  the  sides  and  ends 
dovetailed  together.  The  top  is  fastened  with  six  2-inch  wood  screws.  They 
have  brackets  for  rope  handles,  on  the  ends. 

Interior  dimensions  of  box  :  Length  30  in.;  width  12  in.;  depth  9.5  in.  Weight 
30  Iba. 

The  bag*  an-  packed  tight  in  tow.  The  boxes  are  lined  with  thick  paper;  they 
are  painted  olive  color,  and  marked  on  the  ends  with  the  number  and  kind  of 
contents  and  the  date  of  fabrication.  The  place  and  date  of  fabrication  are 
marked  also  on  the  inside  of  the  cover. 

Weight  of  box  packed  with  100.000  caps,  I5fi  lbs 


Materials  required  for  1,000,000  Caps. 

For  the  caps:       1.S00  lbs.  sheet  copper,  of  which  about  one-third  is  returned  in 

scraps, 
For  the  powder  :       43  lbs.  mercury. 
3S2  lb*,  nitric  acid. 
400  lbs.  alcohol. 
24  lbs.  saltpetre. 
For  the  varnish:     10.25  lbs.  gum  shellac. 

13  quarts  alcohol. 
For  bags:  32  yards  of  brown  linen,  }  yard  wide. 

For  boxes  200  feet  of  white  pine  boards. 


Friction  Primers  for  Cannon. 

A  friction  primer,  for  cannon,  consists  of  a  tube  charged  with  gunpowder,  to 
the  top  of  which  is  fastened  a  cup  containing:  (riction  powder,  which  is  exploded 
by  means  of  a  slider  pulled  out  with  a  lanyard. 

The  tvbe  is  made  of  sheet  brass  No.  22 ;  it  is  formed  by  drawing  a  strip  of 
brass  .65  tit.  wide  and  3  or  4  feet  long,  through  a  hole  0.195  in.  diameter,  and  cut- 
ling  it  into  lengths  of  ].r,  in.  One  end  of  the  tube  is  slit  into  four  parts  0.075  in. 
deep,  for  the  purpose  of  fastening  it  to  the  cup. 

1'hr  r?/p  is  made  ol  sheet  brass  No.  3),  cut  with  a  punch  into  pieces  l.s  in.  by 
0.05  in.,  with  a  hole  of  the  size  of  the  tube. 

Tin-  *lil  end  of  the  lube  is  passed  through  the  hole  in  the  cup,  and  the  ends 
are  turned  over  and  hammered  down  close,  to  secure  it  in  place. 

Tin  slnlri  is  Bade  Ol  sheet  bra^s  \0.  22,  cut  into  strips  2.3  in.  by  0.2  in.  and 
double. 1  lengthwise  orw  a  mandril  0.2  in.  diameter,  which  forms  the  eye  for  tho 
hook  of  the  lanyard. 


•^sj  CHAP.     X. —  AMMUNITION     \m>    PI  RB  WORKS. 

The  bottom  Of  ihfl  OOp  and  one  side  Of  1 1» *-  slider  arc  made  r 

Causoim  A  charge  of  four  gmius  of  friction  powder,  in  ■  moisl  state,  is 
■pread  in  the  cop,  aad  (be  slider  la  placed  on  It,  with  the  rough  aide  nest  the 
powder;  the  sides  and  ends  of  the  cup  arc  then  doubled  over  the  slider  and 
preaaed  down  firmly  on  it. 

The  tube  is  filled  like  common  printing  tubes,  with  a  paste  ol  mealed  powder 
moistened  with  whiskey  ;  a  wire  is  passed  in  it,  to  leave  an  opening  in  the  lube. 

Varmnhi\<;.  The  primera  are  coated  all  over  with  a  lacker  oi  asphaltum  dis. 
tolved  in  spirits  of  turpentine,  or  with  shellac  varnish.  When  <lry.  they  are  put 
up  in  bundles  <>f  l".  and  wrapped  In  water-proof  paper. 

Friction  Powdkr.  The  powder  Is  composed  of  equal  parts  of  chlorate  oj 
potash  ami  sitlplinnt  of  antimun ;/.  moistened  with  alcohol  and  mixed  together  In 
a  urel  stale. 

Lanyard.  The  lanyard  for  pulling  off  the  primera,  la  a  piece  ol  Mnmx  cod 
line  (about  .2  in.  thick]  12  (cct  long;  to  one  end  is  attached  a  small  iron  hoot.. 
wuh  an  eye  for  ibe  line,  and  to  ihe  other  end.  a  wooden  toggh  .75  in.  diameter 

and   1  inches  Ion;:. 

When  the  primera  arc  kept  dry.  not    more  than  one  in  a  hundred  will  miss  fire. 

If  injured  by  moist ure.  they  become  serviceable  again  when  dried. 


MateriiiL*  for  uuildiuj  1,000  Friction  Primers. 

Sheet  brass  Nn.  22 11J&     Iba. 

Do.        No.  30 4.5 

Chlorate  of  potash 

Bulphuret  of  antimony 0.875 

Mealed  powder l«SS 

Whiskey 1  <lll;""i 

Weight  of  l.Odd  primers  finished,  18.25  Iba. 


PERCUSSION    PKIMKRS. 


ito» 


Percussion   Primers  for  Cannon. 

Comp  «i  now  :   !  nt  fulminating  mercury  and  J  of  the  following  composition  : 

<>■/.. 

Chlorate  of  potash '' 

Sulphur 1 J 

Gunpowder 1 

Antimony i 

ZYj  prepare  this  composition:  Grind  the  chlorate  oi  potash  on  a  marble  slab 

with   n   little  water:    add  the  antimony  and    rub  them  well  together,  with  water 
enough  to  make  a  stiff  paste;  then  add  the  sulphur  and  the  gunpowder  sin 
lively,  and  mix  the  whole  thoroughly.     The  composition  must  be  kept  in  g 
or  tin  :   when  dry  it  explodes  by  percussion. 

To  make  the  primers:  Add  the  fulminating  mercury  to  the  above  composition 
in  a  moi-t  state,  and  mix  them  together,  on  glass  or  marble,  with  a  wooden  or 
ivory  spatula ;  mould  this  paste  into  lozenges,  0.4  inch  diameter  and  0.01  inch 
thick:  put  the  lozenges  between  two  circular  pieces  of  musket  cartridge  paper 
9.8  inch  diameter,  which  are  united  by  isinglass  due  and  pressed  firmly  together: 
dry  them  and  cut  the  paper  with  a  circular  cutter  0.6  inch  in  diameter. 

Coat  the  primers  with  mastic  varnish,  or  a  solution  of  sealing  wax  in  spirits 
of  wine,  or  with  other  water-proof  varnish;    keep  them  in  glass  bottles. 

The  cup  of  a  quill  tube  may  also  be  used  to  contain  the  fulminating  coin; 
Hon.  the  barrel  of  the  lube  being  charged  with  ritle  powder. 

Or  the  wafer  may  be  made  to  form  the  bottom  of  a  paper  cap.  which  fits  on 
the  hammer  of  the  lock. 

FIREWORKS  FOB  SIGNALS.  LIGHTS  AND  INCENDIARY  PURPOSES 

All  dry  compositions  must  be  well  mixed,  first  by  the  hand-,  and  then  by  being 
oral  times  through  a  line  hair  sieve,  in  order  that  the  ingredients 
be   thoroughly  incorporated.      In    mixing  compositions  whuh  require  the   us.-  <>l 
tire,  the  greatest  precaul -  -ire  i,< . ,  ssaiy,  particularly  for  those  in  which  gun< 

powder    eaters       The    dry    part-    of   the    composition    may.  generally,    be    mixed 
id    put    by  degrees  iolO  ihe   kettle  when  the  U  '.1-  are 

laid,  being  Well  stirred  all  the  time  When  the  dry  ingredients  are  very  intlain 
inable.  the  kettle  inii-l  not  only  be  taken  oil  from  the  tire,  but  the  bottom  ot  it 
mu-t   be  dipped   in   Water,  tO   |.re\ent   the   poasifa   I  I   "In. 


88  I  CHAP.      \. AMMtMTK'N      AM)     II  I;  I   U 


Signal  Uoch 

I.mpi.i  Former*,  for  rolling   the  oaeea  on — nrffirra;  itnch    oallijter*.  fur 

meaauring  the  diameter  of  the  case — 3AoUoio  drift*,  bored  to  admit  the  apindte 

of  the  mould  —  1   solnl  drift — foirnri    for  the  OODC  —form**   for  the   pot  —  maul, I  ami 

sptiiJIr — eharging  Lulls — mallet* — knivet — scissors — gimlelt{  i"r  piercing  the  cluy 
bead — pre**  and  crank,  for  r ■  •  1 1 1 1 1  lt  the  oaaea — choking  maekin*. 

The  dimenaiooa  oi  moulda,  implemenla  and  rocketa,  are  proportioned  to  the 
diameter  of  ih<-  orifice  of  the  mould.  <>r  the  exterior  diameter  of  the  rocket.  The 
ueual  sixes  are  L.S  in.  and  '-1  in. 

Height  of  the  baae  of  the  mould 1     diameter  of  th<-  orifice. 

Height  oi  the  mould <H 

Exterior  diameter  of  the  mould 1 J 

Height  of  the  apindle .')$ 

Nipple J 

Length   of  the   arrow   of  the  spindle 
winch    paeaea   through   the    foot  of^l 


the  mould 


Thiokaeaa  of  the  f  At  the  top t) 

spindle (At  the  bottom 4 

Thickness  of  the  f  At  the  top i 

ni|>|)le [  At  the  bottom jj 

Thickneaa  of  the  baae  equal  to  its  height. 

Moulds  for  rooketa  are  caal  in  one  piece  and  bored  to  the  proper  calibre. 

SpilidU*i  with  their  nipples,  are  made  of  OBBl  steel:  the  has.-  and  screw,  oi 
iron 

Drifts    and    former*    are    made    of    hrass,    or    of    hard     seas I    wood.     The 

wooden    drifts    are    lipped  with    cupper    i    of  an  inch  thick,  which  is   let  into  the 

wood  without  exceeding  I  he  si/.-  of  the  drift— the  first  drift  is  pierced  bo  as  to 
receive  the  whole  length  of  the  spindle;  the  second  to  receive  |;  i he  third  § ;  the 

fourth    solid.      Baofa    drift    has   a   handle    1   or  5  inches  long,  and    SOmeM  lial    larger 

than  the  body  of  the  drift;   ih<-  lop   strengthened  by  a  hand  of  copper.    The 

diameter  Of  the   former   for  cases  is  ^  lhat  <>l    the  orifice  of  the  mould  -one  end  is 

pierced  to  receive  the  tnp  of  a  piece  oi  the  same  diameter  as  the  former,  and  13 

di.im.  ter  long— the   diameter  Of  the  lap  or  small    part  of  this   piece,  which  enters 
into  the    former,  for  choking  the  oaeOj  is  ^  of  the  interior   diameter  of  the  mould. 

The  diameter  of  the  ladb  for  charging  a  rookel  is  equal  to  the  interior  diametea 
of  the  roeket,  and  the  length  I  *  diameter*— il  holda  as  muofa  oompoaitioa  as.  when 
driven,  will  meaaure  ia  height  one-half  of  the  interior  diameter  of  the  case. 
Mallei*  for  driving  1.G  in.  and  2  in.  rockets  weigh  about  two  and  three  pounds 

respectively. 


SIGNAL    ROCKETS. 


285 


Interior  diameter  of  rocket  case §  exterior  diameter. 

Height  of  former - 10 

f  1st  drift  without  the  handle 0§  " 

j  2d  drift  do  4 

,         ,.  drill  do  2J  " 

I  hh  drift  do  I| 

former  for  pot 2$ 

former  tor  cone 15 

{  former 3 

n.         ,         ;  drift I 

Diameter  .  \  in 

[  base  ol  cone 13 

The  former  for  cones  has  a   handle  3  inches  long  in  the  centre  of  the  base. 

Making  rocket,  cases.  A  sheet  of  paper  Xo.  4  makes  2  strips  for  a  2  in.  or  an 
1.5  in.  rocket,  by  cutting  it  parallel  to  the  short  or  the  long  side  respectively. 
The  former  is  first  enveloped  with  a  sheet  of  strong,  smooth  paper  which  \t 
pasted  after  the  first  turn,  and  rolled  tight  in  the  press;  the  other  strips  of  paper 
are  then  rolled  on  the  former  in  the  same  manner,  until  the  case  has  attained  the 
requisite  size. 

To  choke  the  case.  Wrap  a  piece  of  strong  paper  over  it,  at  the  joint  in  the 
former,  to  prevent  the  cord  Irom  chafing  it;  take  a  turn  around  it  with  the 
choking  chord,  and  press  on  the  treadle,  turning  the  case  at  the  same  time,  and 
drawing  out  the  small  part  of  the  former  as  the  paper  contracts  ;  wrap  the  choke 
firmly  with  strong  twine.  Let  the  case  dry  slowly,  and  when  perfectly  dry,  trim 
it  to  the  proper  length,  so  that  the  distance  from  the  middle  of  the  choke  to  the 
bottom  and  top  of  the  case  shall  be  equal  to  the  distance  from  the  bottom  of  the 
spindle  to  the  bottom  and  top  of  the  mould  respectively. 


OOMFOSI1  ; 

Nitre. 

Sulphur. 

Charcoal. 

Steel  filings. 

1 
a 

3 

18 

10 
8 

1 

2 
2 

6 
3 

a 

4 

I>ri\  ;  ra.     The  composition  must  be  well  mixed  by  passing  it  through 

tin'-  sieve-  and  by  rubbing  it  in  the  hands  j  the  charcoal,  being  the  lightest  ingre- 
dient, mii-t    be    added   after   the  nitre  and  sulphur  have  been  mixed  :   steel  filing* 

or  antimony  should  be  added  after  the  charcoal.     Whilst   drii  kel,  the 

aomposiiion  i i  be  frequently  stirred  to  prevent  the  eettl  e  heavy 

materials    to   the    bottom        I  lie  clay  which  is  driven  in  the  top  d  with  a 

gimlet  in  the  ii ,  through  this  hole  the  fire  communicates  to  tin 

Barge,  in  'he  pot  which  contains  the  ornaments. 


28fl 


CUM'.      X. WM1MI1MN      \M)     !  I  K  I   WORKS. 


in  the  motilif.    Place  it  with  the  ohoked  and  down,  over  the 
spindle,  .Hul  tattle  ii  with  n  mallei  uutil  it  rests  "n  iha  baaa  ol  lha  spindli 
-ci  the  mould  over  it  and  key  it  to  the 

rivt  tkt  tor/.il.  Tin"  hollow  drift!  arc  lir-l  DBed,  taking  the  -hortcr  drift* 
,i»  the  case  ii  IN.  until  the  composition  reaches  the  top  "f  the  spindle  j  then  drive 
1  diam.  In  height  w  ith  the  solid  drill,  cover  tin-  with  a  patch  ol  -i>tl  paper  not 
K/  tit  tin-  case,  and  over  tin-  patch  drive  a  «  ad  h  diam.  high,  of  clay,  or  ol  |>la-- 
ter  "i  Paris  slightly  moistened  \\  ith  water. 

Rockets  arc  sometimes  driven  solid  throngbout,  and  afterward  bored  with  a 
Lip  ol  ilic  form  of  a  spindle. 

A  rockei  i-  primed  with  a  piece  "i  quick-match  about  2  feel  long,  which  is 
coiled  in  tin'  bottom  of  tin-  case,  and  rnvrml  with  a  cap  of  strong  paper  pasted 
dow  n  or  lied  in  tin.-  choke. 

The  fort  i-  i"  I"-  employed  in  driving  rockets  depends  on  iheir  >.. 
l ..">  in.  diam.  n  -mart  blows,  and  ;i  2  in., 30  blows  ol  tin'  :  lallet,  on  each 

iadieiul  of  composition. 


.  ady  for  charging. 

,i-c  charged 

brocket  finished 


•J-.n. 


D) 
id 


1.5-in. 


I 

9 
in 


Pots  poa  R<  extra,  are  made  of  rookel  paper;  two  or  three  turn-  ol  p.i p«t  are 
rolled  upon  a  former  of  the  same  diameter  as  the  rocket,  being  well  pasted, 
except  tin-  interior  "r  lir-i  lurn  upon  tin-  former.  I'he  pot  is  two  diameters  Ion;:. 
.,,i<i  i-  secured  in  Its  place  on  tin-  rockei  by  paste  and  an  exterior  covering  <>i 
fine  paper.  Tin-  interior  depth  of  the  pot,  when  attached  to  the  rocket,  ia  one 
diameter  and  a  half 

.   are   made  "i   rockei  paper,  which  i-  cul  into  circular  pit s  equal  in 

diameter  to  twice  the  length  of  the  cue  intended  to  be  made  ;  each  piece,  being 
out  in  half,  makes  two  cones.  Thej  arc  rolled  upon  the  former,  pa-ted  and  dried 
,  ,r  ,,_,.  I,,  applying  the  cm-  to  (he  rocket,  its  baae  i-  cm  to  the  same  diametei 
.,,  the  exterior  of  the  rockei  on  « Inch  ii  rests  |  it  i-  then  tilled  with  tow,  to  ena- 
ble   it    tin-'   better    to    resiM    the    action    of  the   air,  without    inc.eh    Incn 

,,  ;  n  |a  confined  in  it-  position  by  another  cone  made  of  fine  paper,  abom 
.mi  inch  longer  than  the  interior  cone;  tin-  outaide  cone  must  have  its  baae  eul 
in  slips,  whi<  h  being  well  pasted,  unite  with  tin-  sides  ol  the  rookel  or  pol  and 
firmly  secure  the  interior  cone  j  a  narrow  slip  of  fine  paper  ia  then  pasted  over 

the   bottom  Of    the  exterior  erne,  ;i-   ;i   lini-h   to  llic   head  of   the   rockei. 


SIGN  \l.    ROCKETS. 


28? 


Sticks  riiR  ROCKETS   are  made  of  dry  pi  in-   or  ollx-r   I  i  <z  h  1    wood:   the  length  is 

I'.u  diameters,  or  9  times  the  length  of  the  case  ;  the  large  end  which  is  attached 
to  the  rocket  is  i  the  exterior  diameter  square,  diminishing  to  one-halt'  of  that 
thickness  at  the  lower  end  :  in  the  large  end,  a  groove  is  made  of  a  length  3  that 
of  the  rocket  case,  in  which  the  rocket  is  tied;  the  end  of  the  stick-  is  beveled 
off.  to  present  less  resistance  i<>  the  air ;  just  tie  low  this  bevel,  and  also  opp 
to  the  choke  ol  the  rocket,  notches  are  cut  out  to  receive  the  twine  with  which 
the  rocket  is  fastened  to  the  stick.  The  poise  of  rockets  should  be  verified  by 
balancing  them  OD  a  knife  edge.  Those  of  an  exterior  diameter  under  l\  in. 
should  be  balanced  at  3  diameters  from  the  neck;  those  of  a  diameter  between 
that  and  2  in.,  at  2 ]  diameters  ;  and  those  ol'  greater  dimensions,  at  2  diameters 
All  these  dimension-  and  precautions  should  he  strictly  observed,  for  if  the  stick 
be  too  light,  the  rocket  will  not  rise  vertically,  and  if  the  stick  be  too  long  and 
heavy,  it  will  rise  -lowly  and  not  arrive  at  its  proper  height. 


Decorations  for  Rockets. 


The   pots  of  rockets   are   charged    with  various  decorations,  as  Hart,  terpents, 
gold  rain,  rain   o/ "fire,   marrotu,   twaedxrt,   etc.,   and    With   about    half  a   chat 
ladlel'ul   of  powder. 

Stars  are  the  most  beantiful  decorations  of  rockets.  They  are  made  by  driv- 
ing the  composition,  moistened  with  alcohol  and  a  small  quantity  of  gum  arabic 
solution,  in  portfire  moulds  without  any  paper  case,  and  with  a  moderate  number 
of  blows  ;  they  arc  cut  into  lengths  of  about  J  of  an  inch,  and  dredged  with 
mealed  powder.  A  mi  re  expeditious  and  better  mode  of  making  them  is,  to 
mould  them  in  a  brass  cylinder  ol  the  diameter  desired  for  the  stars,  and  push 
them  out  with  a  rammer,  cutti ng  i  hem  into  proper  lengths  as  they  are  formed. 
.Stars,  after  being  dredged  with  mealed  powder,  must  be  dried  in  the  shade.  The 
gum  arabic  used  in  star  composition  is  intended  to  give  such  consistency  to  the 
stars  that  the  explosion  ol  the  head  of  the  rocket  may  nol  break  them  in  pi 
and  i  ■  roy  the  effect 


riven   m   -mall  cases  made 
hit  ii  I  inch  m  diameter  and  covered   with  two  ihickm — 
stroa  When  dry,  the-. 


•J>N 


i    MAI'       V         AMVIMIMN      \M>      FIREWORKS. 


choked  at  one  end.  without  being  entirely  closed,  and  are  then  charged  about  $ 
of  tbeir  length  vith  composition  by  means  of  ■  small  mallet!  ■  <lnii  and  a  blook 
of  wood  wiili  ;i  hole  bored  in  n.  to  receive  nearly  the  whole  length  of  the  case. 
The  case  i-  choked  over  the  composition,  and   the  remainder  of  il  i>  nearly  filled 

with  mealed  powder,  upon  which  a  small  paper  wad  is  plsced  :  a  clay  head  i* 

then  driven  00  it  and  the  end  of  the  case  turned  down,  to  secure  it;  ihe  oilier 
end  is  opened  With  a  punch  and  pruned  with    priming   paste,  or  a  small  strand  of 

quick  match.    Serpents  are  placed  perpendicularly  in  the  pot,  with  the  primed 

end  downward. 


COMPOSI- 
TIONS. 

Nitre. 

Sulphur. 

Mealed 
powder. 

( IharooaL 

Steel  filing*. 

1 

3 

2 

16 

1 

2 

IS 

4 

— 

24 

3 

16 

o 

4 

6 

4 

16 

1 

4 

2 

6 

(ini  ii  Kain  is  made  in  the  same  manner  a-*  slars.  observing  to  cut  or  mould 
the  composition  into  pieces  of  equal  size.  The  effect  of  this  decoration  is  beauti- 
ful, and  it  is  less  troublesome  than  serpents. 


COMPOSI- 
TIONS. 

Nitre. 

Sulphur. 

Mealed 
powder. 

Char- 
coal. 

4 

2 

Pulveriz'd 

soot. 

German 
black. 

Dis- 
solved 
gam. 

1 
o 

3 

i 

16 

16 

Ii 
10 

8 

8 
6 

8 

1 

1 
2 
2 

1 

Rain  or  I'ntr.  is  made  with  small  cases  (i. .'I  in.  diameter  and  2  in.  long;  two 
thicknesses  of  paper  arc  sufficient  lor  them.  The  md  of  the  case  la  closed  and 
it  is  charged  and  primed  like  thai  lor  a  serpent,  omitting  the  powder  for  a 
cracker. 

Composition.  Mealed  powder  16 — Charcoal  6.  Another  kind  which  shows 
in  sparks  is  made  of  camphor  16  parts,  nitre  8.  mealed  powder  8,  tow  8.  The 
composition  is  formed  into  a  very  liquid  paste  with  gummed  brandy  j  low  chop- 
ped fine  is  put  into  the  paste,  and  rolled  into  small  balls  about  the  size  of  buck- 
shot:  when  ihey  have  Imbibed  sufficient  composition,  they  are  rolled  in  mealed 

powder  and  dried. 


ROCKETS FIRE  STONE.  '       289 

Markovs,  are  cnlies  filled  with  grained  powder,  and  enveloped  with  two  or 
three  layers  of  strong  twine  or  marline;  to  give  them  more  consistency  they 
are  dipped  in  kit:  they  arc  printed  by  punching  a  small  hole  in  one  corner  and 
inserting  quick  match.  They  are  made  of  strong  pasteboard,  cut  into  the  form 
of  a  parallelogram  whose  sides  are  in  the  proportion  of  3  to  5,  divided  by  4  cuts 
from  each  side  extending;  J  of  the  width  and  at  equal  distances  apart,  which  pre- 
pare the  paper  for  folding  into  the  form  of  a  cube  of  the  size  of  one  of  the  small 
squares  thus  marked  out. 

Packing  Rockets.  The  sticks  are  tied  up  in  bundles;  the  rocket  ease  is 
wrapped  with  tow  so  as  to  be  larger  than  the  pot,  the  tow  being  confined  with  a 
piece  o(  twine  long  enough  to  tie  on  the  stick.  The  rockets  are  placed  in  a  box 
on  a  bed  of  tow  laid  under  the  choke,  and  they  are  pressed  closely  together :  tow 
is  then  carefully  stuffed  in  between  the  heads  of  the  rockets;  each  tier  is  also 
covered  with  tow. 

War  Rockets. 

The  cases  of  war  rockets  are  made  of  sheet  iron,  lined  with  paper,  or  wood 
veneer.  The  head  is  of  cast  iron,  and  may  be  either  a  solid  shot,  or  a  shell  with 
a  fuze  communicating  with  the  rocket  composition.  The  case  is  usually  charged 
solid,  by  means  of  a  ram,  or  a  press,  and  the  core  is  then  bored  otit. 

The  dimensions  of  war  rockets  are  indicated  by  the  exterior  diameters  of  the 
cases. 

These  rockets  have  been  made  of  two  kinds,  viz: 

1.  The  Cotigrcve  rocket,  which  has  a  directing  stick  fastened  to  the  tail  piece,  in 
the  axis  of  the  rocket. 

2.  Ila/r's  rnckrt.  which  requires  no  stick,  its  direction  being  maintained  by  a 
peculiar  arrangement  of  holes  in  the  tail  piece,  through  which  the  flame  issues. 

War  rockets  ire  usually  fired  from  the  tubes  or  troughs,  mounted  on  portable 
stands,  or  on  light  earn 

For  some  memoranda  of  the  ranges  of  Hale's  rockets,  net  Chapter  XIII. 

Fire  Stone. 

<  <.m position. — Rosin 3  parts. 

Sulphur 4  parts, 

■     10  parts. 

us  of  antimony I  part. 

Pulverise  these  materials  separately  j  mix  them  with  the  hands,  and  sift  them 

three  limes.     In  a  furnace  of  the  second   kind  (p.  230),  or  in  an  iron  kettle  in  the 

open  air.  melt  together  1   pari  o|  nuitlnn  taBotO  anil  1   ol  turpentine  ;  add  the  above 

composition,  a   small  quantity   at    a  time,   stirring  the    mixture   constantly  w,th 

19 


290 


i   HAP.     X. — AMMI'M  I  |o\     AND     I  111  KWDKKS. 


large  srooden  spatolsa.    Ln  dm  poitloo  of  the  composition  ba  melted  before  the 
-  added,  mix!  work  with  great  precaution,  to  prevent  U  (ran  taking  tire. 

The  o position  is  cast  into  cakes,  n  Into  cylindrical  moulds.    Theae  moulds 

■re  made  of  paper  and  arc  of  Iwo  line    No.  I,  for  18-fn.  lad  I0»in.  shells  j  No. 
j.  for  S-inch,  12-pdr.  and  32>pdr.    In  the  axia  ol  the  cylinder  a  small  paper  tube 

is   placed!  to  contain  the   priming.     Th<-   easel  of  the   moulds  arc   about   M   m. 
thick:  they  are  made  by  rolling  rocket   paper  OK  ■  former,  and  fastening  it  with 

glue.    The  priming  tubes  are  made  with  I  tarns  of  musket  cartridge  paper. 

The  moulds  are  Bupported  by  a  frame  of  wood,  in  the  bottom  part  of  which 
arc  fastened  a  Dumber  of  spindles  to  support  the  priming  lubes.  To  the  upper 
pan  of  this  frame  a  tin  pan  i>  fixed,  having  cylindrical  spout-,  attached  to  the 

under  side,  to  support   the  upper  endl  of  the  moulds  |   the  frame  may  contain  30 
moulds  in  two  rows. 

When  the  composition  lias  become  solid,  take  the  cylinders  out  ol  the  frame, 
and  trim  them;  charge  the  priming  lubes  with  the  composition  No.  l  for  mortar 

lu/es,  driven  with   21    blows  of  the    mallet,  and    dip  the   cuds  of  the   cylinder   in 
mealed  powder. 


DIMENSIONS  OF  CYLINDERS,  ETC. 


No.  I. 


No.  a. 


Diameter  of  former  i<>r  making  the  case 

Length  of       ditto 

Exterior  diameter  of  the  case 

Length  of  the  oase 

Diameter  ol  former  for  priming  tabes*.  ■ 
Length  of       ditto 

Diameter  of  the  spindle  of  the  mould. . . 
Ldtlgth  of  the  spindle  above  th<-  base... 

Quantity  of  composition  for  100  cylinder 


III. 

III. 

1 .3 

ia. 

13. 

i.i 

:t. 

1. 
3. 

6. 

r). 

0.9 

l .  23 

Lbs 

Lbs. 

IS 

10 

CARCASSES. 


29  J 


Valenciennes  t  'omposition. 

Nitre 50  part*. 

Sulphur 28  parts. 

Antimony IS  parts. 

Rosin 6  parts. 

The    composition    is   cast    in   cylindrical    copper    moulds   0   inches    long,   of   a 
diameter  to  suit  the  shell  in  which  it  is  to  he  used.    It  is  used  as  an  Incendiary 
composition,  in  charging  shells,  and  is  inserted  along  witb  the  bursting  • 
in  pieces  as  large  as  the  shell  will  admit  without  interfering  with  the  fnze. 


Carca 

CAUBBK, 

13.in. 

1  o-m 

Mn. 

42-pdr. 

32-pdr. 

L'4-p.lr. 

18-pdr. 

Weielit  of  composition 

1,1.-. 
19 

Lbs.  os.  I. 'is.  os. 

7    8     1    4    4 

Lbs.  os. 

-     - 

Lb.  os. 

1      14 

Lb.  OB. 
1      1  ■ « 

Lb.  os. 

1    1 

POSITION. — A  solution  of  equal  parts  of  white  turpentine  and  spirits  of 
turpentine,  incorporated  with  as  much  portfire  composition  as  will  give  the 
whole  a  compressible  consistency.;  the  portfire  composition  must  he  previously 

mixed  with   a    small  quantity  of  finely    chopped   tow.     When    properly   incorpo- 

this  composition  is  compactly  pressed  into  the  carcass  with  a  drift,  - 

I   it  entirely.     Sticks  of  wood  of  about    J    inch   diameter  arc  then   inserted 

into  each    hole  of  the  carcase,  in  such   a    manner  as  to  meet  in  the  centre  of  the 

composition,  in  order  that,  when  they  are  withdrawn,  as  many  holes  shall  remain 

in   the  composition,   in   the   same  direction;   in   every  hole  thus    formed, 

three  strands  of  quick  match,  of  a  length  sufficient  to  allow  of  their  being  folded 

I   the    hole    two  or   llr  sonic  dry  portfire    composition 

iiiuM    then    be    pressed    into   tic    i  nler-l  ices,  to   keep  the  quick   match    last    in    its 

placi  »es  may  be  filled  with  the  above  composition,  omitting  the  tow,  or 

with  ftrt  n<"ii.  and  the  holes  may  he  bored  with  a  gunner's  gimlel  before  the 

-    hard.     The  quick  match    iiiiM  be  coiled  into  the  hole*  and 

'ed.  until  t  .led.  b|  fastening  a   small  cotton    patch  over  the 

with  kit. 

Km  tkfili  may  he  loaded  and  used   a«   carcasses  in  the  following  manner 

The  bursting  '  barge   >«   placed    in   the    I.   1 1 •  in   of  the  shell  in  a  flannel   hag.  over 

which  car.  Mlion  is  driven  until  the  -hell  jo   nearly  filled:   then  insert    I 

a  which  mm  red  by  driving  more  compoaitfoa 

upon  n.     The.«e  »helli».  alter  hnrninu  ■  U  •  I 


292 


CHAP.     \.        \VM!  M  !  l"\     \N  l>    FIR1  u  ORKfl 


/•vr,  Balls. 

»//.  nn-  pi  •  .in  oval  shape  formed  of  Backs  of  canvas,  filled 

inbustible  oompotition.    They  are  u«ed  i"  ligbl  op  tbe  eoemy'i  work* 
i   loadi  'I  with  >lu-!l-.  10  prevent  i In- 1 ii  from  being  approached, 
sacks  ire  made  of  strong  an  sail  oloth),  whiob  maj 

— t r . . i  —  lit  and  gather)  ■!  ■>'  the  ends :  i  r  more  m  •  > 1 1 y .  out  En  i Ii r .  curved 

rm  !•  ball.    They  are  madeol  two  or  three  Ihiokneaaea  of  -mil'.  ;u-- 
cording  to  it*  strength,  and  tha  pf<  iberwith  strong  thread. 

(in,-  end  i-  "ii  open,  or  ihe  bag   maj  to  an  Iron  boop,  forming  :i 

mouth  for  charging  it  j  this  mouth  must  be  lai  Imit  the  shell  with 

which  the  lire  ball  i-  loaded.     After  be  ng  sewed,  tin-  sack  >-  turned,  i<>  brirfg  the 
de. 


i-iim  posn  ion. 


13-in.     10-io 


Rosil 

Pitch   

Muiir.ii  tallow 

Spirits  <'i  lurpenl ine 

I  oil 

Gunpowder 

1  iry  com  pi  isilion. . .  • 
( Shopped  t"« 


I  iry  composition,  additional 


Height  oi 
composition. 

Tarred  link  . 


nserting 

the    *liell 

Whole  height  .. 
i  Exterior  diamel 
i  Thickness 


tba  tarred  link  and  above 


1.  - 

I.   1 

B. 

, 

I. 

1.5 

1. 

I. 

l. 

12. 

8. 

in. 

. 

1. 

. 

■J. 

In. 

In. 

1. 

1. 

12. 

in. 

I",. 

2. 

i .  78 

n.:. 

I. 

0.  (Jo- 
in. 

n.r. 
&. 

i.:. 


Tin  iliy  oompotition  consists  "i 

i  eeawas 0.68 

\  in- 16. 

Flowers  of  sulphur 6. 

Inflammable  saw  dual 1 .08 

Elegulus  i 'i  antimony 2M 

Gunpowder 1. 

■fell  lha  beeswax  over  the  lire  and  add  tba  nun-  to  ii  ;  when  the  mixture  la 
rIkhh  to  unit,  lake  n  oil  from  the  iir<-  and  -nr  in  the  sulphur  j  then  add  the  saw 


FIRE    BALLS. 


293 


dust,  the  antimony,  ami  lastly, the  powder, and  mix  them  with  the  hands.     Work 
wnli  great  caution  Bgainst  their  taking  lire. 

To prepan  the  inflammable  taw  dust :  Boil  the  saw  dust  in  a  solution  of  half  its 
weight  >'!'  nitre  dissolved  in  an  eqn.il  quantity  of  water— crude  nitre  or  damaged 
gunpowder  may  be  used  for  this  purpose.  Evaporate  to  dryness,  stirring  fre- 
quently:   then   spread  onl   the  saw  dust,  to  become  perfectly  dry  before  being 

used. 

To  prepare  thr  tkell:  A  32-pdr.  shell  is  put  into  a   13-incb  fire  ball;  a  21-pdr., 
into  a  10-iuch :  a  12-pdr.,  into  an  S-inch.     The  shell  being  charged  with  pm 
put  in  a  slow  fuze.     1'ip  the  tarred   link   into  (he  melted  rosin,  pitch,  and   tallow, 
and  fasten  it  with  twine  to  the  shell,  around  the  fuze  hole. 

To  charge  the  tack:  Put  in  the  soft  composition  to  the  height  indicated  in  the 
table,  and  level  it  with  a  spatula  :  put  in  the  shell,  with  the  tarred  link,  the  fuze 
downward:  fasten  the  shell  down  with  twine  passed  through  the  sides  <>(  the 
sack,  or  with  a  piece  of  canvas  sewed  lo  the  sides.  Kill  the  sack  with  composi. 
lion  10  the  proper  height  above  the  shell  ;  put  the  additional  quantity  of  dry  com- 
position in  a  heap  in  the  centre  of  the  sack,  and  finish  filling  it  with  the  soil  com- 
position.    Close  the  mouth  by  sewing,  or  tyina  the  pieces  together. 

ran  I/utium:  The  ball  is  furnished  with  an  iron  bottom,  to  prevent  j|  from 
being  broken  by  the  lone  of  the  charge  in  the  mortar.  These  bottoms  are  made 
of  plate  iron  3-16  in.  thick. 


MMI   \sj.i\s. 


Inside  diameter  at  top 
1  lepth  of  concavity  •  ■ . 


13-in. 


In. 
10.5 


10-in. 


In. 
6.25 
2.25 


6-in. 


In. 
2.2 


The  iron  is  cut  in  a  circular  form,  healed  and  partly  shaped  with  a  set  hammer, 
in  a  concave  wooden  former;    it  is    again    heated   and  finished    In  an  iron    former 

It  i«  then  put  Into  a  lathe,  where  the  outer  edge  is  trimmed  and  chamfered  to 
the  lb  i  in. 

The  in  n  bottom  is  attached  to  the  ball  with  the  following  cement: 

02. 

we  x 0  3 

Pitt  b 

n 1 

Turpentine 1 

•    .lust    0 

oid  the 
brick  dust  is  stirred  in  la*t. 


2M  CHAP.     X. AMMI    MIIm\      \SI»     PtVEWORKS. 

The  iron  bottom  it  filled  about  one-third  full  with  the  oement,  and  the 
end  <if  t lit-  fin-  ball  ii  inverted  in  it  and  left  i<i  cool.  i 

Tin'  ball  ii  next  rmiTi  ii  and  strengthened  with  a  net  work  made  of  spun  yarn 
rd,  from  0.25  to  0.5  inch  thick,  according  t<>  the  sixe  of  the  ball.  Thia  net 
work  is  commenced  at  the  bottom  of  the  seek,  and  terminate*  at  the  lop  in  a 
Mr. ni-  loop,  which  forms  a  handle  for  carrying  the  ball.  The  ball,  when  finished, 
should  pass  through  the  large  shell  gauge.  Fire  balls  are  dipped  in  a  composi- 
tion of  equal  parts  of  pitch  and  rosin,  made  warm. 

To  print*  th<  haBti  Make  1  holes,  about  3  in.  below  the  lop,  by  driving  in 
ised  wooden  pi  ii  >.  l  in.  iliam.  and  2  in.  deep.  When  the  ball  ia  t"  lie  primed 
take  "in  these  pins  and  fill  the  holes  with  fuses,  or  with  fuse  comp  a  lion, drive  n 
as  in  a  fuze,  and  with  two  strands  of  quick  match,  held  fast  by  1 1  * « -  composition; 
leave  room  in  the  priming  hole  lor  coiling  tin*  quick  match,  and  cover  il  with  a 
piece  of  canvas  fastened  with  1  nails. 

The  balls  an-  nut  primed  until  they  are  to  be  Bred. 

Light  Balls. 

Light  ballt  are  made  in  the  same  manner  as  fire  balls,  except  thai  there  Is  do 

shell  in  them,  as  they  are  used  for  lighting  up  our  own  works. 

Tarn  d  Links  (Tourteaus  >. 

Are  used  for  lighting  up  a  rampart,  or  for  incendiary  purposes.    They  consist 
oi  coils  of  suit  rope  placed  on  top  of  each  other  and  loosely  tied  together  \   the 

exterior  diameter  is  fi  inches,  the  interior  .'i  inches.     They  may  be  made  of  p 

nl  slow  match  about   15  feet  long  j    immerse  them  for  HI  minutes  in  a  composition 

Of  20  pilch  and    1  tallow,  and  shape   them    under  water;   when   dry.  plunge   them 

in  a  composition  of  equal  parts  of  pitch  and  rosin,  and  roll  them  In  low  or  saw 

dust.      In  making  them,  the   hands  of  the  workmen  should   lie   Covered    with    lin- 
seed oil. 

A  lint  takes  from   1  lb.  10  U  lb.  of  composition  and  \  lb.  of  tow.      Two  of  them 

are  put  into  n  rampart  grate,  separated  bj  shavings.    They  burn  one  hour  in 

calm  weather,  half  an    I r   in   a    high  wind,   and    are  not    extinguished   by  rain. 

The  grates  are  placed  about  250  feel  apart. 


['itched   /u wines. 

I     gOta  Of  vine  twigS,  or  other    very  combustible  wood,  admit   20  in.  long  and   I 

ill.  in  diameter,  tied  in   three    places  with  iron  wire,  may  be  treated    in    the    same 

manner  as  Knits,  and  used  for  the  same  purpose;   their  inflammability  ia  in- 
creased by  dipping  the  ends  in  melted  are  stone. 


TORCHES  —  BLUE    LIGHTS.  205 


Torches. 

In  a  solution  of  equal  parts  of  water  and  nitre,  boil  old  rope  or  slow  match 
well  beaten  and  untwisted  j  let  it  dry  perfectly,  and  cut  it  in  pieces  about  4  feet 
long:  tie  three  or  four  of  these  pieces  around  a  piece  of  pine  wood  about  2  in. 
diameter  and  4  feet  long;  cover  the  whole  with  a  mixture  of  equal  parts  of  sul- 
phur and  mealed  powder,  moistened  with  brandy  :  fill  the  intervals  between  the 
cords  with  a  paste  of  3  parts  of  sulphur  and  1  of  quick  lime.  When  it  is  dry- 
cover  the  whole  torch  with  the  following  composition  : 

Pitch T  part s. 

Venice  turpentine 3 

Turpentine h 

K,t. 

Composition  :  '.I  rosin,  <i  pitch,  G  beeswax,  1  tallow.  To  be  melted  together 
and  poured  into  water;  then  worked  with  the  hands  until  it  becomes  soft  and 
pliable. 

Incendiary  Match. 

Boil  slow  match  in  a  saturated  solution  of  nitre  :  let  it  dry  :  cut  it  into  pieces, 
and  plunge  them  into  melted  fire  stone. 

A  yard  of  match  requires  about  1  lb.  of  fire  stone. 


Blue  Lights. 

Composition  for  100  Lights: 

Lbs.  Oz. 

Saltpetre 9  10 

Sulphur 2  f,J 

liefl  orpiment 0  11 

The  inpredients  are  pulverized,  rubbed  between  the  hands,  and  passed  several 
times  thronch  a  line  hair  sieve  ;  the  brilliancy  of  the  light  depends  on  the  purity 
and  thorough  incorporation  of  the  materials. 

The  composition  ia   pressed   into  a   hemispherical  cup  about  2.r>  in.  diameter, 

made  of  well-seasoned  <sj  inden,  etc.),  witb  a  stem  or  handle  about 

ze  of  a  IS  in.  fuse.     It  is  primed  with  a  strand  of  quick  match,  and  covered 
with  paper  which  is  pasted  over  the  bottom  of  the  cup 


Vi'.'ii  <n\l\    \. — AMMUNITION    S.ND    riftBWORU. 


BTORAGE     \M<    PRESERVATION    OF    A.MM1  N1TION    AND    FIRE 

WORKS. 

Ceatafm  hnlh  n r.-  generally  kepi  in  cellars,  on  iccounl  of  their  weight;  the 
boxe*  should  be  k t- 1 »i  ;i>  dry  :i>  possible,  and  to  piled  as  to  admit  ibe  circulation 
of  ;< i r  about  them. 

Flints  should  be  kept  in  cool,  damp,  and  'lurk  ritual  ions,  generally  in  cellars 
•ii r.  light  and  beat  seem  lo  injure  them;  ibe  occasional  circulation  "i  ■  •  i r  i-  n< 
sarj  for  the  preservation  of  the  boxes  or  barrels  containing  them. 

"igrs  foi  email  amu  are  kept  in  magasioea;  the  barn  -  being 

piled  '.i  <>r  I  tiers  high  al  most.  If  barrels  or  boxes  are  not  at  band,  lay  the 
bundles  flai  on  a  tarpaulin  and  pile  them  LO  high. 

Fixed  ammunition  Jbr  camion.  IT  not  in  boxes,  it  should  be  placed  in  piles 
formed  of  two  parallel  rows  of  cartridges,  with  the  sabota  together;  in  I  tiers 
for  12-pdr.,  and  5  for  6-pdr. ;  chock  the  lower  tier  with  strips  of  wood  fastened 
with  small  nails;  put  a  layer  of  tow  2  in.  ibick  between  the  shot;  let  the  piles 
rest  on  planks,  if  there  ia  do  Boor,  and  cover  them  with  tarpaulin-;  have  the 
place  swept,  and  the  cartridge  bags  brushed  <>ik  Leaves  passage  ol  IS  in.  be- 
tween the  double  rows,  and  keep  them  2  feet  from  the  walla. 

Fixed  ammunition  should  not  be  put  into  powder  magazines,  ii  it  can  be 
avoided  ;  it  should  be  kept  in  a  dry  place,  above  the  ground  floor  if  practicable ; 

the    >tore    rOOma    should    lie    always    aired    in    line  weather  ;    the    piles    should    he 

taken  down  and  made  up  again  every  six  montha  at  moat,  the  baga  examined 
and  repaired,  and  the  damaged  cartridges  broken  up.     A  lioket  on  each  pile 

should  »hoW  the  n her  and  kind  of  Cartridges,  the  additions  t"  the  pile,  and  the 

Issues. 

CauuUrs.  Piled  up  like  fixed  ammunition,  in  I  tiers  for  24's  and  i>*s:  and  5, 
for  12's  and  B's.  Empty  canisters  in  lOor  12  tiers;  the  bottoms  and  covers  sep 
.ii  atety. 

Cattridg*  bags  Jtllsd     Like  fixed  ami ilion;  or  parked  in  boxes  or  barrels. 

Papei  eartridgi  bags.     In  bundles,  packed   in  boxea  or  on   shelves,  in  a  dry 

plaee,  Willi  the  prec  a  ii  1  n  hi  -  before  indicated  a-. mist   WOrmS  and  moths. 

Loaded  slutU  should  never  be  pul  into  magazines,  except  from  absolute  neue* 

siiy :  powder  i-  not  well  preserved  iii  i  heir.  They  should  be  piled  on  the  -round 
floor  oi  a  secure  building  on  planks,  if  the  floor  ia  not  boarded;  in  6  tier- at 
most  .  the  fuzes  ol  the  low  er  tier  in  the  vacant  spaces  between  the  -hells ;  those 

of  the  other  tier-  turned  downward,  like  the  lu/.e  hole-  of  empty  shells  ;    the  pile 

should  be  covered  with  a  tarpaulin. 

8U>W  miilrli.       In  a  dry   place,  BUch   BS  B  -.'arret. 


STORAGE    AND    PRESERVATION.  21)7 

Quick  match.  If  not  hi  1)0X69,  it  m:iy  he  hung  up  in  bundles,  on  ropes  or  pins. 
and  covered  wil  li  paper. 

Priming  Tubes,  Portfires,  Fuzes.  Signal  Rockets,  In  safe  and  dry  situations, 
packed  In  boxes. 

Fin  Hulls,  hi  a  <-<n >l  place,  s-eparated  from  each  other  by  shavings  or  straw, 
if  tbey  are  piled  up. 

'  Links.    Strung  on  s  rope  and   hung  up;  for  transportation  they  are 
packed  in  barrels,  with  straw  between  the  tier*. 

Fascituts atid  Torches,     Packed  like  the  preceding. 

Fire  Stone  and  Incendiary  Compositions  should  not  l>e  kept  in  large  quantities 

Percussion  Primers,  ia  cool,  dry  places,  apart  from  gunpowder  and  ammuni- 
tion. Some  cannon  primers  have  exploded  under  circumstances  which  led  to 
the  opinion  that  their  combustion  was  spontaneous.  They  should  he  carefully 
protected  from  rats,  etc.,  by  being  enclosed  in  glass  or  tin. 

BREAKING  IT  UNSERVICEABLE  STORES. 

Cartridge   fob  Shall   Arms.     1   box—  1   rectangular  sarin,  of  brass  wire, 
which  fits  in  the  box — 1  board,  with  4  copper  hooks,  placed  across  the  middle  of 
■  lor  balls — barrels  for  powder— 1  paper  press — 1  sieve — stools. 

Put  the  bundles  "I  Cartridges  on  the  screen,  and  open  them  there  near  the  wire 
gauze:  put  the  pieces  of  twine  on  the  hooks,  the  papers  on  the  board  ;  the  balls 
remain  on  the  screen,  and  must  be  well  washed.  The  serviceable  papers  are 
put  under  the  press,  the  others  thrown  into  water  or  burnt.  The  powder  i^ 
dried  and  silted,  to  separate  the  dust  and  the  caked  powder,  which  are  laid  by 
to  be  reworked,  or  to  be  melted  for  the  saltpetre. 

PlXBD  Ammi  siti'in  mil  Cannon.  1  Tarpaulin — 1  box — 2  barrels — 1  knifi — '.' 
brushes  —  1  punch  —  1  hammer — 1  scraper  (piece  of  tword  blade) — tow — a  tab  half 
full  of  water,  to  clean  the  halls — stools. 

One  man  holds  the  cartridge  over  th<-  box,  whilst  another  cuts  the  twine,  takes 
oil'  the  strapped  shot,  brushes  it,  ;md  stands  it  on  the  tarpaulin,  on  its  sabot  ;  the 

first  man    pours   the   g I    powder   into  a  barrel,  the  caked    powder   into  another. 

turns  ihe  bag  wrong  side  out,  an.)  cleans  it.     Tn«-  strapped  shot  are  taken  to  the 
door  Ol   the  laboratory,  where  the  shot  which  still  require  cleaning  :  ated 

from   their   sabolS   and    immersed  in  the  tub  of  water;   aller   Stan  •    lime 

they  are  washed  and   cleaned.     The  others  remain  strapped.     T  •  able, 

reparable,  and  ui  hie  cartridge  bags  are  separated  from  each  other;  the 

watei      Th<    breaking  up  ol  fixed  ammunition  requires 
many  precautions  and  should  never  be  done  in  the 

Turn  np 
empt]  ' 

•Ji  ii  -  ■  .uilling.  o)  ■  •  .   then 

•    || 


29B  chap,  i — MiimmoH  urn  mivworks. 

P'liiTriitjs.    split  the  paper,  take  out  the  composition  and  pulverise  it  by 
rolling  for  ','  hours.    It  may  be  made  to  burn  mora  <r  l<-s>  quickly  by  adding 
i  powder  or  sulphur. 

Unloading  Shells. 

This  -  necessary  In  order  to  nave  room  in  the  store  houses,  and  lo  prevent  ac- 
cidents and  the  deterioration  of  the  powder.  It  should  be  performed  «  iiii  great 
care,  and  al  a  distance  from  the  magasinea 

1  Artificer — 1  helper. 

Impi.EMKNTS.      1   I'ii  zi-  f.rtrnrtnr — n  mil  of  i<  •/•<  .  or  a  >-/ori.  tO  place  0i<-  shell  mi  — 

1  hrarc.  with  bitt  of  the  site  "i"  the  bow  "f  the  fuze: — 1  topper  ehisd—i  woodtk 
drift — I  imili,t—\  eopp*  r  hook,  and  raft,  to  get  oul  the  powder  and  clean  the 
interior  of  the  shell — 1  lenift — a  tub  and  a  A<i«/.-.r  fur  the  powder  and  fuzes— a 
tarpaulin — a  bucket  of  voter. 

For  largt  */,.//«.  in  addition  to  the  above:  a  jmir  ofikell  aoo&tand  ukandtpikt — 

2  trettlet  and  a  frame,  to  rot  the  shells  on  alter  extracting  the  fuse,  for  the  pur- 
poae   »f  emptying  the  shells  over  the  tub. 

Cut  off  the  cap  Of  the  fuze,  draw  the  fuze,  find  B8  BOOH  M  it  Is  1  tOM,  holil  the 
shell  over  the  tub  and  empty  it. 

If  the  fuze  breaks,  or  is  bruised  so  that  the  extractor  cannot  hold  it,  pour 
water  into  the  cup.  and  with  the  brace  and  bit  bore  out  about  O.V.'.")  in.  of  compo- 
sition ;  pour  in  more  water,  and  proceed  in  the  same  manner  until  the  composi- 
tion is  removed  to  the  depth  of  3  inches  j  then  use  the  extractor  again,  or  drive 

the  fuze  in  with  the  wooden  drift.  If  this  cannot  be  done,  bore  oul  all  the  com- 
position and  wet  the  powder  in  the  shell,  by  pouring*  water  through  the  fuze  : 
then  drive  in  the  luze.  and  split  it  with  the  chisel,  to  get  out  the  piece*. 

Lininu  n(  for  Bucks. 

.-u  eel  Oil,  8  parts  j    hartshorn,  1   part. 

iir,  equal  parts  of  linseed  oil  and  lime  water. 


( !  II  A  P  T  E  R     E  L  E  V  E  N  T  n  . 


EQUIPMENT  OF  BATTERIES  FOR  FIELD,  SIEGE,  AND 
GARRISON  SERVICE. 


EQUIPMENT   OF    FIELD    BATTERIES. 


INTERIOR  akkax<;i:mi:nt    OP    ammunition    chests  for  field  guns 
AND    HOWITZERS. — Plate  18. 

The  principal  divisions  of  a  chest  are  designated  as  the  right  half  and  the  left 
half,  to  a  person  feeing  the  front  of  the  chest. 

The  smaller  divisions  in  each  half,  perpendicular  to  the  sides,  are  designated 
ujirK,  hi;-., nil,  third)  eic.  from  ihe  principal  partition,  each  way ;  the  divisions 
parallel  to  tlie  sides  are  designated  as  the  /runt,  middle,  and  rear  divition*. 

Ammunition  Chest  for  the  6-pounder  Oun. 

Eight  partition*  (poplar),  four  in  each  half,  perpendicular  to  the  sides  ,,|  ||!(- 
chest.  The  partitions  are  supported  by  two  ntript  ol  wood  at  each  end,  forming 
e  in  which  the  partition  slides;  each  strip  i-  Listened  to  I  he  side  ..|  tlie 
chest  with  four  copper  nail*. 

In  the  lirsi  division  of  the  right  half  are  two  boltter*,  for  spherical  ease  shot  ; 
cue  fastened  to  the  principal  partition  by  3  *<  rem  ;  the  other  fattened  to  the  tirst 
movaldc  partition  by  .':  |      • 

On*  frag,  for  holding  equipmeuts,  rests  on  the  partitions  m  the  left  half  Of  the 
The  Iray  has  tin,  tid-  and  on*   bottom  (  poplar  or  wu.rr   pink  . 

d  end*  arc  dorelailed  together  and  fastened  by  12  nail*:  ihi 
is  fastened  to  the  ends  and  sides  by  1  I  tram  screws.     Three  linger  botes  mi 

in    the    inside  of  the    ends,  to    lift    [he    trayl'V:    and    a    hole    is    |„,rrd    through    the 
midd  ■  lion),  to  let  ipe  when  the  tray  is  lilted  out. 


800  (  ii  \r.    \i.  —  KQI  IPMI  s  i  . 


C    ti  for  ttu  I--/  Gun. 

irtitiom,  thi  half,  perpendicular  u>  the  sides  of  the  cheat.  sup- 

tbe  6-pounder  cheat, 

cal  case  shot;  one  ol  ihena   fastened  i"  the   principal 

partition  with  3  screws;  two  fastened  to  the  iir-t  partition  in  the  right  half  with 

.  the  led  aide  "i  the  second  partition,  right  hull,  with  3  screw*. 

!  and  third  partitions  In  the  right  half  are  made  higher  than  the 

others,  to  suit  thi  I  iHe  canisters  fixed. 

On*  I.-, hi.  for  equipments,  in  the  left  naif;  made  like  thai  for  the  6-pdr.  cheat. 


I     nunition  Chest  forthe  12-pounder  Howiti 

Sit  ■         ■  ich  half,  supported  like  those  of  the  6-pounder  ebeat. 

the  lower  tier  of  >h«-ll»  and  spherical  case  shot.    T  i  j 

upped  out  to  receive  the  bails,  and   have  holes  bored  through  the  bottom, 

for  thi  •  y  .ni-  placed  in  ih<-  bottom  <>f  the  chest,  three  in  each 

division,  exrept  the  first  division  in  the  ri^ht  half;  they  ;ir<-  fastened  to  ih<- 

bottom,  each  l>\  I  tprig*. 

7wcm(w  eight  r  ■ /■-.  i<t  the  upper  tier  of  shells  and  spherical  case,  Pourol 
the  props  iirc  placed  in  each  division,  except  the  iir>t  one  in  the  right  half  Two 
hi  them  are  fastened  i"  each  end  of  the  cheat,  two  to  the  left  aide  oi  the  prin- 
cipal partition,  and  two  to  the  right  side  of  the  iir>t  partition  in  the  right  half, 
each  by  6  i  oppt  r  natu. 

The  rest  "i  the  props  are  fastened  in  |>.ur>  to  the  movable  partitions,  each  by 

''.  .  Oppi  ''   unit*. 

Sixprop*  for  canisters  (oak),  in  the  first  division  of  the  ri-hi  half]  three  fast- 
ened to  the  principal  partition,  three  i«'  the  movable  partition,  each  with  3  screw*. 

Ammunition  Chest  for  the  24-pounder  Howitzer. 

Eight  lining*,  two  in  each  of  the  front  and  rear  divisions,  fastened  i"  the  ends 
of  the  cheat  ;tn<l  to  the  prinoipal  partition,  each  by  6  copper  nail*. 

I  ..»,  long partitions,  two  in  each  half,  parallel  i>>  ih<-  sides  of  the  chest;  they 
are  supported  linings  and  by  (too  upright  strip*,  fastened  t"  the  ands 

Mini  principal  partition,  i-.u-li  by  i  ■  op 

■  ■i  i  partition*  i"r  canisters,  in  the  reai  division  "i  the  ri-hi  half;  eaofa  >>i 
them  is  supported  lpy  I  itripi,  faatened  to  the  back  <>i  the  cheat  and  lo  the 
partition,  each  by  3  eopper  nnili. 


AMMUNITION    CHESTS    FOR    FIELD    CARRIAGES.       .  ^01 

Seven  short  partitions,  for  shells  and  spherical  esse  shot  :  two  in  each  of  the 
front  divisions;  two  in  the  rear  division  of  the  left  half,  and  one  in  the  middle 
division  of  the  right  half.    These  partitions  slide  into  grooves  made  each  by  two 

upright  strips,  which  are  fastened  to  the  sides  and  to  the  long  partitions,  each  liy 
I  copper  nail*  :  each  partition  i>  formed  of  two  pieces  which  slip  into  the  grooves, 
one  over  the  other. 

Thirty-three  huhtrm  for  shells  and  spherical  case.  Seven  of  them  are  fastened, 
at  the  bottom  of  the  chest,  to  the  end  linings  of  the  two  front  divisions  and  the 
left  rear  division,  and  to  the  principal  partition  in  the  right  middle  division,  each 
by  -  tcrewt.  Twenty-four  of  the  holsters  are  fastened  in  pairs  on  each  side  of 
the  short  partitions  of  the  two  front  divisions  and  the  left  rear  divisions;  twelve 
to  the  lower  half  and  twelve  I  >  the  upper  half  of  the  partitions,  each  pair  fas- 
tened by  "&  tcrewt  which  pass  through  the  holsters  and  the  partition.  Two  bob 
-ter^  are  fastened  to  the  left  side  of  the  middle  partition  in  the  right  half,  one  to 
the  lower  and  one  to  the  upper  part  of  the  partition,  each  by  2  screws. 


Ammunition  Chest  for  the  32-pounder  Howitzer. 

long  partition*,  three   in  each  half;  one   parallel  to  the  ends,  and  two  par- 
allel to  the  sides  of  the  chest  ;  each   partition  is  supported   by  4  etripi  fastened  to 
sides  and  ends  of  the  chest,  or  to  the  other  partitions,  each  by  5  copper  nail*, 
thort  partition*,  one  in  the  front  and  rear  division  of  each  half,  made  in 
two  pieces  and  fastened  in  the  same  manner  as  those  of  the  '-' l-poimder  howitzer 
chest. 

Ticenty-one  bolttert  for  shells  and  spherical  case.  Seven  of  them  are  fastened, 
at  the  bottom  of  the  chest,  to  the  ends  and  cross  partitions,  each  by  2  nrrrtr*. 
Twelve  bolsters  are  fastened  in  pairs,  as  in  the  2l-pounder  howitzer  chest,  to  the 
short  partitions  in  the  left  half,  anil  in  the  rear  division  of  the  right  half.  Two 
bolsters  are  fasten  ;d,  in  like  manner,  on  the  right  side  of  the  short  partition  in 
the  right  front  division. 


90S  (  hap.   xi.  —  r.yi  ii'MK.vr. 

and  Nails  for  interior  of  Ammunition  'V 


DESIGNATION. 


r  0  f  For  2  hoiatera  for  spherii 

iray 

(  .V.n7«.  1« »r  groove  Mri|>- 

i  For  2  single  bolsters 

2  double     do 

I   "  i«y 

I  ffaiUf  for  groove  -tri|>> 

i    ,  i  For  ■!  bolalera  for  oanii«ler* 

•    •;     .1.. 

"!  i     ■•    boll bolster 

;  •     '       ,     ••    upper  bolstera-emd  atrip 

(  ,,  F(  r  9  tingle  bolsters 

"  12  pair*  double  do 

(  tfailt,  for  lininga  and  alnpa 

/    .  f  For  9  aiugle  bolalera 

'  |     ■     6  j.:. ir-  double  .1,. 

[Nail*,  for  *tri|>s 


No.        Size.     Length.       Kind 


6 

II 

6 

:t 

1 1 

96 

• 

9 
B4 

1^ 

216 

lb 

l- 
200 


No.  1 1 

N 

No.  i  i 
X..  II 
No  12 

3d 
No.  1 1 
No.  1 1 

Spr  ig* 

:i,l 
X...   1  I 

No   1 1 
3d 

No.  i  l 

X...  II 

3d 


1.88 

1. 
1.13 

i.as 

•j. 
i. 
l.n 

. 
1.8 

1.13 

1.9 

1*13 

l.:. 
2. 

1.13 


Iron. 

BnUM. 

i  lopper 

Iron. 
!>... 
I!r;i»». 
f'o|i|pcr 
Iron. 

Do, 

1»... 

Copper 

Iron. 

Do. 
( lopper. 

Iron. 

Do. 

Copper. 


Bill  of  Hoards  for  interior  of  Ammunition  Chests. 


DKSIOSATIO.f. 


|  Partitions 

(  bottom 

I  TrBy  .      lidea 

I  end*  

Partition! • 

( bottom 

|  Tray  .  -j  aidea 

( enda  

I  Partitions 

\  Bolalera  for  lower  tier 

Props  for  upper  lior 

i  Bolalera  for  caniatera 

I  Partitions - 

[  Lining-" 

■   Piiriiiii.ii> • 


dimension.-    rough 

w  a 

o  o 
S5"S 

Length 

Width. 

Thick- 

In. 

in. 

In. 

168 

11. 

22 

20. 

n.;.. 

in. 

0.78 

20 

11. 

1. 

84 

12. 

11.7.-. 

42 

1  1. 

ii.  7.. 

22 

20. 

0.7f> 

22 

7..') 

11.7.7 

20 

'.'. 

1. 

1 

120 

i ;...-. 

0.78 

:,l 

10. 

2. 

1 

90 

L2. 

1. 

1    | 

B 

in. 

I..'. 

1 

96 

I.'...'. 

0.78 

1 

13 

10.8 

l. 

96 

1. 

84 

18.8 

1. 

!     108 

Hi. 

1. 

60 

3.5 

1. 

Feet. 
&..02 

1.18 

. 

3.06 

0.86 
1.28 

7.3 

1.-7 

. 

0.94 

3.3 

S.S1 

12. 
3.84 


Poplar. 
I  Poplar, 

or  white 

I  pine. 

Poplar. 

[)o. 

Poplar, 
or  white 


pine. 
Poplar. 

1>... 

Do. 
Oak. 
Poplar. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do 

Do. 
Do. 


EQUIPMENT    OF    FIELD    CARRIAGES. 

Ammunition  carried  in  each  Chest. 


:i():* 


KIND. 
FOR  6-POTJNPER  (JIN. 

Shot,  fixed 

Spherical   case,  fixed.... 

Canisters,  fixed 

Spare  cartridges,  lj  ll>- . . 

( 2- sec. —  Black 
Fuzes  . .  I  3-sec. —  7iW. .  . 

(  4 -sec. — (hr<  a  . 

Percussion    primers 

Friction  primers 

Priming  tubes 

Slow  match,  yards 

Portfires 

FOR  12-roi'NllER  GUN. 

Shot,  fixed 

Spherical  cum',  fixed. . . . 

<  !anisters,  fixed 

Spare  cartridges,  2$  lbs.. 
-•c.—  H/nrA. 

_  \  3-sec. —  /.'■  d  ■  ■ 

1  uzes  •  •  •     , 

5-sec, —  Ytllow 

Percussion  primers 

Friction  primers 

Pruning  lubes 

slow  match,  yards 

Portfires   

I  or   12-PDR.  HOWITZER. 

Shells.   Sxed 

Spherical  case,  Bxed  . . . . 
( lanisli  r~    fixed 

I  2-*<;-.—  lll,iri  . 

FuSCl 

(      J-»IM-    —    ' 

.  rimers 



Primii'  

3 

Port  lire   


NO.     WEIGHT. 


35 


Lbs 
266. 

31. 

84. 

2. 


390.00 


In  the   left   half,  and    in    1th  and   5 til 

divisions  of  right  half. 
In  1st  division,  right  half. 
In  2d  ami  3d  divisions,  right  half. 
On  the  spherical  case. 

In  the  fuze  pouch,  or  in  bundles  in 
the  tray. 

In  the  tube  pouch,  or  in  bundles  in 
the  tray. 

Ofl  the  ammunition  in  right  half. 


20 

8 
4 
•2 
2 
8 
3 
3 
40 

,:, 
20 


308. 

108. 
67.64 

5.12 

0.16 


In    left    half,   and    in   4lh   division   of 

right  half. 
In  1st  and  2d  divisions,  right  half. 
In  3d  division,  right  half. 
Oa  the  spherical  case. 

In  fuze  pouch,  or  in   bundles    in    the 
tray. 


n'nn    I  In   tube    pouch,  or    in   bundles    In 

olsoj    lhe,ray- 

I. IS 
1.15 

191 .90 


On  the  ammunition  in  right  ba'f. 


15        1*7.5    In  2d.  3d  A-  4th  divlsi  >ns,  right  half. 
250.        In  left  half. 

In  1*1  division,  right  half. 

In  the  fuze  pouch,  or  in    bundle*,  on 

t  h'    i 

In    tube    pouch,  or    in    bund  • 
lh< 

On  th- 


1 

17.1 

17 

) 

9.1 

1ft 

1 

50 

. 

1.1.-. 

1 

1.16 

304 


CHAP.     XI. KQIIPMKNT. 


Ammunition  carried  in  each   chest. — Continued. 


!  L-PDB.   1I"VV  ITZKU. 

Shells,  strapped 

Spherical  case,  Bt rapped... 

( ianisters 

I   Small  charge. 

Cartridges.  -, 

V.  Large  charge 

2-sec— Black. . . . 

\  3-sec— Red.... 
I-  uzes  . .  J.  .  ,, 

,   I -sec. — (n,i  a  . . 

\  5 -sec— Yellow. . 

PercassiOO  primers 

Friction  primers 

Priming  tubes 

Slow   match,  yards 

Portfires 

FOR  32-l'PR.  HOWITZER. 

Shells,  strapped 

Spherical  case,  strapped... 

Canister 

„     .   .  ,  (  Small  charge 

Cartridges  .  .  {  .  ,     ° 

[  Liar^e  charge 

;  2-sec— Black. . . 
.'isec. — lied  . .  .  . 
l-sec. — Green  .  . 
5-sec. —  Fellow.  ■ 

Percussion  primers 

Friction  primers 

Priming  tubes 

Slow  match,  yards 

Portfires 


Lbs 

225.60 
184.00 

63.7f> 


5.40 

o.  to 

0.04 

0.26 
0 . 1  5 
1.15 

1.15 

535.72 


fn  left  half. 

I  n  fronl  and  middle  divisions  of  right 

half. 
In  rear  division--  of  riulit   half. 
12  in  middle   division,  left   half;    9  in 

middle  division,   right   half;  2  on 

canisters. 

On  canisters. 


|  .As  for  12-ponnder  howitzer. 


8 

196.80 

6 

186.00 

1 

2S.50 

15 

46.50 

1 

3. 68 

4 

11 

! 

!   0.28 

S 

5 

20 

0.03 

15 

0.20 

10 

0.15 

6 

1.15 

4 

1.15 

464.6-1 

Front  and  rear  divisions  of  left  half. 
Elcar  divisions,  and   right  front  divi- 
sion of  ri^iit   half. 
Left  front  division,  right  half. 

[  1st  division  in  each  half. 


In  fuze  pouch,  or  in  the  middle  divi- 
sions. 

In    tube   pouch,  or  in   the    middle 

divisions. 

In  middle  divisions. 


EQUIPMENT    OF    FIELD    CARRIAGES.  805 

Implements  and  Equipments  for  Field  Carriages. 


I'.'R    A    RU\    OR     IIOW1TZEK 
(A  I:  HI  AGE. 

Sponges  and  rammers 

Sponge  ci. vers 

Worm  and  sta li' 

1  Inndspi  kcs    

Sponge  bucket 

Prolonge 

Linstock 

Lock 

Lock  cover 

Tar  bucket 

Water  bucket  t  leather) 

Gunners'  1 1 ; >  %  ersacks 

Tube  poucl 

Fuse  pouch 

Vent  punch  

On iiners'  pincers 

Tow  hook 

Tangent  scale 

Thumbstalis 

Priming  wire 

Lanyard  for  friction  primers. 

i  runners'  g  imlet 

Fuse  plug  reamer 

Tarpaulin,  large 

FOR    A   CAISSON. 

Felling  axe 

Shovel,  long  handle 

Pick  axe  

ft pa re  handspike  

Spare  pole 

Spare  wheel 

Tow  hooks 

Tar  bucket 

Watering  bucket  (leather) . . 
Tarpaulin,  large 


Lbs. 


0.28 
3.r> 

14.5 

Hi. 

18. 
0.9 
2.75 
(I.!) 
7. 
8. 

3.72 
0.95 
0.95 
0.08 
0.S5 
0.60 
0.21 
(i. ill 
0.08 
0.10 
0.08 
o .  3 

54. 


6. 

4.75 
6.5 
7.25 

L80. 
1.2 

7. 

8. 

54. 


]  12-pdr..  1 1.6  lbs. ;  6-pdr.,  9 
[•On  the  gun  carriage. 


On  the  gun. 
On  the  limber. 


In  t he  implement  trays,  or 
vacant  spaces  in  the  a  til  II 

chest. 


in  ol  her 
iiinitioii 


In  the  tube  pouch. 


>  In  the  fuse  pouch. 
Strapped  on  the  ammunition  chest. 


In    the    places    provided    for    thei 
mi  i  Im-  ca isson  body. 


line  in  the  limber  chest,  and   one   in 
a  eHi'ssr.n  chest. 

i  in  the  limber. 

Strapped  mi  the  limber  chest. 


Two  pair-  of  straps  for  the  tarpaulins  are  fastened  with    screws   p,   |he   edges 
'  I    the  lid  ol   the    limber   chest,  at    10  inches  from  the  ends.      The    -"raps   :ire    1.25 
inch   wide;    the    front    straps    24    inches    long;    the    rear.    10   laches    long,   with 
buckles;  each  fastened  with  two  l  Inch  sen 
20 


306  i  HAP.   XI. — EQUIPMENT. 

Weights  of  Chin  Carriages  and  Caissons,  equipped  for  Field  S 


r>>K    GUNS. 


DESIGNATION. 


6-pdr.       12  pdr. 


FOR    HOWITZERS. 


12-pdr.      24-pdr.      32-pdr 


GUN    (ARH1AGK. 

Willi 

Gun  carriage,  without  wheels... 

Two  wheels 

Limber  body,  without  wheels  ... 

Two  wheels 

Ammunition  chest,  with  interior 
divisions 

A  ii inition,  packed 

Large  tarpaulin 

Other  implements  and  equip- 
ments   

Tola!  weight 

Number  of  rounds  of  ammuni- 
tion on  each  limber 

CAISSON. 

Body,  without  wheels     

Two  wheels 

Two  ammunition  chests 

Ammunition  packed  in  do 

Limber  body,  without  wheels  ... 

Two  wheels 

Ammunition  chest - 

Ammunition,  packed  in  d( 

Lai  ge  tarpaulin 

Other     implements     and     spare 

parts 

Total  weight 

Number  of  rounds  of  ammuni- 
tion on  each  caisson  and  it> 
limbei 


Lbs. 

5184 

540 
3G0 
335 
360 

1S5 

395 

54 

83 


3,106 


fin 


Lbs. 

1.757 
7S3 
392 
335 
360 

182 
497 

54 

S6 
4,446 


32 


Lbs. 

432 
360 
370 
790 
335 
360 
185 
395 
51 

216 

3,527 


150 


Lbs. 

432 
360 

361 
994 
335 
360 
182 
497 
51 

246 

3,S21 


96 


Lbs. 

7S8 
540 
360 
335 

360 

206 

405 

54 

83 

3.  J  91 


39 


Lbs. 

432 
360 

412 
930 

335 
360 
206 

465 
54 

216 

3,800 


117 


Lbs. 

1.318 
736 

:»;»:.' 
335 
360 

198 

541 

54 

86 


4,020 

23 


Lbs. 

432 
360 

396 

1.082 

335 

360 

198 

511 

54 

246 


4.001 


69 


Lbs. 

1.S90 
7S3 
392 
335 
360 

192 
470 

51 

SO 


4.562 

15 


Lbs. 


432 
360 
384 
940 
335 
360 
192 
470 
51 

•Jlii 


3,773 


45 


EQUIPMENT    OF    FIELD    CARRIAGES. 


307 


EQUIPMENT  OF  TRAVELLING  FORGES  AND  BATTERY  WAGONS. 

One  forge  and  one  battery  wagon  accompany  each  field  battery.  They  are  fur- 
nished with  the  tool*  and  materials  required  for  shoeing  horses  and  for  ordinary 
repairs  and  preservation  of  carriages  and  harness. 

<  > 1 1 1 1* r  forges  and  battery  wagons,  equipped  for  the  general  service  of  the  army, 
accompany  the  field  park  which  contains  the  general  supplies  of  ordnance  stores. 

The  forge  for  the  field  battery  is  designated  by  the  letter   A. 

The /or ge  for  the  field  park  "  "  "  H. 

The  battery  wagon  for  the  field  battery  "  "         C. 

The  battery  wagon  for  the  field  park  "  D. 


EQUIPMENT    OF    A    FORGE    FOR    A    FIELD    BATTERY. 

Interior  arrangement  of  the  Limber  Chest. 

The  chest  is  marked  :  FORGE  A. 

There  are  five  boxes  for  tools  and  stores;  one  shoeing  box,  and  one  can  for  oil. 

The  boxes  are  marked  :   A,  Nos.  1 .  2,  3,  <1,  5. 

They  are  made  of  white  pine,  .75  in.  thick,  with  loose  covers  of  the  same 
thickness;  the  covers  have  three  |  in.  holes  bored  in  each  end,  to  lift  them  by. 

Two  handles  of  double  leather  are  nailed  on  the  inside  of  the  ends  of  the 
boxes,  so  as  not  to  interfere  with  the  covers. 

The  sides  and  ends  of  all  the  boxes  for  the  forges  and  battery  wagons  are 
dovetailed  together,  and  fastened  with  Sd.  nail* ;  the  covers  are  made  with  clamps 
on  the  ends. 


Exterior  dimension*  of  the  Boxes  for  Fortje  A. 


D]  BIG 'NATION. 

Length. 

Width. 

Depth 

Weight. 

BB  HARKS. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

Lbs. 

A.  Nos.  1  \-  3 

17.8 

13.25 

7..r) 

&.25 

A.  No.    2.... 

17.8 

13.25 

7.5 

9.75 

A  parti'n  at  L.r>  in.  from  one  end. 

t 

23.5 

b. 

6.5 

3. 

A  partition  for  oil  can.  at  5.S5 
in.  from  one  end. 

J. 6 

6.5 

n.r. 

Shoeing  box  . 

16.5 

B. 

4.7 

The  oil  oan  is  made  of  tin,  to  hold  one  quart;  it  is  five  inches  square  and  four 
inches  high,  with  a  nei  1,  for  .i  cork,  one  inch  diameter  and  .5  in.  high,  near  one 
rorner.     Weight  0.9  lb.     It  is  marked  :  A,  Sperm  Oil. 


:«)s 


(  HAP.   M  — EQUIPMENT. 


Boxes  Nos.  ).  2  and  3,  are  placed  in  lhe  bottom  of  the  chest  j  No.  I  against 
the  leit  hand  :  Mo.  2  in  the  middle. 

No.  I  is  placed  on  top  of  Nos.  1  and  2,  against  the  left  end  and  the  hack  of  the 
chest  :  iiie  division  for  the  oil  can  on  the  left  hand. 

No.  5  is  placed  on  top  of  Nos.  1.  2,  and  .n>.  against  the  front  of  the  chest. 

The  shoeing  box  is  placed  on  No.  3.  against  the  right  end  and  the  hack  of  the 
chest. 

The  tools  and  stores  in  all  the  boxes,  and  in  the  forges  and  battery  wagon*, 
are  securely  packed  with  tow. 

Contents  of  the  Limber  Chest  of  Forge  A. 


smiths'  tools  and  stores. 


NO.       WKICIIT. 


Horse  shoes,  Nos.  2  and  3 lbs. 

Horse  shoes,  Nos.  2  and  3 lbs. 

I  lorse  shoe  nails,  Nos.  2  and  3 lbs. 

Washers  and  nuts,  No.  2 

Washers  and  nuts,  No.  3 

Washers  and  nuts,  No.  4 

Nails,  No.  1,  C lb. 

Nails.  No.  2.  C lb. 

Tire  bolts 

Keys  for  ammunition  cheats 

Linch  washers 

Li u c h  pins 

i  'hains,  Nos.  1  and  2 It. 

Cold  shut  S  links,  No.  3 

Cold  shut  S  links,  No.  5 

Hand  eold  ehisels 

Hardie 

Piles,  assorted,  with  handles 

Buttress 

Hand  punches,  round  and  square    

Screw  wrench 

Hand  screw  driver 

Hand  vice 

Pair  smiths'  callipers 

Taps...- ••  |  N      ,   a  3  and  , 

Pairs  dies  .  J 

Wood  screws,  1  in.,  No.  14 gross 

Quart  ,.;U|  of  sperm  oil 


100 

100 

50 

30 

10 

4 

1 

1 

20 

5 

S 

12 

2 

50 
12 
2 
1 
12 
I 
■_> 

1 
1 
1 

i'l 

1 
1 


Lbs. 


Carried  forward. 


LOO 

100 

.r)i) 


310.1.3 


I '.UK    A,    1. 

Box  A,  3. 

Box  A .  2;  large  division 

I 


I   In   I'.ox  A.  2. 

'.'1.11   lbs. 


In  Box  A,  I. 
28.52  lbs. 


FORGE    FOR    A    FIELD    BATTERY.  309 

Contents  of  tin    Limber   <1hest — Continued. 


SMITHS'  TOOLS  AND  STORES. 


NO.  |  WEIGHT. 


Brought  forward 

Fire  shovel 

Poker  

split  broom 

Hand  hammer 

Riveting  hammer 

Nailing  hammer 

Sledge  hammer 

Chisels  for  hot  iron 

i  'hisels  lor  cold  iron 

Smiths'  tongs 

Fore  punch... 

<  Jreaser 

Fuller 

Nail  claw 

Round    punch 

Tap  wrench 

Die  stock 

Nave  bands,  developed 
Tire  bands,  developed 


•Shoeing   hammer. 

Pair  pincers 

Rasps.  12  inches  . 
Shoeing-  knife. .  .  . 

Toe  knife 

Pritcbel 

Nail  punch 

Clinching  iron  . . 

Oil  stone 

Leather  aprons..  . 


Iron   s(|iiare. 


Padlock 

Tar  bucket 

Boxes 

Tow  for  packing 

Total... 


319.63 

3.  or. 

1.90  I 
1.35  ! 
3.50 
1.05 

1.80 

io.r>o 

3.00 
3.00 
15.00 
1.00 
1.00 
2.40 
5.00 
2.10 

3.75 

G.25 

11.75 

3.75 

0.82 

2.00 
2.15 
0.33 
0.30 
0.85 
0.80 
1.00 
1.50 
3.00 

2. 00 

0.50 

7.0d 

53.45 

5.00 

480.38 


In  Box  A,  5. 

80.05  lbs. 


i  In  shoeing  box. 
i  12.75  lbs. 


Fastened  on  inside  of 
the  chest  cover  with 
two  copper  clamps. 
On  the  chest 

<  »n  its  hook. 


:*I0 


I  ii  \r.   XI.    - h  q i  ii"»n  n  i . 


Contents  of  the   Forgt    Body,  A. 

Box  A.  6,  "i  tin-  -.« nil-  dimension!  as  A.  1.  ia  carried  in  the  iron  room. 
To  pin  tin.-  !i".\  in  or  take  II  ool.  loosen  Ihe  thumb  nuts  nod  raise  the  rear  of 
tin-  bellowa  an  inch. 


TOOLS    AM>    M"l!h  >. 


S".       WMl.lll. 


Water  backet,  wood. 

A  mil 

Vice 


Water  Imcket.  leather. 

Bituminous  coal 

( !i  ial  Bhovel 

Padlock 


.lbs. 


Horse  shoes.  Noa.  2  and  3 Il>>. 


I 
I 
1 

1 

1 

1 

LOO 


Square  iron,  i  in.  and  §  in lbs.     1  <'H     liill.ii  i 

Flat  iron,  11  in.  x   i  in..  1   in.  x  J  in. 
and   1 J  in.  x  .}  iii lbs,      0 


Lhs. 

10.00    On  its  hook. 
100.00    <  'n  the  tire  place. 


B.O0 
250.00 

4.7.') 
0.50 

Hill. no 


Round  Iron,  jf  in. 

i  !asl  sfeel,  f  in.  square 

English  blister  steel. . . 

Box 

To  w 


Total,  exclusive  of  vice 693.50 


50 


50.00 
50.00 
5.00 
5.00 

2.00 


Fixed  on   tin:  stock  of 
the  carriage. 

On  the  vice. 

In  the  coal  box. 

( in  coal 

Box  A.  '">.  in  iron   room 


In    the     iron    room. — 
The  bars  not  mora 

than      .'!     ♦eel 

the  square  iron  In 
2  bundles. 


Note. — 100  lbs,  of  horse  shoe-,  assorted,  contain  90  shoes. 

1    Hi.    horse  shoe  nails.  No.  ■'!.  contains   I  I"  nails. 
1    lb.   horse  shoe  nails,  \\>.  'J.  contains  I  12  nails. 


EQUIPMENT  01  A  BATTERY  WAGON  FOB  A   FIELD  BATTERY. 

Interior  arrangement  of  Limber  Chest. 

The  chest  is  marked  :  Battery  Waooh,  ('■ 

The  tools  and  stores  are  earned  in  four  /m.ns,  marked  C  NOS.  I,  '-'.  3  and  I. 
respectively,  and  in  one  oil  run. 

The  boxes  are  made  of  while  pine  .75  in.  thick-,  with  leather  hand  lea  inside 
ami  loose  rovers,  like  those  of  the  luulier  chest  of  Forge  A. 

The    rovers    of  Nos.  I   and   2  are  ."•')  in.  thick  j   those   of  NOS.  3  and    I    a. 

thick. 


BATTERY    WAGON    FOR    FIELD    HATTERY. 


811 


Exterior  dimensions  of  the  Boxes. 


DK8IGN  \Tinv. 

Length. 

Width. 

Depth. 

Weight. 

C,  No.  1 

In. 
17. s 
26.5 
39.8 

In. 

13. 2S 

17.8 
0.8 

8. 

In. 

7..r) 
7..r) 
6.25 
6.25 

Lbs. 

8.25 

C.  No.  2 

17.5 

C,  No.  3 

c.  No    1 

12.5 

11 . 

No.  U  has  a  partition,  at  •r>."-r>  Inini  one  end,  for  the  oil  can. 

No.  4  has  two  partitions  perpendicular  to  the  sides,  making  three  divisions 
10.8  in..  10  in.,  and  11  in.  long,  respectively. 

The  oil  can  is  like  that  for  the  limber  chest  of  Forge  A.  and  is  marked  :  C, 
Bpbbm  Oil,. 

Boxes  Nos.  1  and  2  occupy  the  bottom  of  the  chest  ;  No.  1  against  the  left  end. 

Nos.  ■'!  and  1  arc  placed  on  top  of  Nos.  I  and  2  :  No.  '1  against  the  rear  of  the 
chest. 


Contents  of  Limber  Chest  for  Battery 

Wagon,  C. 

TOOLS   AM)   STORKS.                                     NO.       WEIGHT. 
1              1 

l-l.Ai'i:. 

CARRIAGE  MAKERS'  TOOLS. 

Hand  s.i us 2 

Tenon  saw  (14  in. ) 1 

Jack  plane 1 

Smoothing  plane 1 

Brace,  with  21  bits 1 

Spokesha  ve 1 

1 

Plane  irons 2 

Saw   set 1 

Rale  (2  feet; 1 

Gimlet* 12 

Compasso pair.  1 

Chalk   line ] 

Brad  awls '_' 

Scriber !  i 

Saw  lil.-  |  |]  in.) 12 

9 

Wood  rasp  I  Id  in. 1 

Trying  square  f8  ia.) 1 

Hand  si  rew  driver l 


i  Forward 22.70 


Lbs. 

1. 00 
1.50 
4.15 

1  .80 

•i .  r< 

0.30 
0.30 

1  .nn 
0.25 
0.14 
0.95 
0.18 
0.10 

0.17 

o .  i :» 

0.^7 
1.12 
0.  10 


\  Fastened  to  the  ins 
I        of  chest  cover. 


side 


;  In  Box  C,   I 

17.20  ll.s. 


MllJ 


1    Ml    I  I'll  I    N  I  . 


/.  I       •         B  "R         .  I '  — Continued. 


• 


NO.     WBIOBT. 


i'.r.'u-iit  forward. 


■    IRRl  m.i.   v,  \K  BR8     I ,8. 


i  »il  p«tone  

Broad  axe 

1 1  Mini  axe 

Claw  hatchel 

(  Imw  hammer 

Pincers  (small) | >;i  i r. 

Table  vice 

Framing  chisels  (I  in  and  2  in.) 

Firmer  chisels  (|  in   and  1  ■}  in.J 

Framin  I  in.  and  1 J  in.) 

Auger*  and  handles  (J  in.,  i  In.  and  i  in.). 
Screw  wrench 

Felling  axe  <        L  ■ ,, 

,  .  wmIi  handles 

Adze i 

Frame  saw 

Quart  can  <>i  sperm  oil  


s  Mini. i   RS     I B    \  M>   -  I 


Mallei 

Clam 

Hammer 

Sinn*  knife 

I ImIi  round  knife. 

Shears , 

Band  stone 

Rule  (2  reel   

Needles 

A  wis  and  handle* 

Punches 

Pincers 


.pair. 


100 

12 


Plyers.... 
Claw  tool. 
<  Ireaser. . . 
Thimbles  • 

Sti .i|>  awl • 
Bees'  wax 
Black  wmx 


.pair. 

.|>Mir. 


.lbs. 


Bristles z. 

Shoe  thread lbs. 

Patent  thread His. 


Carried  forward. 


I.   - 


l  ..-.ii 
6.00 
.'..no 
2.00 
1 .50 
1.06 
3.80 

1.00 

2.35 
2.42 
6.00 

4.50 
2.70 


L.75 
;,.iiii 
0.65 
0.09 
0.28 
0.17 
1.54 
0.1  l 

o.os 

0.75 
0.22 
0.12 
0.15 
0.08 
ii. ni 
2.00 
3.00 
0.50 
:,.iiii 

96.2J 


In  Box  C,  2. 

.  ;  li.s. 


In  Boa  '     3 
23.25  lbs. 


Box  C,  I- 


BATTER"!     WAGON    for    FIELD    BATTERY,  ttltf 

Limber  Chest  for  Battery  Wagon,  C— Continued:' 


I  OOL8    AM'   s  I'dUKS. 


Brought  forward 

saddles*'  tools  and  STORKS     Continued. 

Buckles  (assorted   .75  in.  to  1.5  in.)  doz... 

Tacks M. 

i  runners'  callipers 

Shoe  knives 

ra pairs. 

Padlock 

Tar  bucket  

Boxes 

Tow  for  packing 


NO.     WEIGHT. 


Lbs. 
96.21 


Total. 


1.00  i 
(1 .  75 
0.50 
0.18 
0.20 
0.50 
7.00 
19.25 
7.00 

182.59 


!  I  n  Bo  i 

["     20.66  lbs. 


<  in  its  book. 


Inferior  arrangement  of  Wagon  Body,  ('. 

A  Tiu,.  9  in.  Wide  and  9.5  in  deep,  is  placed  at  the  back  or  right  side  <>l  the 
wagon  body. 

Alt  Axh  Hack  extends  along  the  whole  length  of  the  body,  on  the  left  side,  II 
inches  from  the  bottom  :  it  is  2  in.  deep  and  1.5  in.  wide,  and  is  fastened  to  the 
side  by  the  middle  rivets  of  the  side  studs,  and  by  5  wood  screws.  The  rack 
has  notches,  to  hold  three  axes,  a  hatchet,  and  three  handbills. 

Four  bores,  for  stores,  marked:  C,  Nos.  5,  6.  7  and  8. 

One  boa  .  marked  C:   Caadlss. 

Exterior  dimensions  <      B         for  Wagon  Body,C 


Length   Width     Depth.    Weight 


cm  d.  0.75  in. 


In.         In.         In.        Lbs. 

l-.:.      1 1.25    17.5    No  co  i 

....     13.        13.  5.  6.      Dir.  into  1  White  p  n.  thick. 

35     I  parts    |  with  covers, hinges  &  locks. 


I  <  K   hard   w 
}      thick. 


i.:  one    marked         I 
Oil;  one:  C, Torti  ntPaiift;  one    ('.  !'•■  • 


:tl  1 


<  HAP.   m  — i:u'  ii-Mi  \  r. 


1 1  i ' 


Diam. 


■ 


■ 
■•     linseed  oil  and 

turpentine. .> ■      I  gal. 

••    olive  paint. . . .    2.r.  ll». 
■■     black  paint.. . .      5  lbs. 


In. 

s. 

6. 

:. 


In 
II.' 

10. 

10.25 

B. 


I     ■ 

, 
L.5 


Rounded   tops    and 
necks  (or  oorke. 

I  Flat    i •  •  |* -  :    "i"'"1"-' 

rered  with 
I    of  tin,   soldered  on. 


Tiea  h  exterior  dimensions 

Diameter  at  the  bilge 10.3    inehe 

Diameter  at  the  head* 

Height i  ■-'."' 

Weight 5  II.-. 


( intents  of  the  Wagon  Body,  < '. 

Box  I  -   placed  on  the  bottom  of  the  wagon,  next  to  the  idle  of  har- 

ness which  occupies  the  rear  part  of  the  body.     Box   No.  6  is  on  top  ol 
Mo.  7  on  the  bottom  of  the  wagon,  in   front   of  Mo.  5;  No.  s  on  top  of  No.  7. 
The  candle  box  in  No.  6. 


rOOLA  AM'  STORKS. 


Linseed  oil gal 

Spirits  turpentine gal 

<  Hive  paint lbs 

Black  paint lbs 

Paint  brushes 

Sperm  or  wax  candle*. .  lbs 

Rammer  beads 

Sponge  beada 

Sponges 

Priming  wires 

« ;  tinners'  gimlets 

Lanyards  for  friction  tubes. 

<  lannon  spikes 

Dark  lanterns 

Common  lanterns 


I  larried  i"rwurd. 


Lba. 

'.'.17 

-.77 
. 

8.5 
3.00 

7.-.'. 

3.00 

0.2-1 

0.24 

0.  Ki 

0.30 

3. 

4.60 

1 OH. 17 


In  I  (in  .-a ii  | 

••  l     do.      ;  lii  Box  C,  R. 
•    9     do.  R0.44  II.-. 

••  l     do. 


In  candle  box. 


In  Box  C,  8. 

..;  lbs. 


ttATTEKY     WACOM    FOR     FIELD     HATTERY 


315 


Contents  of  the  Wagon  Body,  C — Continued. 


rOOLS     V  M'    STORKS. 


Brought  forward. 

N  eats  fool  oil 

Grease 


fair. 

.lbs. 


Nails  il.l.  8d,  8d,  I0d)...lbs. 


Felling  axes  ■ 
( Haw  hatchet 
Hand   hills... 


i  laisson  slock 

l;  ammei  a  and  sponges 
Spokes 


•  S-rindstone,  14  in.  x  4.  • . 
Arbor  and  crank  for  do. , 


Screw  jack 


Wheel  traces  •  • 
_  traces- 


Girths 

Whips 

Bridles 

Halters 

Halter  chains.  • 

llaine  straps. .  ■ 


Span  -  

Basil  oord pieces 


Slow  match 


.yds 


Elevating   screw 

ike i 

Harness    leather side 

Bridle   leather do. 


Prolongi 
Scythes 


■  d  forward. 


20 


Lbs. 

KIM.  17 


60. 


In  2  tin  cans. .  ) 
•'  2  kegs...    .  J 


92.80  lbs. 


20.       Box  C,  S. 


12. 
2. 

I. 

35. 

1.1..-) 
72. 

160. 

50. 
6.5 

75. 

47.5 
57.5 

27.5 
11. 

8. 
16. 
21  . 
15. 5 

4.5 

13.5 

10. 


in  the  axe  rack. 


Under  the   till,  against  the  side  and 

rear  of  the  wagon. 
On  the  caisson  stock,  Bgainst  rear  end 

On     the     bottom   :      piled     lengthwise 

against  the  trout  end. 
On  t lie  spoken,  crosswise. 

)  On  the  fellies,  against  the  lefl  side 

}      of  the  wagon. 

On  the   tellies,  against   the   front  and 
the  till. 

In  a  pile  occupying  30  inches  at  tin- 
rear  end  of  the  wagon,  between 
the  lefl  side  and  the  caisson 
stock,  and  Dp  to  the  top  ol  the 
till;  the  collars  piled  on  each 
other,  from  the  bt  ttom. 


On  the  harness. 


6.       On  box  No   9 

15.73    |  „      ,       ..      ... 

the  pile  ol  nan  • 

Under  the  till,  in   froi 
ol  harness,  and  ajjainsi  n  • 
ttock 


18. 


i  in  bos  No  ~.  in  from 

In  the  till,  against  the  front  end. 


316 


•KUIIPMKNT. 


Contents  of  tfu    Wagon  /><>.///,<' — Continued. 


HO.         Ull'.IIT. 


Brought  forward 

Scythe  stones 1 

Bpadei '• 


Pick  ax<«  ami  bandies 

( torn  sacks '-'I 

Tarpaulins,  5  feet  square  ••  '-' 

Heaping  i i  •  < <  >  U  - I 


Scythe  sneaths 

Spare     stock     for    battery 

wagon 

Padlocl 

Watering  bucket 

■  

Boxes 

Tow 


Total 


i'i.      In  the  curve  of  the  scythes. 

In   the  till :  the  bits  sgajnst  tl  ■ 
end. 

\'A.      Between  the  spade  baa 
20.      I  in  the  scythes. 

IS.      i  in  the  «•■  tii  sacks,  against  front  end. 
Fastened   i<>   tin-   ridge   |iole   with   ■ 
wooden  clamp  and  a  leather  strap. 
12.       Fastened  i"  the  ridge  |>ole  with  iw» 
leather  straps  and  buckles. 


90. 
0.5 
B. 


2 1 .  5 


In  the  spare  stock  stirrup. 

Tied  i"  tl**-  forage  rack. 
In  the  forage  rack. 


Exclusn  >•  of  forage. 


EQ1  tPMENT  OF  A   FORGE  FOB  THK  FIELD  PARK. 

Interior  arrangement  of  thu   Limber  Chest. 

rhe  chest  is  marked  Forob  B. 

Vmtr  In, .a  v  for  tools  and  Store*  i   <.nr  shoeing  box  :   <ni<   1 1 ,1  can  for  Oil. 

The  boxes  are  marked   B,   Nos.    1,2,3  and   I,  respectively.    They  are  made 
like  those  i^r  the  Forge  A. 

Exterior  dimensions  of  boxes  for  Limber  Ch  Forgt  B. 


DBSIOIM  l  IOM. 

Length. 

Width. 

Depth.    Weight. 

LRU. 

B,  No  2 

B.  No.  3 

I    

Shoeing  l><>x,  1$. . 

In. 
17.8 

K>.5 

In. 

13.23 
17.3 
S. 

8. 

In. 

7.6 
6.6 

0.5    1 

Lbs. 

17.6 

6. 
14.5 

1    4.7 

Partition  i"r  "d  can,  5.25 
in.  from  one  and. 

The  oil  can  is  like  thai  for  Forge  A  j  it  Is  marked     B,  Bpbrm  I  lib. 

-  Noa.  l  and  2  occupy  iln-  bottom  of  iln-  limber  chest  j    No.  1  against  the 
left  end. 

Is  placed  on  top  of  Nos.  l  and  2,  against  ih<-  lefl  end  and  back  of  the  oheet. 
So    i  "ii  lop  "i  Nos.  l  and  2,  against  the  front  of  the  chest. 

!  mi  ing  b  ix,  on  No.  '-'•  against  the  ri-ln  end  and  the  back  ol  the  cheat. 


FORGE    FOR    FIELD    PARK. 

Contents  of  Limber  Chest  of  Forge  B. 


317 


t.m.i  v    un>  STORES. 


.lbs 


Nuta  and  wnshers,  No.  ■■> 

Nuts  and  washers,  No.   1 

X  \ 1 1  -  and  washers,  No.  3 

Nuts  and  washers,  No.  2 

Nails,  Nos.  1  and  2,  C 

Tire  bolts 

Ilnei^.  for  ammunition  chests lb. 

Washers  for  l><>li  heads,  Nos.  •'!  and  I 

Keys  for  ammunition  chests 

Pole  prop  socket  and  ferrule 

Linch  washers 

.Shoulder  washers 

Linch  pins 

Chain.  No.  2 feet. 

Pintle    hook 

(  ;i|i  square 

Tire  bands  (clips),  developed 

Heading  tools,  for  bolts 

Heading  tools,  lor  nails 

Tire   punch)  -    |  ( 


Round  punch,  \  with  handle 

Square  punch,  J 

Square  band  punch 

Round  hand  punch 

punch  

Key  punch 

Set  hammer,  Hal 

Sel  hammer,  half  round 

-.  for  hoi  iron,   >  ,   ...   .  „_  .. 

,  .  ■  with  han'tle- 

<  niseis,  lur  cold  iron.  J 

Hand  cold  chisels 

Smiths1  tongs 

Nail  claw 

Tire  circle 

Bevel  vice 

Hardie 

Fuller 

Hand   axe 


1   inch,  No.  II 

Small  hand  rice 

Hand  r 

,n.1  ll,.| 



Small  punches 


d  forward 167.42 


Lbs 
5.00 

3.20 
7.68 
2.  00 
5.00 

l  .mi 
2.50 
I  .SO 
1  .30 

7. mi 
7.0U 

-.1)11 

o .  75 

20.00 

5.00 

2 .  75 

12.00 
1. 00 
3.00 
2.10 
•.'.in 
1  .00 
1.00 
0.50 
1  .00 
2.85 
3.00 
1.50 
3.00 
2.00 

5.00 

0.75 
2.40 

1 .00 


In  Box  B,  I. 
s::.IO  lbs. 


In  Box  B,  : 
7130  lbs. 


:11s  CHAT.    XI. —  EQUIPMENT. 

Limber  t  '■  B — (  kratinued. 


\n  i.  STORES. 


\<>.     WEIGHT. 


Brought  forward 

Spring  compasses pair 

Pile*,  assorted,  with  handlea 

I  r. 'ii  wire  gauge 

Scribing  awl 

Calliper* pair 

Bevel 

Trying  square 

Scriber 

Buttress 

Quart  can  "i  sperm  oil 

Nave  bands,  developed 

I  land  hammer 

Riveting  hammer 

Nailing  hammer 



Pore  punch 

Creaaer 

Screw  wrench 

Smiths'  shovel 

Smiths'  poker 

Split  broom 

Tap  wrench,  with  4  holes 

1 1 1 .  ■  stock 

Tracing  point 

Augers,  I  in.  and  l  in.  (with  handles)    ... 

Praming  «-l* i — «-J 

Felling  :w>- 

Shoeing  hammer 

Shoeing  pincers 

Shoeing  r.i^>» 

Priicbel 

Nail  punch 

Toe  knife 


( '(inching  iron. . 

rig  knife  • . 

Leather  aprons. 

<  lil  stone 

Irmi  square  • . .  • 


Padiocl 

Tar  bucket. 


Boxe 
Tow. 


Total 


Lbs. 

0.15 
10.00 

0.15 
0.40 

0.60 
0.15 
L.50 

11.75 

L.05 

1.80 

10.50 

l  .00 


3.75 
8.25 
0.15 
2.50 
1.50 
6.00 

0.89 
2.00 
2.15 

0.80 
0.30 
l  .no 
0.33 
3.00 
1 .50 

2.00 

0.5 
7.00 

1  1.00 

332.24 


in  Box  B  3 

.97  lli>. 


In  Box  B,  i. 
37  n.s. 


lii  shoeing  box. 
12.75  lbs, 


Paatened  inside  chest 
cover. 


i  hi  its  hook. 


FOR  OK     AND     RATTKRY     WAGON    FOR    FIKLD    PARK. 


:lli) 


( 'ont  nU  of  Forge  Body,  B. 

Boxes  IV  Nos.  5  aud  0,  of  the  same  size  as  A,  No.  I,  are  earned  in  the  iron 
room.  To  put  these  boxes  in  plnci  .  loosen  the  thumb  nuts  ami  raise  the  rear  of 
the  bellows  one  inch. 


TOOLS  A\D  STORES. 


Water  backet 

Watering  bucket  i  leather) 

Ainil   ..' 

Vice 


Square  iron  (J  to  1  in.) lbs. 

Flat  iron  (U  x  |,  1  >    ',. 

U  x  2-10,  H  x  »  in.) lbs. 

Hound  iron  (|  in.) lbs. 

Oast   steel lbs. 

English  Mistered  steel lbs. 

•  hoes,   Nos    '-'  and  .'!  .  .lbs. 

llurse    shoe    nails,    Nos.  2 

and  3 lbs. 

Bituminous  coal lbs. 

i  !oal  Shovel 

I'adli  >ck 

Boxes 

Tow 


1 
1 

1 
1 

100 

50 

f)0 

10 

5 

200 

20 

250 

1 
1 
2 


Lbs. 

10.        ( >n  its  hook. 
8.        On  the  vice. 
100.        On  the  fireplai 
On  the  .stock  of  the  forge. 


100. 

so. 

50 . 

10. 
5. 

200. 

20. 

260. 
4.75 

II.  -Ml 
18.5 
3. 


Total &27.7S    Exclusive  of  vice. 


In  the  iron  room.  Bars  not 
more  than  .'!  feet  long.  Square 
iron  in  two  bundles. 


Boxes  B,  5,  and  B,  6: 

half  in  each. 


I  In  the  coal  box. 
On  coal  box. 


RQ1  MMi  \i    OF    \   HATTKRY  WAOON  FOR  THE  FIELD  PARK. 

Interior  arrangement  oj   Limber  Chest. 

s  marked:   Battkky  Waoon,  1' 
Tin,  ,//,,/<.  ol  oak,  are  fastened  to  the  epds  of  the  cheat',  each  with  four  scren-s. 
1  ..r>   in.   No.  11.     The  cleats   are   .7-ri   Inch  thick,  and  1.75  inch  wide;  their   upper 
me  7.5  inches  from  the  bottom  ..|   ||M    .  best. 
Tfo   facet,  marked    D,   NoS.   1     and  J    OCCUpy  the  upper    part  ol    the    chest,   tl  St 

ing  on  the  ch  art  the  back  ol  the  ehi  ide  of  white 

pine.  .".'■  in.  thick,  with  leather  handler  ,,i,  ,,.  thick. 

.  "■  in.  d«  p 

I  wn    partil  •  nd,  and 

in--  from  i  aar.    Wi  ight  l !  lb*. 

le,  witli  two  partitions,  1  1  end,  and  1 1  > 

ini  lies   Ir tb«  ollni    end        \V.  ighl    1 '<  lb*. 


320 


i  ii  \r.    xi.  —  KM i  irvi  \  1. 


U  pom,  like  t hat  for  th<>  limber  chest  of  Forge  A.  mnrki 

•.  clutiiys,  fur  saws,  ore  fastened  to  the  Interior  of  the  chest 

Willi  !■>■■ 

damps,  for  webs  or  blades  of  frame  uw,  faatened  to  the  interior  ol 

the  cover,  each  with  nx  nail*. 


Contents  of  Limber  Chest  for  Battery  Wagon,  l». 


AND  8TORE8 


i:ARHIAGK  MAKERS     rOOLS. 


Bern  li  planes 

Wood  clamps   

Oil  stone- 

Brood  axe 

I  [and  ;i\'- 

Fell  III;:  axe 

Hand  hammer 

( 'Liu  bale  bet 

Adze 

Table  vice 

Holdfast 

Framing  chisels 

Firmer   eln-rl- 

- 

Frame  saw 

Screw  wrenches.... 
A  ngers  and  handles. 
( "liiw  hammers 


Saddlers'  mallet. 
Saddlers'  claim . 


Brace  and  .'I  bitts. 
Pincei i   -mall  . . . . 

i  iallipers 

Spokesha ves  

Plane  Irons 


.pair, 
.pair. 


Trying  square  . .  ■ 

Bevel 

Rule  (2  feet) 

I  rim  lets 

i  'ompasses 

Chalk  line ■ 

Brad  awls ■ 


,  pair 


Carried  forward 119.08 


NO.        \*  I 


I.  If 

16.00 
L2. 

. 


1 

•J 
:: 
3 
in 
-■, 


,50 


I. -I 
1.70 

•I. on 


1.35 

1. 

0.40 
0.60 
O.rlO 

.•{.If) 

0.60 

o.ll 
0.95 
0.18 
0.10 

n.17 


Parked  wil li  low  in  ili< 
ol  the  chest. 

|o.;.-.' i  li,-. 


Boi  1'.  i 


BATTl.nV    WAGON    FOR     FIKLD    PARK.  '  'YZ I 

Contents  of  Limber  Chest  for  Battery  Wagon,  I> — Continued. 


TooIS  AND  STORES. 


Brought  forward 

Scriber 

Taper  files  ( 1}  inches) 

W"< :ii  files 

Wood    rasps 

Compass  saw ' 

Harness  Kink  lis gross. 

Tacks M. 

Quart  can  sperm  oil 


Hand  saws 

Tenon  saws    

Webs  or  blades  for  frame  saw. 


SADDLERS  TOOLS  AND  ST  iRES. 


Hammer 

Shi 'i-  knives 

Hall  round  knife 

pair. 

Sand  stones  



rU'd 

Collar  needles 

Awl« 

Awl  handles 

Punches  |  assorted) 

pairs. 

pairs. 

Claw  tOOll 



•Strap  awls 

■Mile 

pair. 

Thimbles 

II.-. 

i lbs. 

Blaek  wax |h-. 

Pan  ni  thread II. v 


k... 
uckel 

Tow 


:•] 


Total 


1 

6 
i 
i 

3 

1 

cm 


Lbs. 

119.08 
0.15 
0.81 
■a.:k\ 
ii. --ii 
0.30 
4. 

2.50 
2.70 

4. 
3. 

0.75 


0.65 

ii.r.  i 

0.23 

0.47 

l .  I  i 2 
o.i  i 
0.50 

ii.n.'. 

0.60 

1  .  32 
0.36 
fi.  15 
0.03 
(i. -ii 
0.1S 
0.09 
l  . 


7. 


InRoxD.l.     27.52  lbs. 


Fastened    to    interior  of  chen 
cover,  with  wooden  clamps. 
Do.        with  bras-  clamps. 


!•  In  Box  D.  2.     30.24  lbs. 


i  >n  ii-  book. 


889  CHAP.  XI. —  EQUIPMENT. 

Interior  arrangement  of  Wagon  Body,  D. 

A  till,  on  the  right  side  of  the  wagon,  ),*>»■.*, 

,      ,   ,-     .  ,        .   .  ,     ,  r  as  in   Hallcrv  W  agon.  C. 

An  ax'  rack,  on  the  lelt  side  ol   the  Wagon   body,       ) 

Sight  boxes,  for  tools   and   stores,  marked:    D.  Nos.  8,    I.  5,  6,  '..  B,  '.'.  10,  re- 
spectively. 

One  Shoeing  box,  marked  D. 

Exterior  dimensions  of  Boxes  for  Battery  Wagon,  D. 


DESIGNATION. 


Length. 


Width. 


Depth. 


Weight. 


D,  Nos.  3  and  5.. 

I),  No.  I 

D,  No.  G 

D,  No.  7 


I).  No.  8.. 

D,  Ni 

D,  No.  10. 


Shoeing  box 


In. 

In. 

23.5 
27.5 

19.5 
31.5 

20.25  ! 
23.5 
L9.5 
19.5 

12.5 

13. 

14.5 

b. 5     ■ 
13. 
6. 

16.5 

8. 

In. 

14. 

11. 
10.5 
6. 

7.5 

5. 

5.5 

6.5 


Lbs. 

28. 
34. 
21. 

26. 

4. 

G. 
3.5 

4.7 


Hard  wood   ,75  Inch 

thick,  with    hinged 

b,  and  hooks. 

White  pine  .625  inch 

thick  :  with  hinges 
and  honks  No.  9 
div.  into  I  parts. 


Eight  tin  cans:  Two  of  the  capacity  of  two  gallons,  for  neats  foot  oil  and 
LINSEED  OIL;  three  of  one  gallon  for  the  Bame  oils  and  for  turpentink  :  two,  (bf 
twenty-five  pounds  each  of  olive  paint;  and  one.  tot  five  pounds  of  black  taint. 
They  are  made  like  those  of  the  same  capacity  for  Battery  Wagon,  C. 

Tiro  kegs,  for  grease;  like  those  in  Battery  Wagon,  C. 

The  clamps  and  other  fixtures  on  the  interior  of  the  wagon  cover,  are  men- 
tioned in  the  list  of  contents. 


BATTF.RY     WAGON    FOR     FIELD    PARK. 


:*23 


Contents  of  Wagon  Body,  I). 


TOOLS   AND  STORKS. 


Gun  carriage  stock  (ironed). 


Caisson  stocks  (not  ironed) 


Splinter  bars. 


Tire  bolts,  nuts  and  washers.  • 

Axletrees 

Half  tires , 


Bar  iron lbs 

Steel lbs 


Pole  yokes 

Wheel   traces 

Leading  traces 

Trace  chains,  staples  and  rivets 

Collars 

Girths 

Whips 

dame  straps 

lindle- 

Halters 

Halter  chains 


I  [arness  leather side-. 

Bridle  leather sides. 


R  ipef  VJj  in. 


.lbs 


Nose  bag! 

Slow  match V'ls. 

Screw    jacks 

Elevating  screw? 

Drag    ropes 

Grindstone  and  arbor 

Fell i up    axe- 

Hand    bills 


Carried  forward. 


200 


Lbs. 


165.00 


70.00 

30.00 

1 1 .  75 
231.00 
140.00 

200.00 
50.00 

37.00 

■17.5 

57.5 

27.50 
11  .00 
8.00 
1.50 
[8.00 
21  .00 
15.50 

75.00 
22.00 

30.00 

13.50 

0.00 

75.00 

31.50 

56.50 

is. (10 

1535.35 


On    the    bottom    of    the    wagon, 

against  the  right  side,  resting  on 

two  blocks  to  clear  the  rammer 

stop  ;  the  lunette  to  the  rear. 
Against  the   left  side  and   rear  of 

the   wagon  ;  one  on   the  other. 

the  lunette  ends  in  front. 
On  the  bottom,  lying  on  each  other 

against   the  caisson  stocks  and 

the  rear  of  the  wagon. 
On  the   bottom,  against  the  front 

and  right  side. 
<>n   i he   bottom,  against  the   gun 

carriage  stock  and  the  Iront  end. 
Between    the    axletrees    and  the 

splinter  bars. 
*)  In    5  bundles,   not  more  than  3 
>■     feet   long;  on   the  half  tires. 
J      against  the  front  of  the  wagon. 

( >a  the  bar  iron  toward  the  front. 

1 

I  Piled  on  the  bottom  of  the 
wagon,  against  the  gun  car- 
riage stock  and  the  till,  and  on 

j-  the  caisson  -locks  and  splint- 
er bars  ;  occupying  about  .'i| 
in.  in  length  ol  the  rear  part 
ol   the  wagon. 

|  Trimmed    and   rolled   up  light; 
>      on  the  axletrees  and  lire.-,  in 
J      front  of  the  pile  of  harness. 
Hetween    the    front    ends   of  the 
cais-on  slocks  and  the  bar  iron. 

|  On  the  pile  of  harne--. 

•  <  Mi  the  --low  match. 

rew  jacks. 
On  the  drag  ropes. 

In  the  axe  rack. 


:  j  I  .  11  lp.   \i  — mi  im 

■  /»/.  I> — Continued. 


\M'  STORKS. 


Bn tughl  forward 

N.-.ii-  fool  Oil gals 

Hi* 

Spirit*  I ii  r |>i- ii tine gal. 


I.ADoRAJ'oltY     fOOLS. 


For    l..r>  inch 
rockets. 


t  topper  adze,  with  handle 

u  bowls 

Bench  brushe 

i  lallipera pair 

I  tredginf  l»>x 

Rocket  mould.. 

Sel  "i  drifts. . . 

Formers   for  cylinders  and 

t  •  i»  j » — .  each  calibre set. 

( '  ipper  funnels 

Shot  and  shell  Bruges »el 

Gimlets 

i  i  ipper  hammer 

Paste  k»-ule 

Lead  ladle 

Stencils,  for  letters  and  figures. 

Hox  lor  do 

Mallets 


Pi  •  -,■.  der  measures,  l  01 

ll».  and  'J  IDS 

Brass  mortar  and  pestle,  small. 

Moulds     for     miiskrl     and     rillr 

halls,  and  book  ibol sel 

Win  idea  mailers 


Paste  brashes 

i  topper  pans,  10  or  13  in.  ■ 
Kill.-  |  2  feel  i.  Dot  folded. .  ■ 

Sand  itones 

Spring  balanoe,  30  lbs  •  •  •  • 

tors 

i  topper  scoop,  large 

Do.  small 

I  lair  ilere 

I I  snd  screw  drl  i  era, 


•  I  foi  ward i: 


Lbs, 


3.00 
6.00 

(i.  in 
I. nit 

l  .8  i 
1.7.r. 

7.50 

1.00 

Lft.00 

1.80 
B.OO 

18.00 

I. in. 

3.00 
8.00 

■I. mi 
ii. n| 
1.29 

0.18 
3.00 
S.00 

I  .80 

■.'.mi 
1.50 
0.80 


■ 
••  l  can 


0  t)i» 

k«  sad  iii' 
rolli  >'f  laathar  ». 
the  ii-  nt  of  tlio  i 

b&TDCM. 


iced  on  the 
•    'i   stocks   and    rolls  oi 
leather,  Deal  to  N 


BATTKRY     WAC.ON     I  OR    FIELD    PARK. 

Contents  of  Wagon  Body,  D — Continued. 


325 


Brought  forward 


Spatula 

Thimbles 

( tanners'  callipers 
Priming  \\  Ires  •  •  •  • 
Gunners'  gimlets. . 
Gunners'  pincers. . 
Tinners'  furnace. . 


Linseed  oil gals 

Olive  paint lbs. 

Black   paint lbs 


Tarpaulins.  f>  (eat  square 

Do.  do. 


Marline lbs. 

Sheep  skins , 


ARMORERS    TOOL-. 

Wire  awls 

Hand  set 

Drill  brace 

Hand  brace. ...    

Cent  re  bits 

Hand  brushes 

Bench  brush 

(  allipcrs pair. 

Centre  punch 

Cold  chisels 



iges 

Com  passe- pair 

Spring    clamps 

wi ""]  clamps  

Drill  slock 

1  »nlU.  sssorted 

k 

set. 

■   I 

File  handle* 

1 


Carried   forward _ 


Lbs. 

1792.56 

0.30 
0.09 
0.50 

0.50 

0.50 

9.00 

56. 
6.5 

is. 
IS. 

10. 
12. 


0.25 
0.50 
2. HO 
2*50 
0.40 
0.60 
0.50 
0.30 
0.50 

2.00 
1.60 

(Lis 

3.00 

o.).-, 
0.25 

1.5 
2.  IS 


In  Box  D,  4.     176.881b*. 


j  In  box  D,  5;  placed 
In  2  cans  |  on  the  pole  yoke- 
In  2  cans  -j  and  rope,  between 
In  1  can  No.  4  and  the  front 

of  the  wagon. 
On  the  gun  carriage  stock. 
Between  the  till  and   boxes   Nos 

3,  4  an. I  5. 
On  box  No.  3. 
On  boxes  Noe.  4  and  5. 


6  ;  placed  on  top  of  No. 
Minst    the    front    of  the 
wagon. 


w, 


CHAP.  XI. — BQUIPMBNT. 

Content*  of   Wagon  Body,  D — Continued. 


I  unl.s  AND  STORES. 


Brought  forward 


armorers'   tools — (Continued.) 


Spring    hooks 

Bench  hammers 

1 1 rawing   knife 

Nippers pairs 

PI  vers pairs. 

Reamers,  assorted 

Spring  compasses pair. 

Rimer 

Bench    stake 

Hack  saw  frame 

Hack  saw  blades 

Armorers'  punches 

Screw  drivers,  brace 

Rule,  2  feet 

Armorers'   longs 

Screw  taps 

Breeching  vice 

Hand  vices 

Bevel  vice 

Breeching  wrench 

Tap  wrench 

Straight  edge 

Bayonet  mandril 

Soldering    irons 

Screw  wrench 

•  hi   cans,  small 

Tinners'  shears pair 

Brass  scale,  1  foot 

Flint  screw  wrench 


Haversacks 

Tube  pouches  

Thumb  stalls 

Linen  canvas yards. 

Sperm  or  wax  candles lbs. 

;-,-ld.  to  lOd lbs. 

Shoeing  tools set. 

Spades  


Carried  forward 216 1.1. '3 


Lbs. 

•2004.  g:j 


22.32 
7.60 

0.04 

7.50 

10. 
20. 

12.75 
30. 


!•  In  Box  U,  6.     100  92  lbs. 


In  Box  1).  7;  placed   on  top  Ol 

No.   1,  and  again>t  No.  t5. 
37.46  lbs. 

hi  Box  U,  8,  on  top  of  No.  3. 
Box  D,  9.  on  No.  3  and  on  the  till. 
In  shoeing  box.  on  No.  3. 
In  the  1  ill.  on  each  other;  the  bits 
agam.st  the  back  of  the  wagon. 


BATTERY    WAGON    FOR    FIELD    PARK. 


327 


Contents  of  Wagon  Body,  D — Continued. 


TOOLS  AND  STORKS. 


Brousrht  forward. 


Pick  axes,  without  handles 

Handles  for  do 

Sash  cord pieces. 

Drill  how 

Barrel  wiper  and  scraper 


Quick  mutch lb* 

Shoe  thread lbs. 


Dark  lanterns 

Common    lanterns. 


Rammer   heads 
Sponges 

Paint  brushes. . 


Rammer  staves. 


Reaping  hooks- 


Cross  cut  saw |   without 

Pit  saw j  handles. 


Handle!  for       do 

Spare  stock  for  battery  wagon. 

Padlock 

Watering  buekef 

Tow 


Total. 


Lbs. 
2164.13 

14.50 

5. 
40. 

0.45 

2.5 

2. 

10. 

3. 
4.60 

4.40 
3. 

3. 
13.5 


5.75 


9. 
L5. 


DO. 

0.5 

8. 

185.20 

26.50 

25&3.03 


In  the  till,  between  the  spade 
handles. 

[  In  the  till,  lying  on  the  bottom. 

Rox  D,  10  ;  In  the  left  side  of  the 
till,  in  front  of  the  spade  handles. 

In  the  till,  in  front  of  box  No.  10. 

In  the  left  side  of  the  till,  be- 
tween the  shoe  thread  and 
the  front  end. 

1  In  the  till,  between  the  lanterns 
)       and  the  side  of  the  wagon. 

On  box  No.  10,  and  by  the  side 
of  it. 

In  the  wagon  cover;  three  on  each 
side  of  the  ridge  pole,  secured 
with  2  wooden  buttons,  which 
are  fastened  to  the  ridge  pole, 
each  with  one  screw. 

Fastened  to  the  ridge  pole  with 
a  wooden  clamp  and  a  leather 
strap  passing  through  a  staple 
in  the  ridge  pole. 

fin  the  wagon  cover,  laid  on 
each  other,  and  fastened  by 
2  wooden  clamps  ;  the  teeth 
of  the  cross  cut  saw  against 
the  right  cover  rail;  the  han- 
dle end  o(  the  pit  saw  against 
the  rear  board  of  the  cover. 

On  the  spade  handles. 
(,>n  its  hook. 


328 


CHAP.    XI.  —  EQUIPMENT. 


Weights  of  Forges  and  Battery  Wagons  equipped  for  field  service. 


DESIGNATION. 


Body  complete,  without  wheels 

Two  wheels 

Anvil   and  water  It  tickets 

Stores  in  iron  room 

Simcs  in  coal  box i 

Limber  body,  without  wheels 

Two  wheels 

Limber  chest,  empty 

Stores  and  tools  on  the  limber 

Total  weight 

BATTERY  WAGON. 

Hody  complete,  without  wheels 

Two  wheels i 

Stores  in  wagon  body 

Limber  body,  without  wheels 

Two  wheels. 

Limber  chest,  empty 

Stores  and  tools  on  the  limber 

Total  weight  (exclusive  of  forge) 


Lbs. 


991 

997 

360 

360 

l  18 

[18 

320 

45S 

255 

■sr,r, 

335 

335 

360 

360 

158 

158 

180 

332 

Lbs. 


3,074 


Lbs. 


3.370 


Lbs. 


910 

910 

360 

3t>0 

1,289 

2,583 

335 

335 

300 

360 

158 

i.  B 

1 62 

209 

4,915 


FIELD    TRAIN.  U21I 


FIELD    TRAIN. 

Ordnance. 

The  proportion  of  artillery  lo  other  troops  varies  generally  between  the  limits 
"I  I  and  .'!  pieces  to  i  ,000  in.  ii.  according  to  the  force  of  the  army,  the  character 
of  the  troop;  ol  which  it  is  composed,  the  force  and  character  of  the  enemy,  the 
nature  of  the  country  which  is  to  be  the  theatre  of  war,  and  the  character  and 
objects  of  the  war. 

Similar  considerations  must  regulate  the  selection  of  the  kinds  of  ordnance 
and  the  proportions  of  the  different  kinds  in  the  train. 

The  following  principles  may  be  observed  in  ordinary  cases: 

,  2  r      i  ■   i  I  i  are  12pdrs. 

(  i  guns,  ot   which  \  t      „      ..  '   , 

2  pieces  to  1,000  men  I  f  ," '" ,     • 

1  h  howitzers,  of  which        {     [\  f'^  or  S2'Pdn- 
v  (  J     "   12-pdrs. 

Distributed  as  follows : 

For  tin  infantry:  1  piece  to  1,000  men — 6-pdr.  guns  and  12-pdr.  howitzers,  in 
batteries  of  toot  artillery. 

For  the  cavalry:  2  pieces  to  1,000  men — 6-pdr.  guns  and  12-pdr.  howitzers,  in 
batteries  of  horse  artillery. 

For  the  special  and  general  parks  of  reserve  : 

(  J  in  12-pdr.  batteries  1     -•  r    .      ..,, 
I  piece  to  1,000  men  J  I  «'     6-pdr.      do.       j  of  foot  artillery. 

(j  "     li-pdr.  batteries  of  horse  artillery. 

Ammunition  for  Cannon. 

200  rounds  to  each  piece,  both  of  the  reserves  and  of  the  active  batteries. 

The  ammunition  which  cannot  be  carried  in  the  caissons  attached  to  the  pieces 
will  be  kept  in  boxes  with  the  reserves. 

Additional  supplies  of  ordnance  and  ordnance  stores  are  placed  in  convenient 
depots,  according  to  circumstances. 

Ammunition  for  Small  Arm*. 

100  rounds  to  each  man  ;  of  which,  for  the  musket,  10  rounds  tire  in  the  car- 
tridge bos,  60  in  the  parks  ol  reserve.  In  the  same  proportion  for  other  small 
arms. 

5  (lints  lo  100  rounds,  for  arms  with  flint  locks. 

Percussion  ,  ,,p^  in  tbe  proportion  of  12  caps  to  10  cartridges. 


890  chap.  xi. — Kuril- mi  \  i . 

iposition  of  <i  Battery  on  the  H"<//-  Establishment. 


KIMi  OF   UATTEKY. 


L2-PDR.     ,      6-PDE. 


ders  mounted 

tiers         do. 


i  12-pouo 
{   6-poun 

,,  f  2 1  -pounder  do 

Howitzers  ...-.' 

I  rJ-pounucr  do 

Total  number  of  pieces.  . . 

,„  f  for  (runs 

I  AISSONS {  ,■     r 

(   or  howitzers 


Travelling  Forge. 
Battery  Wagon... 


Whole  Dumber  of  carriages  with  ;i  Battery. 


For 4  'mils. 


(Shot 

■  Spherical  case. 
(_  Canisters 


Ammunition..  .  ' 


Shells 

For  2  howitzers.  -|  Spherical  case. 
I  lanisters 


Total  number  of  rounds  with  a  Battery. 


,.  .,  f  G  to  each  carriage. . . . 

Draught    J I 

(  Spare  horsei — one  twi 

Total 


Illh. 


ia 


20 


560 
22 1 
LIS 


B96 

168 
112 
42 

322 


1,218 


120 

10 


130 


ll 


500 

Ml 

160 


B00 


120 
160 
32 


312 


1,112 


84 

7 


91 


Note. —  For    two    32-pdr.    howitzer    carriages    and 
I  caissons,  the  number  of  rounds  of  ammunition  is 


Shells 112 

Spherical   case.  •  •  B4 

Canisters 14 


Total 

Harness,  corresponding  with  the  number  of  horses  to  the  carnages. 


.210 


FIK.I.D    TRAIN. 


331 


Battery  of  Mountain  Howitzers. 

Howitzers '' 

AnlmunUHurrh;:,::::::::::::".:::':::'.'^^  (48  round,  for  each  howaser) 

Forge  and  tools,  in  2  chests  1 

Sets  ol  carriage  makers'  tools,  in  '2  chests  ..    \ 

Pack  saddles  and    harness 33 

Horses  or  mules 33 

Such  additional  supplies  of  the  above  kinds  as  may  be  thought  necessary  will 
he  carried  with  the  park  of  reserve,  together  with  the  necessary  ammunition  for 
infantry,  in  packs. 

A  mountain  howitzer  ammunition  chest  will  carry  about  700  musket  ball  car- 
tridges. 

Rocket  Battery. 

No  regular  organization  of  a  rocket  battery  has  been  arranged. 
The    nature  and   number  of  rockets,  and  of  carriages   or   conductors,  will  be 
determined  by  the  character  of  the  service  for  which  they  may  be  required. 

The  Field  Pari;. 

The  spare  carriages,  reserved  supplies  of  ammunition,  tools  and  materials  lor 
extensive  repairs,  and  for  making  up  ammunition,  for  the  service  of  an  army  in 
the  held,  from  the  Field  Park,  to  which  should  be  attached  also  the  batteries  ot 
reserve. 

The  quantities  of  these  supplies  must  depend  in  a  great  manner  on  the  parti- 
cular circumstances  of  the  campaign. 

The  ammunition  required  for  artillery  and  small  arms  (according  to  the  pro- 
portions above  stated),  in  addition  to  what  can  be  carried  by  the  batteries  and 
the  troops,  will  he  carried  with  the  park,  in  caissons,  or  in  store  wagons. 

The  following  carriages  and  stores,  in  due  proportion,  according  to  circum- 
Stanoes,  will  also  form  parts  of  the  field  park,  viz: 

Spars  mm  carriage*,  1  to  each  field  battery. 

J''  '  One  or  more  of  each. 
]!,iltrr )/    II  agvnsi      I  I  i 

ire  tpotu.  50  to  each  battery,  "| 
Span  ftttist,  20  to  each  battery,   l  ]n  stnrc  W!)>;,),1> 
Spare  harneet I  t„  u____ 




ami  natte,  I  J 


]lm  \r  <■),<,< s 
Gunpowder. 
Saltpetre. 
Sulphur. 
i  ml. 
Laboratory  paper. 
r.  k  mall  arms. 


Cannon  primers,  percussion  and  friction. 

Pases  apd  fuse  plugs  f'>r  field  service. 

Stuff  for  cartridge 

Woollen  yam. 

Cotton  yarn 

Glue. 


'•''■'•■I  <  ii  LP.   \i  — BQUfPMI  N  r. 


BIEOE  TRAIN. 

The  d amber  tod  kind  <>f  eannoa  tor  ■  siege  tram  must  be  determined  by  the 
circumstances  "i  each  caae,  bul  the  following  general  principlea  may  be  obaerred 
gning  the  proportion  of  different  Icinda  and  calibres,  and  the  relatire 
quantity  of  other  supplies,  tor  ■>  Train  of  LOO  pieces  of  ordnanoe. 

Cannon. 

G\  its    I  - '"i"!r about  one-half  "i  the  whole  number SO 

[  lS-pdr.  or  12-pdr  .  .about  one-tenth  •■  Ki 

Howitzers,  b-in.  siege. ..  .about  one-fourth  ■■  39 

i  10-ln.Hiege...  about i-eighth  ••  19 

(    o-in.  siege. ..  about  .'? 

Stonb  Mortars...  1         ,  ,  ,.     ,„„  i    0 

I  ob li,  Mob  i .M.s.  |  '"  :,<ill,"°"  l0  lhe  l0°  P,ec«« J    fl 

Wall  I'iecks 10 

Ghtn  Carriages. 

For  24-pdr.  guns  and  8-in.  howitzers,  one-fifth  spare M 

For  L8-pdr.  mid  12-pdr.  puns one-fifth  spare 12 

For  10-iu.  mortars  and  stone  mortars,  one-sixth  spare 91 

I-    i    S-in.  mortars 1 

Other  Carriages. 

Mortar  Wagons.  1  i"r  each  I  O-in.  mortar  Bad  bed,  for  each  stone  mortar 
and  bed,  and  for  three  ^-in.  mortars  and  beds .'f^ 

Wagons,  for  transporting  implements,  intrenching  and  miners'  tools,  labo- 
ratory tools  and  Utensils,  and  other  Stores— -euch  loaded  With  BDOUt  '.2,700 
ll>s.,  say 1  III 

Cartt  (carrying  balls,  etc.,  on  the  march) 50 

Park  ISti tie 1 1/  Wagons,  fully  equipped 88 

Park  Potges,  fully  equipped m 

Sting  Carts,  large 5 

Sling  Carts,  hand 4 

Draught  Horses. 

For  each  pun  and  howitzer,  with  its  carriage s 

For  each  spare  pun  carriage 6 

For  earn  mortar  wagon 8 

For  each  battery  WagOU B 

For  each  forge S 


SIEGE    TRAIN.  '.Y.Y.I 

For  each  cart 2 

For  each  si  in:;  tart,  large 2 

Spare  horses 1-1  Oth 


Total,  about 1,900  horses. 


Projectiles  and  Ammunition. 


[Round  f  800  to  each  24-pdr 4  0,000 

J    shot.    (  1,000  to  each  IS  and  12-pdr 10,000 

Grape  :m<l  canisters  Btrapped,  20  rounds  to  each  piece-    1,200 


|  Spherical  case  strapped,  20  rounds  to  each  piece 1,200 

r  Shells,  800  to  each  8-inch  howitzer 20,000 

Fob  Howitebrs  .  I  Canisters  strapped,  5  to  each L25 

I  Spherical  ease  strapped,  20  to  each  500 

I  600  shells  to  each  10-inch 1 

For  Mortars...     800  shells  to  each    8-inch 

(200  shells  to  each  coehorn 1.200 

Gunpowder,  in  barrels Il>s.  .5011,11011 

Computing  for  ca<  h  24-pounder  round  shot,  one-third  the  weight  of  shot. 

Computing  for  each  lb  and  12-pdr.  round  shot,  one-fourth  the  weight  of  shot. 

Computing  for  each  grape  canister,  and  Bpherioal  case,  one-sixth  the  weight  of 

Computing  for  each  round  o(  howitzer  ammunition.  ..r>  l!>s.  )        ,    ,.         ,  - 

,.                                                      ,      ,    ,0  _  ,,  me  inlniLr  rinriri!  of 

Computing  lor  each  round  01  L0-inch  mortar 7  Hi*.  > 

Computing  lor  each  round  oi     S-inch  mortar 3  ll>s.  J 

Con  1  put  in;:  for  each  round  of  coehorn J  lb. 

Computing  for  each  round  of  stone  mortar 1  lb. 

Cartridge  b*gst  1   for  each  round. 

papi  r,  bundles 

Wad*  —  hay  wads,  made  in  the  field. 

Slmr  match lbs. .    1,500 

Porlfurs 2.000 

'Pruning  tubes,  for  mortars 15,000 

..in  the  number  of  shells 10,0011 

en  bottoms  and  battel*  for  stone  1  9  to  each..... I, 

■■Mini  primers,  for  pieces  furnished  with  loci  're. 

Friction  tnbt  and  howitzers*  I  to  each  round. 

■  rounds  to  < 

t§  and  lead,  for  small  arms,  a<  lo  the 

my. 

ihe  ammunition  is  transported  by  hired  wagons. 


334 


(   II  \l'.    XI. 1  ul   II'VI   \  I  . 


fmj'h  Equipments. 


I  OR    r  \.  11    i.i  \ 


-      1  v|,.,ri'. 
1  Worm  i"  I  |'ii    ■ 
1  Ladle  i"  i  I'M-.  •  - 

spare. 

]      ].    II-' 

\     tl  I     1     j       I        '    - 

1  Tube  pouch. 

1    lla\  i T-nck. 


2ThumbetS     - 

'J  Priming  wires — 1  •para 

l  <  tanners'  gimlet. 

l  Tangent  i 

i  Win  cover,  "r  lock  ©over 

1  Water  bucket 

I  Broom. 

1  Percuaaion  lock  ami  3  lanyards. 

2  Laoyardi  lor  friction  tuba. 


POH    BACH     HOWITZER     \M>    MiillTAH. 


IMPLt 


Ili>\VIT/ER. 


-  and  rammera 

2  shod    for  iiinrliir  I 

Linsti  >cke 

Il;i\  eraacka 

Tube  pouchea 

l'mniiiL'  \\  iraa 


< Quadrants 

Fuze  sett  era 

Fuse  mallets 

Baaketa 

•  _ii>r  wheel  a ■ 

Loading  tonga 

Tompiona 

Water  bucket 

Broom 

Percuaaion  lorks  and  lanyarda 
Lanyarda  for  friction  primera. 

Plummets •  •  ■ 

Pointing  wires 

<^ 1 1  •  1 1 1 1 - 

Bhell  I lea 

Scrapera  

Bpal  ulaa 

Gunners'  sleeves  (pair) 

Wipera  of  low  linen 


"J— 1    spare 

('. — 2   >p.ir<- 

1 

1 


Gunners'  gimlets 1 


2 — 1    spire 


1 

2 — 1  spare 

2 — 1  spare 

l 

l 
1 
l 
1 
l 
2 


2 — l  spare 
.  spare 

•J  — l  spare 
1 

1 

2 — 1    *p:tr<- 

1 

1 

*  2 — l  spare 

*  2 — l  spare 

1 


1 

*  2— 

1 

•  1 

1 
1 


l  spare 


-  and  weights,  or  s  spring  balance,  u l.  ie1  ol  pow  der  measure!  of  3 

d  fuse  extractor,  i<>  each  battery  magaiine. 
Implementa  marked  •  are  nol  required  for  the  atone  mortar. 

The  number  >>i  Implementa  must  be  proporli id  to  tba  whole  number  of  gun 

oarriages,  including  ili<-  spare  carr 

tat  bucktt  I"  each  travelling  carriage. 


PIKOE    TRAIN.  336 

Platforms. 

For  guns  and  howitzers l-10th  spare. 

For  mortars 1-^th      do. 

Embrazure  Shutters. 

For  half  the  number  of  guns  and  howitzers. 

Sparc  pari*  of  Carriages. 

Proportion  to  the  number  of  parts  in  the  carriages: 

Pi ni  re  carriages 1-HOth. 

Nuts   and  washers,  assorted 1-1  Oth. 

Linch  pins I-Sth. 

Axletreea 1  -20t  h . 

Wheels l-l.r,th. 

f  Shoulder l-20th. 

Axle  Washers  I 

(Linch 1-1  Oth. 

Cap  squares l-lDth. 

Poles,  one-half  ironed 1  -4th. 

Elevating  screws I-Vth. 

Leading  liars,  one  half  ironed 1-Sth. 

Spare  parts  of  Geld  carriages,  as  for  field  batteries. 

Timber  and  other  Mai,  rials  for  Repairs. 

Proportion  to  the  number  oi  parts  that  enter  into  the  construction  of  the  car- 
riages : 

Axle  bodies  for  siecje  carriages  ]-.r>0th — Breech  bolsters  l-20th — Cheeks  l-30th 
—  Fellies  l-50th— Spokes  l-Wth—  Fork  saddles  l-30lh  —  Poles  l-20th—  Hounds 
l-20th — Splinter  bars  l-20tb — Leading;  bars  1-1 0th — Square  timber  of  various 
scantlinjr — Plank — Wooden  parts  of  mortar  wagons;  of  each  l-20th. 

Bar  iron   :<  n  piece,  500 

lbs. — Sheet  Iron,  50  sheet — [ron  wire,  400  lbs. — Tin,  225  sheets-  rted, 

300  !(,«._>     -.  r  ,S8. 

Mat  hint 

7  Gin«,  with   tackle,  romp  i  Jack* — .r>  Lifting 

Jacki  '  I barmw «.  l-.r.th  for  shells — 7Handbarrowi — Balai  •  igh- 

ing — 10  Sparc  em  fall  —  75  Double  prolong  .  !e  prolongc- —  lira;:  rnpes. 


336 


<  HAP.   \i  — 1  <ji  irvi  \  i 


200 — 2J    inch  fathoms— Men's    harness,   50— Small    rope*,  200   lbs.— 

Twioe,  <•!   ■  ■  s,  50  ll>s. 

7Ws. 

makers'  and  blacksmiths'  tools     Pioneers'  tools,  i"t  U 
:  which  1,600  spades,  270  shove  - 
■  pare  t>">l  handles,  one  half. 
Axes,  3         i  pii  Bill  hooks,  S  to  a  pica  ivs,  varioaa  kiada, 

100 — 10  maaom  Scythe*, 

*> — Miners'  i>h>I> 


Laboratory  Tools  and  Materials. 


Sets ol  Laboratory  tools;  see  Chapter  X.,pag*23l 

,  pulverised 1,500  lbs.     Twin.' 

Sulphur,  pulverised 100  •• 

1  harcoal,  pulverised I'1" 

Sulphur,  roll LOO  " 

Pitch 150  •• 

IIumn L50  ■' 

Beeswax 50  •• 

Camphor 20  ■' 

Spirits  turpentine 10 

Sperm  oil 30  " 

Linseed  oil 

Tow — Tarred  links — J         -  •     etc. 


50  lbs. 

Tarred  rope  \  BM 200      " 

( !opper  wire lo    •• 

Brat>8  wire 10      •• 

<  lotton  Varn 25     " 

Glue 10    •• 

Wrapping  paper 10  n 

Tar 2  barrels 

powder 300  M>*. 

Quick  match ISO     u 

Torches 

*  loal  Tar  I  barrel 


Implements  for  firing  If"'  Shot. 
i  Sets— See  Chaftbk  XII I. 


Instruments  and  Books. 

2  Theodolites,  "r  other  Instruments  f'>r  measuring  angles  '.'  Levels  and  staves 
pi  -  •        l   Surveying  chaini — Diagonal  m  i  -  ol  mathematical 

Instrumenti — S|>v  glasses    ■Thermometer— Barometer. 

Jli/o/..\.  Ordnance  .Manual — Artillery  for  the  land  service  Tablea  ol  Bring  — 
Logarithmic  tables   -Drawing  paper. 

Misd  llaneous  Supplies. 

Smiths'  coal,  20  tons     Grease,  2,000  lbs.,  in  50  lb.  kegs    Sand 
.•a«-li  piece  of  ordnanci     Chevaox  <!<•  ("rise—  Scaling  laddera— Rampart  grates, 
50 — Tarpaulins,  various  sizrs,  loo — 2  Grindstones     Lanterns,  100-  Sperm  nan 
i  lb>. — Lamp  lighters' torches     Canvas     Friction  matches,  in  small  tin 


ARMAMENT    OK     KORTIIIC  ATTONS. 


3S7 


ARMAMENT  OF  FORTIFICATIONS. 

The  kind  and  number  of  pieces  of  ordnance  required  for  the  armament  ol  each 
"i  the  fortifications  are  prescribed  by  tin-  War  Department,  according  to  the 
character  and  extent  of  each  work. 

The  carriages,   ammunition,  implements,  equipments  and  other  supplies,  fbi 

a  fort  placed  on  tin-  war  establishment,  may  he  proportioned  to  the  number  of 
pieces  on  the  following  general  principles,  the  application  of  which  must,  how- 
ever, be  regulated  by  the  importance  of  the  position,  and  by  the  peculiar  circum- 
Stances  of  each  case. 


CARRIAGES. 


For  a  front  of  attack. 


For  other  land 
fronts  and  lor 
sea-coast  bat- 
teries. 


I  i  lasemale .. . . 

r.         ,.         |  liarbetle   . . . . 
Gun    (  Aii-  !  B 

siege 

RIAGES.  ...     ,  . 

|  Held 

|  Mortar    beds. 
Trench  ran-,  lor  advanced 

work- 

Sling    carls 

Tumbrils  or  hand    carl-.  .  . 
- 

travelling 
permanent  i  irgea  


AMMrMTION. 

h  10-in.  coluiubiad. 
f  mi  and  -■ 
howitzer  anil  S-io.  colum- 

biad 

i  Jl-pdr.  howitzer. 
■     bo«  :!/<  r  .  . 

Kur  each  1  0-in.  mortari . . . 

I  <t    each    inorlar 

For8>in.  mortar,  'tone  mor- 

1    Coeborn 


.1  Cih 

•  l-.'id  . 


,  l-.'ld  . 
,l-3d . 

,1-hh 


I  to  20  pieces 

1    tO  2o  piece- 

1  to  20  pieces 

I  to  each  field  piece. 

I  to  30  pieces  o(  all 
kinds. 


10(1    round- 


^00 
100 

.wi 

Kill 


l-20th 
l-10th 
l-10th 


l-10th  .. 


|  More  than  the 
[•      number   of 

pitM.   - 


I  to  2-r>  pieces  . 
1  to  20  | sea'  • 


2.r>0  roundi 
100      •• 

200 


I.20th  [  GrT 

and 

(   .mi- 

ter 


1  -2d 
)-2d|h 


100  lbs.  to  each  charge  of  a  Mone    mortar. 
Rampari  grenades,  '!"f|  lo  ■  frooi  of  attai  k 

f  a  field  battery  for  sorties,  300  rounds. 


» 


1)... 

do. 

Do 

do. 

Da 

do. 

Do. 

do. 

Do. 

da 

Do. 

do. 

Do. 

do. 

Id. 

do. 

Do. 

d... 

Do. 

do. 

Do. 

do. 

Do. 

do. 

JW8  CHAP.    XI  K.yl  IMfl  \  I  . 

G ii iipoinlsr.     The   quantity   of  cannon   powder    may   DC   Calculated   on    ll 

.  1 1  w  1 1 1  ^  principles . 

For  rach  charge  of  ■  pun —  \  of  ttra  weight  of  i ho  shot 
lO-in.  oolambiad,  31  ll>s. 

^-m.         da  12    " 

24-pdr.  howitser,  2    " 

^-in.  ftiege   liowit/er.      I 
10-in.  sea-coasl      do.      I-     " 
B-lo.        do.        do.      s    •• 
10-in.  mortar,  light,        7    "  "1 

10-in.      da      heavy,    IS    '■  |  iocludiog  the  charge  of  the 
B.in.      do.  3    "  !      shell. 

13-in.      d<».  30     -  ) 

Stone  mortar  1 

Coehorn  |  •• 

To  spare;  for  mining,  fireworks  and  waste,  l-10th  ol  the  whole,  including  ■ 
proportion  of  mealed  powder  and  its  components,  pulverized. 
Fuzes,  \  more  than  the  number  of  shells. 
'J'u/irs,  f.  the  number  of  rounds. 
Slow  match,  10  ll).s.  to  ;i  piece. 
Cannon  eartridgi  }>nper,  1  sheet  to  ■  round. 
Saoots. 

Wooden  bottoms  for  stone  mortars. 
Portfires,  l  to  .r>o  rounds. 

Percussion  primers,  ]  more  than  the  number  of  round-.,  for  pieces  furnished 
with  locks. 

Friction  primer*,  k  the  number  of  rounds. 


SmaU  Arms. 

Mu>kets 4  } 

sfusketooos A  |  more  than  the  number  of  troops  <>i  the 

Pistols &  {-several    kinds,   supposed    to    be    fully 

Artillery  and    Infantry  swords....   1-25  |  armed  ami  equipped. 
Cavalry  sabots 1-5    J 

Wall  pieces-   .r>0  to  a  front  of  attack,  or  a  front  exposed  to  escalade. 

Ammunition  :   Musket  cartridges,  for  each  man 100 

Musket oon,  pistol  and  r > 1 1 < ■  cartridges 100 

(  iartridgeS   for  each  wall  piece 100 

Spare  powder  for  small  arms,  |-25th  of  the  whole  quantitj    "equired  for  the 
cartridges — Cartridge  paper  in  proportion. 

Hints,  1  to  10  rounds,  for  arms  with  hint  locks. 

Percussion  caps,  in  addition  to  those  packed  with  the  cartridges,  !  the  number 
gf  rounds. 


ARMAMF.NT    OK    FORTIFICATIONS. 


*{<) 


Implements  and  Equipments. 


FOR  KACH  GUN. 

FOR  KACH   HOWIT7.KR. 

2 

Rammer* — 1  spare. 

The  same  as  for  a  gun,  omitting  pas* 

2 

Spongei — 1  spare. 

bu.r.  and  adding  : 

l 

Worm.  1        ,, 

1    Haversack. 

] 

T      ,.        \  to  d  pieces. 
Ladle,    J           ' 

1    Fuze  setter. 

1 

Linstock. 

1   Fuze  mallet. 

1 

Pass  box. 

1   Fuze  extractor,  to  6  pieces. 

1 

Iludge  barrel. 

1  Quadrant. 

1 

Tnlie  pouch. 

1   Fuze  saw. 

2 

Thumbstalls — 1  spare- 

1    Fuze  gimlet. 

3 

1 

Priming  wires — '.  spare. 
Gunners'  gimlet. 

1 

1 

Hausse,  or  tangent  scale. 
Vent  cover,  or  lock  cover. 

1 

Percussion  lock  and  2  lanyards. 

•) 

Lanyards  for  friction  tubes. 

1 

Water  bucket. 

FOR   F.ACH  MORTAR. 


1    Sponge  and  rammer. 
6  I  lahdspikes--4  shod. 
1   Linstock. 
1    Haversack. 

1  Tube  pouch. 

2  Priming  wires. 
1   Gunners'  gimlet. 
1  Quadrant. 
1  Plummet. 
•j  Pointing  wires. 
'.'  Qui 

pion. 

The  implements  for  shells  are  not  required  for  the  stone  mortar. 

■  \.  ii    CaSRHATI    CARRIAGE    (including   the    spare    carriages). — 2   Tract 
handspikes     1  ''hocks  —  l  Broom. 

I  .Hi    BAGS    liiiMiim     CARRIAOl     2  Manoeuvring   handspikes — 1    Tarpaulin,  or 
other  cover — 1  Platform  and  I   maul  j   if  the  platform  is  not  permanent. 

Por race  I  Handspikes-    1  Maul — 1  Platform. 


1  Pair  shell  hooks. 

I  Scraper. 

1  Spatula. 

1  Pair  gunners'  sleeves. 

1  Wiper. 

1  Fuze  setter. 

1  Mallet. 

1  Fuze  saw. 

I  Fuze  extractor,  to  0  mortars 

1  Basket. 

1  Broom. 

1  Tarpaulin. 


■MO  <  ii  .\  r.  m — squirm  n  i  . 


Span  Parti  for  repair  of  Carriages. 

Proportion  of  the  number  of  ^ i >:•  r«-  parts  to  that  of  similar  parts  which  belong 

to  the  earn. 

Porks  (or  traversing  wheela  "i  barbette  carriages  1-tiOth. 

Pintles  for  siege  carriage  limbers I  -.'Mill. 

Pintles  for  casemate  earriaget 1  -90th. 

Lineh  piaa l-fuh. 

I  for  siege  carriages I •30th. 

Axle  tree*  j  for  barbette  carriages l  40th. 

I  for  casemate  carriages I -40th. 

Boilers  for  casemate  carriages I -40th. 

Bolster  plates,  lor  pintles  not  permanently  fixed L-40th. 

[  for  siege  carriages L-l&th. 

I  for  barbette  upper  carriagea  (including  rollers) L-20th. 

Wheela    ;  for  casemate  do.  1-  I0il>. 

j  for  barbette  cbassia MQth. 

[  for  casemate  chaaaia L-40th. 

.    ,  .  f  shoulder L-20th. 

Axle  washers 

llinch l-10th. 

Ibr  sif^'r  carriage  limbers,  one  half  Ironed I -Itli. 

Elevating  screws I -6th. 

Tongues  (iron)  for  casemate  carriagea 1-lOth. 

Nuts,  assorted l-IOth. 


Timber  tui<l  other  Materials  for  Repairs. 

Cbeeka,  itocka,  navea,  apokea,  fellies,  for  siege  carriages;  ol  each   l-20lh— 
Cheeks  of  mortar  beds,  I-I2th.     Handspikes,   I  to  a  piece    Tool  bandit 
Sets  of  timber  for   barbette   carriagea,   l-20lh.      Ditto,  caaemate,   l-H'tli — Iron 
■swotted,  30  lbs.  to  each  piece     Nails  and  screws  assorted,  100  to  each  piece 
Steel,  I  Mi.  to  each  piece    Sheel  Iron,  8  square  feel  to  each  piece-  ] 
to  each  piece — Spare  pari*  for  small  arms,  see  Chaptki  vill. 

Machines,  Rapes,  <  tc 

Gins,  casemate  and  rampart,  as  maybe  required,  according  to  the  extent  of 
:l>-  fori   -Screw  jacks— Capstans-   Lever  jacks — Wheelbarrows,  1  to  each  pleoe 

[landbarrow,  for  ahells,  l  to  each  mortar— Sling  handbarrow,  or  frame  hand* 
barrow  with  l'-^^.  l  la  6  guns  and  howitzers  Platform  balance,  or  scales  and 
weights— Gin  falls,  L-flth  spare—  Double  prolongea,  it  to  each  ziu-  Drag  ropes — 


ARMAMENT    OF    FORTIFICATIONS.  .  34  I 

2J   in.   rope — Small   rope.  5  lbs.  to  a   piece — Handspikes,   7   feet  long — Skid* — 
Blocks — Rollers. 

Tools. 

Sets  of  carriage  makers',  smiths'  and  armorer*'  tools — Intrenching  and  miners' 
tools — Saws — Levels — Paviors'  rammers — 10-foot  rods — '2-fool  rules — the  nurn- 
licr  of  each  kind  lo  be  regulated  by  the  particular  circumstances  of  each  case. 

Tool*  1 1 ml  Materials  for  Fireworks. — See  Chapter  X. 

Laboratory  tools  and  materials,  ace  irding  to  the  extent  and  resources  of  the 
fort.     See  the  proportion  of  those  for  a  siege  train. 

For  each  ni^ht  of  a  siege,  or  lor  each  night  on  which  the  guns  will  probably 
be  served,  have  0  tarred  links  to  each  piece  mounted  on  the  ramparts  of  a  front 
of  attack,  or  of  a  sea-coa>t  battery,  and  5  fire  balls  for  a  front  of  attack — 6  car- 
i  asses  lor  each  large  mortar  on  a  front  of  attack. 

ii  rockets — Torches  —  Fire  stone,  etc.,  according  to  circumstances. 

Instruments,  Books  and  Stationery. 

irding  to  the  character  and  extent  of  the  fort — See  Biege  Train. 
Miscella  n  eo  us  Supp  I  ies . 

Timber,  plank  and  boards — Wood  for  sabots,  fascines,  gabions,  etc. — Pickets 
— (2oal,  5toni  la  ■>  forge — Grease — Grindstones — Rampart  grates,  2  to  each  piece 
on  I  he  ramparts — Sand  bags,  for  the  batteries  of  the  front  of  attack — Lantern,  1 
h  piece — Candles — Oil — Fire  engine  and  buckets. 

Field  piece*,  forming  a  part  of  the  armament  of  a  fortification,  should  be  pro- 
vided with  their  caissons,  an inilion.  etc..  as  for  service  in  the  field. 


CH  APT  E  R     T  \V  E  L  IT  II. 


MECHANICAL  MANCEUVKES. 

A  board  of  officers  has  been  recently  charged  with   revising  and  arranging  (he 
manoeuvres  of  heavy  ordnance;  pome  general  directions  with  regard  to  the 

mechanical  manoeuvres  are  retained  here  for  present  use. 

FIELD    A  RT I  LL E  R  V  . 

The   manoeuvres   may  lie  performed  by  the  men  attached  to  the  piece,  and   re 
quire  no  other  implements  than  those  belonging  to  the  piece. 

Begin,  in  all  cases,  by  nnlimbering  and  taking  oil'  the  implements  attached   to 
the  carriage. 

To  change  a   Wheel. 

Tighten  the  cap  squares;    raise   the  elevating  screw  to  its  whole  height;   rai>e 
the  carriage  by  means  of  two  handspikes,  one  in  the  bore  of  the  piece,  and  the 
other  crossed  under  the  first  ;   support  the  carriage  whilst  the  wheel  is  chan_ 
For  the  12-pdr.  carriage,  dig  a  hole  0  in.  deep  under  the  wheel  that  is  to  remain. 

in  order  to  prevent  it  from  sliding. 

To  dismount  <t  Pi* 

lake  off  the    cap-squares  j   run    up   the   elevating  screw  to  its   whole   height; 
raise  the  trail ;  stand  the  piece  npon  it-  muzzle  on  the  ground,  and  withdraw  the 

carriage. 

To  no "i i>i  a  Piece. 

Put  a  handspike  under  the   piece   a   little  in  rear  of  the  rimba-e-,  and    another 
under  the  cascablej    place  '£  men  at  the   first    handspike.   I  at  the  second,  and  2  at 

the  handles  or  (ll  tl  i  -  no  bandies     I  si  eat  i>  handspike,  and  raise  the 

•    upon  it-  muzzle;    bring  np  the  carriage,  rai-e  the  trail,  and  put  the  pie.  | 

mi-,  put  .ii  the  cap  squares, and  lower  the  trail, relieving  the  weight  of  ibe 

piece  by  r.u-ing  tbfl  in 

In  this  mamruvr.  ng.  it  may  be  DeCCMary,  with  the  l'J-pdr.  and 

makesa  hole  in  the  ground  for  the  muzzle. 
I  a  pirrr  ,'»  upm*\  from  it«  carriage  and  remount  it  a-  a! 


Ml  CHAP.      Kit. .Ml  <    II  \\l<    \l.     MAMIMKIv 


To  transport  <>  Piece  by  means  of  the  Limber. 

Detach  the  prolong* ;  place  the  limber  over  the  piece  ao  thai  the  pintle  hoot 

xhall  l>c  nv.T  the  handles  (or  over  tha  rc:ir  of  the  trunnions),  with  tha  breech 
toward  the  pole;  raiae  tha  pole,  and  eterate  the  rautale  ol  the  piece;  laah  lb* 
tin'  pintle  book,  with  the  prolonge,  l>y  passing  the  ring  "i  i !•  •-  prolonge 
twice  through  tha  bandies  kt  round  tha  piece  En  rear  of  the  trunnioi 
over  the  pintle  book  ;  with  the  looae  end  of  the  prolonge  lush  the  casoable  to 
the  fork  of  the  limber. 

Or,  the  gun  may  be   placed  on   blocks  tl  tin*   proper  lien-lit.  and  then  lashed  to 
the  limber  as  before. 


si  eg  E  a  rti  i.i.  i:  1;  y 
Implements. 

8  Hoiubputu  i  l  feel  long. 

l  Lever;  IS  feel  lone;,  5.5  in  square  j  the  ends  bevelled. 

1  Li  it  r  jack  ;  or  blocks  for  fulcrum, 

3  S/ioil  roller*,  (ot  ;:iins;  12  inches  Ions;;  6  in.  diameter  tor  12  and  18-pdn  . 
7  Inches  for  24-pdr.  TheiB  rollers  are  hollowed  out  in  the  middle,  to  the  depth 
of  0.25  in. 

•J  T<ong  tollns;   12  Inches  long,  6  inches  diameter. 

1  Small  hay  roller;  42  in.  long,  3  in.  diameter.  3  in.  high. 

1  Lny^i  half  rotter;  42  in.  long,  •  '>  in.  diameter,  '1  in.  high. 

'_'  Skills;   6  feet  long,  S  inches  -.(|iiare. 

l  Plant  ;  67  in.  long,  12  in.  wide,  2.25  in.  thick.    Tin'  ends  bevelled  on  oppo 

site  shies 

1   Block*  :   '-' )  ill.  long,  S  in.  si|iiare. 

1  Hi///'  UocLh  ;   JO  in.  Ion-,  8  in.  w  idc,   1  in.  thick. 

2  Quarter  bloekt;  pieces  ol  plank,  20  in.  long,  ii  in.  wide,  J  in.  thick;  for 
manoeuvre  of  mortar  bade. 

1  Purehaet  him/.,  for  a  fulcrum;  12.fi  in.  loug,  7  in.  wide,  5  in.  thick,  furnished 
with  a  handle  32  in.  Ion-,  like  a  maul;  a  groove  1.75  in.  wide  and  1  in.  deep  is 
eut  in  one  side  ;md  one  end. 

•  >  Gun  ehoeie;  wedgea-  3.5  in.  long,  2.75  in.  wide,  2.5  in.  high. 

6  Wheel  ehoelct;  7  In.  long;  the  cross  section  is  triangular,  i>ase  6  in.,  height 

3. 'Jo  in.:    the  tipper  angle  rounded. 

ii  Ritltt  i  ehoeie;  made  like  the  wheel  chocks:  length  7  in.,  ha.se  4  in.,  height 
1.5  in. 


S1KGK    ARTILLKRY.  «M6 

9  Long  fh'ds  .    IS  feel  long,  s  in.  square  :  lor  rolling  guns  on. 
1    11a  miner. 

1   Wrench. 

Ropi  8. 

1  Double  prolonge  ;  girth  3.85  in.,  length  78  feci  ;  a  loop  L8  in.  long  at  one  end. 

1  Single  prolong*;  girth  3  in.,  length  48  feel. 

1   Troce  rope ;  girth  2.25  in.,  length  30  feet. 

1  Lashing  line ;  girth  1.75  in.,  length  10  feet. 

The  prolonges  used  in  the  mechanical  manoeuvres  with  heavy  pieces  should 
lie  designated  by  their  lengths,  in  order  to  distinguish  them  from  those  used  l>>r 
tieid  service. 

For  the  weight  and  strength  of  ropes,  see  Chapter  XIV. 

Knots  ;    Piatt  19. 

A  non-commissioned  officer  and  11  men  are  required  lor  the  manoeuvres. 

In  order  to  avoid  accidents,  the  functions  of  each  man  should  he  designated 
beforehand. 


Preliminary  Manoeuvres. 

luPLKXCHTS :  6  handspikes — 1  lever  jack — 1  gun  roller — 1  small  half  roller — 
1  larpe  half  roller — 4  blocks — 2  half  blocks — 1  purchase  block — 2  gun  chocks — 
4  roller  chocks  -  ,;  wheel  chocks. 

1.  The  gnu  being  on  the  ground,  to  place  blocks  under  the  chase  and  reinforce. 
Embar  with  lour  handspikes,  two  on  each  side,  and  raise  lirst  the  chase  and 
then  the  breech,  to  place  the  blocks. 

To  take  them  out,  embar  BS  before  and  remove  the  block  from  the  breech  first. 

2.  The    pun    resting   on    tiro  blocks,  to  place   the   half  roller   under  the   leinfmre 

•  ■   two   blocks   parallel   to   the  piece,  and   by  two  purchases  with   the  lever. 
under   the   Itaob  of  thi  ■  .  raise  the  breech  and   lay  the  large    half  roller 

■cross    these   blocks.     The   half  roller  is  taken  out   by  heaving  as  above,  and  the 
breech  is  supported  by  a  block. 

3.  The  pun  being  man  nted  on  its  carriage  and  tn  the  1 1  a  anion  holes,  either  lim- 

or    vnlimbeied.    to   placf    a    roller    under    the    reinforce,  or   to    remove    it       l'ear 
down  on  the  muzzle  j   plai  B  Of  reatOVti  l lie  roller. 

•1.  The  pun  hiing  in  tin  travelling  position .  and  limhet e d  np.  to  pince  a  toller 
nndei   the  •    under  the  ba»e  ring,  with  two  hand- 

spikes supported  on  the  pun  base  block,  laid  on 


:U(i  CHAP.    XII.  —  MBOHANICAJ     ■ANCK0VRB8. 

To  yliire  tin*  rullrr  >ir,irrr  thr  rrntrr   of  gravity  of  thr  jnrrr  ;    lake    ;i  second    pur- 

e  wiih  die  handspikes,  supported  on  tin-  small  half  roller  laid  >>n  ibe  pur. 
Mock.    Tin*  roller  la  removed  by  raiaiog  the  breecb  aa  above. 

5.    Thr  01  in    thr    trunnion    holts,   to    n ulnn/irr.      Uohook    ihfl   lashing 

chain  |  raiae  the  trail  by  meana  of  a  bandapike  placed  across  under  ii 

tin-  movement  by  bearing  <>n  a  bandapike  inaeried  In  1 1 » « -  bore.     When  lha  pintle 

is  disengaged,  remove  the  limber  and  lower  I  he  trail  to  the  ground. 

limber  up.     Raiae  the  trail  a-  before;  link  tin-  limber,  insert  the  pintle 

in  the  pintle  hole,  and  hook  the  laahing  chain. 

7.  Tin  pint  being  in  </••  travelling  poeition,  tr,  unlimbvr.  Hear  down  on  the  pole 
which  will  raiae  the  stock  sufficiently  high  to  place  I  blocks  and  a  hall  block 
under  the  middle  of  the  stock  ;  raiae  the  pole  to  disengage  the  pintle  and  remove 
the  limber. 

'/'.,  lower  Uu  trail  on  tk*  .//••-»"./.  Take  a  purchaae  with  the  lever  under  the 
trail.  >lni"t  the  blocks  under  the  manoeuvring  bolts,  remove  successively  al  each 
purchaae  a  hair  block,  or  a  block,  as  the  lever  will  allow,  and  lay  a  chock  in 

place  of  the  lowest  block    Which  can   be  removed  with  a  lift  Of  the  lever,  or  with 
handspikes. 

In  thr  mortar  wagon,  lirsl  raise  the  pole,  and  lay  B  half  roller  on  the  end  of  the 

fori  agalnat  the  pintle;  on  loweringtbe  pole,  the  stock  is  raised  sufficiently  to 
place  the  blocka  as  above. 

s.   To  limber  up.    The  trail  is  raised  on   four  Mocks  and  a  half  block  by  sii.-- 

MVe  pun- liases  with  the  lever,  as  in  lowering  it  j  placing  a  Mock  or  hall   I  dock 
at  each  heave,  as  the  lift  will  allow. 


To  '-I'lH'ii   ./  /''"•<  from  tin'  Trunnion   "Soles  to  tin    Travelling 

Position. 

Required:  11  men— 0  handspikes— 1  gun  roller— 1  small  halt  roller— 1  pur- 
chaae  block     '-'  gun  chocks-    l  roller  chock*  -d  wheel  chocks — l  trace  rope. 

Th<-  carriage  must  l>e  limbered  up.  or  the  tr.nl  raised  upon  :i  Mocks  and  a  half 
block. 

(hock  the  wheels;  depress  the  muzzle;  remove  the  elevating  screw,  and 
place  a  roller  under  the  reinlorce. 

Lift  the  muzzle,  pushing  the    piece  Lack,  battling  at  the  same  time  on  the  trace 

rope  attached  to  the  knob  of  the  caacable,  until  the  trunniona  come  over  their 

i       Remove  the  roller,  and  lower  the  hrcech  on  the  holster. 


BIKOB    ARTILLERY.  847 


To  chahgt   a  Piece  front  its  Travelling  Position  to  the  Trunnion 

Moles. 

The  carriage  being  limbered  up,  or  the  trail  retting  on  1  blocks  and  1  half 
block. 

Place  a  roller  under  the  reinforce  as  near  as  possible  t<>  ihe  nmbases. 

Raise  the  cbaae,  and  let  the  gun  run  forward  to  its  position,  checking  it  with 
the  trace  rope  attached  to  the  knob  of  the  cascahle.  As  BOOtl  as  the  trunnions 
pass  over  the  chin  holts,  depreaa  the  muzzle,  and  the  trunnions  drop  into  their 
hole*. 

Remove  the  roller  and  put  in  the  elevating  screw. 

To  Change  a  Wheel. 

11  Men — 1  level;  jack — 2  wheel  chocks. 

(hock  the  wheel  which  is  to  remain  ;  raise  the  carriage  by  means  of  the  lever 
jack  applied  in  front  of  the  axletree.  and  support  it  until  the  wheel  is  changed. 

To  Mount  a  Piece  on  its  Carriage. 

1  1  Men — 'i  handspikes — 1  lever  and  blocks  (or  a  lever  jack) — 1  gun  roller — 
1  small  half  roller — 1  large  half  roller — 2  skids— 1  blocks — 1  half  blocks — 1  pur- 
chase block — 2  gun  chocks — 1  roller  chocks — 8  wheel  chocks — 1  trace  rope. 

g  in  r •  s 1 1 n ir  on  two  blocks,  bring  up  the  carriage  unlimbered,  in  line  with 
it.  the  trail  2  yards  from  the  muzzle  :  Place  the  large  half  roller  in  rear  of  the 
rimbascs.  resting  it  on  the  two  skids  ;  raise  the  chase  by  a  handspike  placed  across 
under  the  neck,  and  run  the  carriage  back  until  the  swell  of  the  muzzle  rests  c)n 
the  bolster.  With  the  lever  jack,  misc  the  breech  and  place  two  blocks  on  the 
skids,  one  under  each  end  of  the  large  half  roller.  Lift  the  chase,  and  run  back 
the  carriage  until  the  bolster  touches  the  half  roller;  take  a  purchase  under  the 
breech,  and  continue  to  raise  it  until  two  half  blocks  are  placed  under  each  end 
of  the  half  roller.  Lift  the  muzzle-,  by  inserting  a  handspike  in  it,  and  run  back 
the  c  srriage  until  the  rear  ends  "i  the  cheeks  tout  h  the  half  roller,  and  the  trun- 
nions sre  over  their  travelling  position.  liaise  the  trail  with  the  lever,  and 
remove  Ike  I  blocks  and  a  half  block  to  the  trail  under,  the  position  of  the 
manoeuvring  bolts.  Lift  the  efaaae  and  insert  a  gun  roller  by  the  front  as  | 
the  li  ■   muzzle,  to  make  the  piece  bear  on  the  rollei 

i  h<-  piece  to  the  truanii  >a  h- 

y    Dismount  a  /' 

H nplements  required  as  for  mounting  it      Lit  the  trail  by  a  hand- 
spike "b-r    it,  and    ■- u j»|.< »rt    it    01  3   blocks    and    a    half  block,  under  the 

manoeuvring  bolt*. 


:HS  CHAP.    III.  —  Ml.illANK   \l     HANCBCVRK8. 

Change  ihe  piece  over  the  travelling  trnnnfon  1  »* »Im — .  and  when  (he  roller  i» 
removed,  place  the  large  balf  roller  on  the  si.uk  against  the  n  ar  of  the  cheeks. 
Take  ■  purchase  under  1 1 •  •>-  trail,  with  the  lever  jack,  and  remove  ihe  blocks  tu 
th>-  skids,  placing  '-'  blocks  and  '-'  half  blocks  cm  each  skid  under  Ihe  ends  of  the 
half  roller :  as  the  trail  comes  to  the  ground,  the  ends  bear  on  these  I ■!« »*  U — .  Raise 
the  tnurile,  and  run  out  the  carriage  until  the  mussle,  resting  on  [Bo  stock,  i- 
within  6  in.  of  the  rear  end  <>r  the  cheeks.  Raise  the  breech,  and  lower  the  half 
roller  by  a  block  on  each  side.  Lifl  the  muzzle  an. I  run  out  the  carriage,  until 
ill.-  swell  of  the  muzzle  rests  on  the  bolster.     Raise  the  breech  ami  remove  l 

block  ami  1  half  blookj  HA  the  muzzle,  remove  the  carriage,  ami  let  tin'  muzzle 
rest  on  ;i  block  ;   take  out  tin-  half  roller  ami  leave  llie  piece  on  2  blocks. 

Nora. — The  manoeuvre  of  mounting  a  gun  may  also  \»-  performed  expedi- 
tiously, without  the  use  of  tin-  lever  jack,  by  raising  the  muzzle  ami  the  breech, 

in  mi  ind  placing  tWO  Sets  of  blocks  under  the  piece,  near  the  trunnion-. 

until  it  is  raised  so  as  to  rest  on  two  skids,'wilh  four  blocks  and  a  large  half 
roller  in  each  set.  In  this  position,  by  bearing  down  the  unrVzle  and  removing; 
the  rear  set  of  Mocks,  the  carriage,  limbered  up.  may  be  run  under  the  breeuh  : 
u    roller   is    then    placed   on   the    Stock,  and  the  gun    is    hauled   back,  with   a   rope 

attached  to  the  knob  of  the  cascable,  until  the  trunnions  are  over  the  trunnion 
holes.     Remove  the  front  set  ol  blocks  and  the  roller,  and  lower  the  piece  into 

its  place. 

This  method  requires  10  additional  blocks,  20  inches  Ion-,  B  inches  square. 
The  gun  may  he  dismounted  in  like  manner,  by  an  inverse  inan.cuvrc. 


To  Change  a  <  'arriagt . 

1 1  men  6  handspikes — 1  gun  rollers — 1  small  half  roller — a  plank  with  bevelled 
ends — 2  gun  chocks     S  roller  chocks — 6  wheel  chocks. 

The  carriage  with  the  gun  being  unlimbered,  bring  up  the  new  carriage  lim- 
bered up.  in  hue  with  the  first  :  the  head  ol'  its  cheek-,  two  yards  from  the  tr.nl  of 
the  other  carriage.  Place  a  gun  roller  under  the  reinforce  ol  the  gun  and  lilt  up 
the  muzzle,  I.,  raise  the  trunnions  from  the  trunnion  hole-.,  into  which  insert  the 
lower  end  id'  tWO  handspikes,  and  let  the  trunnion-.  rest  on  lliem.  Kim  up  the 
new  carriage,  over  the  stock  of  the  first,  until  the  wheels  touch,  taking  care  thai 
they  are  in  ihe  game  line.      Slide   ihe    plank   forward  between  the   cheeks,  until  it 

hears  upon  the  heads  of  both  stocks, and  wedge  one  of  the  gun  rollers  on  the 
stock  oi  the  hr>t  carriage,  so  that  it  will  aapporl  the  plank  if  the  weight  of  the 

gun  causes  it  to  spring;   place  a  roller  on  the  plank  near  the  riinhases,  and  make 

the  traoe  i"i"-  last  to  the  knob  of  the  oascable.     Lift  and  push  al  the  muzzle; 

haul  on  the  rope,  placing  a  second    roller  under  and  near  the  base  ring,  and   let  it 


SIEGE    ARTILLERY 


:M<> 


dear  the   plank  and   rest  on  the  stock,  touching  the  plank,  when  the  trunnions 
are  over  t he  chin  bolts. 

Take  two  or  three  turns  with  the  rope  around  the  manoeuvring  holts,  and  hold 
taut  on  the  rope.  Raise  the  muzzle  :  lake  out  the  front  roller  by  the  head  of  the 
cheeks,  and  run  the  first  carriage  forward,  lifting  the  muzzle  and  letting  it  rest 
on  Ihe  Block  ms  the  carriage  is  moved  oil' gradually.  The  trunnions  will  hear  on 
the  rear  edges  ol  the  trunnion  holes.  When  the  first  carriage  it  out  of  the  way, 
remove  the  plank  by  the  front,  and  insert  a  handspike  in  the  muzzle;  raise  and 
work  it,  slacking  off  the  rope  at  the  same  time  sufficiently  to  let  the  trunnions 
drop  into  their  places.  Put  in  the  elevating  screw;  remove  the  roller  and  rope. 
and  put  on  the  cap  squares. 


To  place  upon  a  Mortar  Wagon  a  Mortar  on  its  bed. 

\\  Men— 6  handspikes— '2  long  rollers— 1  block— 2  half  blocks— 4  roller  chocks 
— t'i  wheel  chocks — "2  quarter  blocks — 1  single  prolonge. 

The  mortar  being  on  its  bed.  the  mortar  wagon  unlimbered  is  placed  in  the 
prolongation  of  the  axis  of  the  bed,  the  trail  two  yards  from  the  rear  of  the  bed. 
Place  the  quarter  blpcks  under  the  heads  of  the  cheeks;  lift  the  rear  of  the  bed 
by  handspikes  at  the  rear  notches,  and  place  a  handspike  under  it.  or  support  it 
by  the  half  blocks  under  the  cheeks.  Use  the  block,  with  chocks  on  it.  B«  a 
fulcrum  ;  take  a  purchase  under  the  rear  part  of  the  transom  and  lift  it,  placing  a 
roller  under  the  middle  of  the  bed,  its  ends  resting  on  the  two  half  block-.  I!un 
the  wagon  back,  the  stock  under  the  middle  of  the  bed  ;  place  the  second  roller 
on  the  stock  above  the  nuts  of  the  pintle  plate  bolls.  Double  the  prolonge.  and 
hook  the  middle  of  it  on  the  hooks  of  the  windlass  ;  take  a  turn  with  each  end 
round  the  windlass  and  carry  the  ends  to  the  rear  manoeuvring  beds  j  take  ■ 
turn  round  each  and  make  the  ends  fast.  Heave  at  the  windlass:  when  the 
roller  on   the   half  blocks  is  free,  replace  it  under  the    ends  of  the  cheeks,  as   the 

mortar  rises  on  the  wagon,  and  draw  it  up  until  the  rear  ends  ol  tin*  cheeks 
|ouch  the  rear  i  roes  bar  plate.  The  roller  will  be  in  front  of  the  centre  of  grav- 
ity, and  I  lie  ends  of  the  cheeks  will  touch  the  bottom  boards.  Limber  up- 
Take  the  rope  from  the  roller;  carry  the  bight  to  the  front,  draw  the  mortar 
forward    to    it-    proper   position.      By   a    purchase    under   I  he  transom,   with    two 

handspikes,  remove  the  roller  anil  lower  the  bed  on  a  hand-pike.  Take  a  second 
purchase,  with  half  I  lupports,  under  the  rear  notch***  of  the  ohei 

re  i  nine  I  i  B  ha  mi-  pi  k  e.  and  let  the  mortar  down  "ii  the  wagoa. 


350  «   II  MV     \!l  ■BCHAKK    \l      v  \n<i:i  \  KK.s. 


Tht  Mortar  \fortar  Wagon,  to  '  •  the  grou 

The  mom  Implement!     P  !<-r  under  the  bed,  by  raising  it  in  the 

■    menner  m  it  removing  the  roller.     Pii  the  rope  i"  1 1 1  *-  windless  and  take 

.my  Uirnx   round    il  ;i<   are  renmred   for  drawing  the  mortar  Up.      Allied   the 

,.,,,1-  r  manoeuvring  !>■  »it > :  work  the  windlisi  ind  draw  the  mortar 

r  ends  of  the  cheeks  touch  the  rear  crbus  bar.  Unlimber.  bower 
away  by  unwinding  the  windlass,  placing  ■  second  roller  under  the  bend  of  the 
cheeks,  sa  the  first  pisses  the  centre  of  gravity  j  and  when  the  litter  i  free 
plioe  it  nnder  the  bead  of  the  cheeks,  when  thev  come  near  the  two  bill  bloeka 
Nt id  <mi  «-.u  li  tide  cii  the  trail.  When  the  ropea  no  longer  bear,  i  ik<-  them  <>H'  oi 
the  bolts.  Piece  the  qairter  blocks  under  the  head  of  the  cheeks,  and  ran  the 
bed  forwird  with  handspikes,  is  into  battery.  Remove  the  wagon  ;  and  i>> 
raising  the  rear  of  the  bed,  a>  U  iirM.  take  out  the  roller  and  let  the  bed  real  on 

mid. 

To  Mount  'i  Su       M  rtar  on  its  bed. 

I  Hindspikes;  1  tingle  prolonge;  l  hammer;  1  wrench. 

Raise  the  mortar  on  us  muzzle;  bring  up  the  bed,  the  front  transom  within  ti 
in.  of  the  mortar,  the  vent  of  which  ahould  be  on  the  side  opposite  to  the  bed. 
Take  a  double  turn  with  the  middle  of  the  rope  round  the  mortar,  close  to  the 
muzzle  rin-.  the  tie  in  front;  bring  the  ends  up  over  the  trunnions,  and  carry 
them  to  the  rear.  Place  two  hindspikei  under  the  trunnions,  the  lower  enda 
the  platform,  or  on  the  ground.  Heave  and  hiul  the  mortir  against 
the  bolster;  place  l  handspike  under  each  trunnion,  the  enda  resting  on  the  bol- 
ster, and  two  other  handspikes  between  the  beida  oi  the  cheeks  and  the  mortir 
Heave  and  haul,  to  raise  the  mortar  on  the  bolster.  t  is  sufficiently 

raised,  shirt  one  of  the  handspikes  from  under  the  piece  to  the  bore ;  heave  again, 

and  the  mortar  will  fall  into  its  place. 

Remove  the  rope  and  put  on  tin-  cap  squares, 

To  pul  on  or  to  remove  the  cap  iquarea,  it  ia  necessary  to  bring  th,  mortar  i»to 
a  vtrtieal  poaition.  To  do  this,  place  2  handspikes  in  the  mussle,  and  support 
them  by  a  wheel  chock  or  a  piece  of  plank ;  fasten  the  middle  of  the  rope  to  the 
onds  oi  the  hindspikes,  and  haul  on  tin-  rope,  assisted  by  two  hindspikes,  with 
which  the  mortar  is  elmeked,  when  it  becomes  upright. 


To  Dismount  a  Mortar  from  its  bed. 

Bring  the  mortar  vertical  a>  above  described,  and  remove  the  cap  squires;  t»ke 
the  haadspikea  qui  of  the  bore  .  pan  the  middle  of  the  rope  around  the  mortar, 


SIEGE     ARTILLERY.  851 

just  under  the  muzzle  ring,  and  carry  the  ends  to  the  rear;  give  a  smart  haul  on 
the  rope,  assisted  by  two  handspikes,  and  the  mortar  will  fall  over  the  transom 
and  light  on  its  muzzle. 

A  mortar  standing  on  its  face  may  he  moved  (cut)  by  means  of  two  hand- 
spikes lashed  to  the  trunnions. 

The   mortar    iragon   also    si>v<-    for  transporting  a  gun,  Which  Is   drawn  up   on 

rollers,  breech  first,  in  a  similar  manner  to  the  mortar  and  lied. 

The  piece  can  he  shifted  very  quickly  from  this  wagon  to  its  carriage,  both 
being  limbered.  The  carriage  and  wagon  are  placed  on  the  same  line;  the  head 
of  the  cheeks  next  to  the  windlass,  the  wheels  touching.  Place  2  large  rollers 
under  the  piece,  and  a  gun  roller  on  the  head  of  the  stock;  make  the  middle  of 
the  trace  rope  last  to  the  knob  of  the  cascable,  and  run  the  piece  hack  until  the 
trunnions  are  over  the  trunnion  holes.  Remove  the  wagon,  and  lower  the  trun- 
nions Into  their  holes.  In  a  similar  manner,  the  gun  is  changed  from  us  carriage 
to  the  wagon. 

Thr  lifting  jack  (a  powerful  geared  screw  jack),  is  very  useful  with  siege  bat- 
teries. It  may  be  used  in  place  of  the  lever  jack  with  fewer  men,  but  requires 
more  lime.  For  any  single  operation,  il  is  extremely  convenient;  as,  with  it.  any 
part  of  a  gun  or  carriage  can  he  raised 


To  Transport  a  Piect  "-it/,  a  Sling  Cart. 

1  •!.    With    the.  common    fling   enrt.      10    Men  —  1    piece   of   5-in.    rope — I    double 

prolonge,  or  2  single  001 1  chocks  for  wheel: — 6  handsptki 

The  piece  being  raised  from  the  ground  on  blocks,  bring  up  the  sling  cart  over 
the  piece,  the  breech  toward  the  pole;  raise  the  pole  vertically,  by  hand  and  by 
means  of  a  prolonge  attached  to  the  end  of  it,  and  keep  it  in  that  position  by 
passing  a  handspike  on  each  side  of  ii  between  the  spokes  of  the  wheels.  Sling 
the  piece  with  the  rope  passed  under  il  before  and  behind  the  trunnions,  and 
over  the  bolster;  lake  out  the  handspikes  from  between  the  spoke-,  and  lower 
ihe  pole  by  means  oi  the  prolonge  snd  by  hand  ;  lash  the  breech  to  it.  and  brine 

lip   the    III. 

V,iii     tin     >f'rir    $tiflg   r<nl         1     Men.    With     lashlUg     rope*        The    sling    cart 
'.em-    111    place.  --Iiur;  the   gun  with  a    rope  or  with    •  older    it   and 

iks  oi  the  screw  he. id.  or  with  chains  famished  with  i 
embrace  the  trnnufoae.     Rs  •    e  by  turning  the  handles  ol  lh< 

nut.  and  when  it  i»  sufficiently  high.  Ia«h  the  load  to  the  bolster  and   poll 

•    v       The  i  mi]   ihe 

machinery  mast    be    kept    in  g  •  ■       .  .  •       .piickly 

by  Mocking  it  up  as  high  a-  permit 


382  CHAP.    \ll        Mi <  n  \\n   \i     I  \\o  i  \  1:1  -. 

by  Hand  in  th>   ZV<  n*  '• 

I  i  Men    S  ii  aadspita 1  don  •  —3  half  pr  men's  harness 

The  p  withonl  the  limber,  and  may  Im  moved  with  either 

the  breech  or  the  musile  foremost.    The  i i r -•  t  method  Is  ■  little  more  ex|>editlous, 
tuii.  in  turning  sharp  angles,  ii  i»  attended  with  mora  danger  i"  I  he  men  who 
»u|i|iori  the  trail.    The  second  method  Ii  preferable.     Double  the  double  proloi 
or  attach  two  single  prolonge*  t"  the  axielree;  make  loops  in  each  part  i 
handspike*,  the  iir»i  under  the  chase,  the  others  ••!  3  feel  apart;  pot  I  men  at 
each  handspike;  I  behind  the  trail  with  handspike*;  Ihe  rest  on  the 
push  I  be  wheels,  aad  if  necessary,  to  cir.n:  on  them,  ■•  described  in  the  nasi 
maaornvn  Ihe  men  ;>i  the  prolonge  leave  ii  to  drag  on  ihe  wheela  :  in 

short  turn  a  bo  are  al  Ihe  iir»t  handspikes  fall  back  lo  the  others 

/     ExtricaU  a  Piect  that  is  mired. 

The  number  of  men  In  proportion  t"  the  difficulty— 9  prolonge*     handspikes. 
Attach  :i  prolonge  by  one  end  to  one  "f  the  lower  ipokea  of  each  wheel,  and 
bring  ili<-  other  cud  round  i"  the  front,  over  the  lire.    The  men  drag  on  ih«* 
prolongea  directly,  or  on  th<'  handspikes  passed  through  loopa  In  them. 

GARRISON  ARTILLERY. 

/     lower,  from  its  Chassis,  a   BarbetU    Carriage  with  iU   /' 

mounted. 

This  carriage  <•:"<  transport  n>  piece  with  the  assistance  <>r  the  limber  of  a  Bald 
piece)  from  which  the  ammunition  l»>x   la  removed— 18  man  are  required  i>> 
remove   •'   -'i-|»lr.-l   baadapikea     l    large    block— 9  skids— 3  -h>>rt   pieeei 
skidding. 

The  piece  being  in  battery,  lower  the  elevating  soraw  ;i  little ;  chock  the  rollers 
behind  .  pass  ;<  handspike  through  1 1* «-  manoeuvring  loop  al  the  «-»•*!  "i  the  i"ii- u<- . 
place  iw>  men  al  each  end  of  this  handspike,  and  two  at  each  end  of  another 
passed  under  il"-  tongue.     Raise  the  chassis,  take  "<ii  ihe  forks  and  iravi 
wheels,  and  lay  them  on  the  ground  j  lower  the  rear  of  ihe  ohaasis  i>n  the  iravers- 
Ing  platform.     Pul  ■<  ^I>hI  or  plank  on  aaoh  side  of  1 1* « -  ohaasia,  raised  on  bl 
ai  one  end,  so  thai  ii  nearly  touches  the  wheel.     Roll  the  earriage  back  nil  th<- 
wheela  real  upon  tin*  vki<l  and  the  muzale  clears  the  parapet  about  three  or  i"ur 
put  a  handspike  In  th<-  bore, another  across  the  top  "i  the  chase,  a  third 
through  Ihe  manoeuvring  staple*,  and  ;>  fourth  under  the  lunette  plate;  p 
two  men  at  the  first  handspike,  and  four  ;tt  each  of  ih<-  three  othersj  raise  ih<- 
ir.nl  .'i  the  carriage,  and  place  ■  block  under  the  rear  transom.     Baok  "i>  ti><- 
Umber  and  Insert  the  pintle  hook  Into  the  lunette.     Lighten  "i>  the  trail,  t 


GARRISON    ARTIl.T.fcRY.  .  868 

move   the   Mock  :   key  the  pintle  hook,  and   lower  the  elevating  screw.     All  the 
men  working  at  the  wheels  of  the  carriage  and  limber,  and  at  the  pole,  lower 
<■  gently  from  the  platform.     Horses  may  then  be  attached  to  the  limber. 
,i  necessary. 

To  rain  on  itt  Chassis  a  Barbette  Garriagt  with  its  Piece  mounted 

The  same  number  of  men  and  the  same  implements  as  in  the  precediog  ma- 
noeuvre.   The  chassis  having  been  lowered,  as  in  the  first  part  of  the  preceding 

manoeuvre,  Wring  the  carriage  tip  to  the  rear  of  the   platform  and  place  opposite 

to  each  wheel  a  plank    resting  nn   two   blocks,  making  a  gentle  slope  to  roll  the 

carriage  up  on  the  traversing  platform — place  skids  as  before  on  each  side  of  the 

chaasis-r-raove  the  carriage  forward  until  the  rollers  nearly  rest  upon  the  rails — 

run  up  the  elevating  screw — lighten  up  the  trail,  to  disengage  the  pintle  honk  — 

remove   the    limber,   and   lower  the   lunette   plate   on   a  block    placed    upon    the 

tongue  -raise  the  trail  again,  to  remove  the  block — lower  the  trail  transom  upon 

the  tongue — run   the  carriage  up  to  battery — replace  the  traverse  wheels  in  the 

manner  as  directed  lor  taking  them  out  in  the  preceding  manoeuvre. 

In  situations  where  it  maybe  required,  the  carriage  can  be  used  without  its 

chassis;   in    tins    manner  it  may  be   applied  to  the   embrasures   of  field  works,  by 

_  .t  in  battery  on  a  common  platform  for  a  siege  piece,  and  resting  the  trail 

on  a  skid  attached  to  the  front  hurter  by  a  pintle.    The  rear  of  this  skid  may 

rc-t  on  .1  block  so  as  l<   give  n  the  same  inclination  as  the  tongue  of  the  chassis. 

'/'..  I'll.,  ,i  Casemate  Carriaoi  in  Battery  and  mount  its  Gun. 

14  to  16   men    required.     The  gun    is   brought   to  the   casemate   with   the   slum 
cart,  and  carried  through  the  galleries  on  a  truck. 

The   carriage    for   the   embrasure    farthest    from   the   door  of  entrance    I-   to    be 

Irrt,  and  it-  gun  mounted  before  the  next  carriage  is  placed.    The  • 

i  l  into  the  tongue  hole,  am)  the  pintle  in  its  hole,  through 
the  end  ul  lb< 
The  i  .is  lifted  by  hand  and  placed  on  thi  i  hich  is  tra 

hi  i»  laid  ne.ir  the  middle  of  the  casemate  on  blocks,  the 

toward  the  embrasure.     The  casemati  11  feet  long)  is  placed 

over  t hi  _  ' i n  :   the   legs   and   the    roller   nver  the   gun,  the    pry-pole 

over  ll  ■  equipped  and  the  gun   slun:.'  in  the  usual  manner. 

When  the  pun  is  raised  - 1 1  IT.  ■  .the  cbast  mdet  it,  and 

trunnion  i  l  j  inder  the 

t  illy  to  its  place.     1'nsbng  the 

the  gin. 


.■{.")!  CHAP.    KM. —  NECHANICA1     HANOCUVRM. 


MANCECTVRE8  OF  THE  FIELD  AND  SIEGE  GIN. 

10  mi  n.  including  ii  non-oommtssioned  officer  u  director — r>  handspikes—  l 
gin  i. ill  -42  liniv — ;i  namber  of  pulley  blocks,  single  it  double,  ■coording  u>  the 
manner  in  which  Ihe  gin  is  to  l>e  equipped. 

The  gin  fall  ia  l-in.  rope,  90  feet  long. 

To  }iut  the  dm  togi  ther. 

Laj  the  legs  on  the  ground,  the  outer  tidea  up,  the  bevels  toward  each  other . 
place  the  windlass;  conned  the  heads  of  the  cheeks  by  the  assembling  boll . 
mid  insert  successively  tin1  1st,  '-2)1  and  third  cross  bars,  and  key  them. 

To  carry  the  Gin. 

Put  six  men  ;it  the  legs,  vis.:  2  abreast  of  the  windlass,  "  abreasl  of  the  - 
ia  bar,  and  2  near  the  head;  2  men,  with  a  handspike,  carry  the  fall  coiled 
up,  with  the  blocks  honked  m  it;  one  man  carries  the  prypole,  another  the 
remaining  handspikes  and  the  lines. 

To  set  up  thi   din. 

6  men,  placed  in  the  bame  manner  as  ibr  carrying  the  gin,  set  it  up;  2  men 
place  their  feet  against  the  bottom  of  the  legs,  or  their  handspikes  against  the 
lower  cross  bar;  one  sets  up  the  prypole,  two  paces  in  fronl  of  the  head  of  the 
gin,  facing  it.  The  director  assists  by  putting  the  end  of  .i  handspike  into  the 
slit  lor  the  tongue  of  the  pry  pole.  When  the  prypole  is  in  place,  the  fool  of  u 
should  be  equally  distant  from  the  two  le^s,  12  feel  from  the  lower  cross  bar; 
ihe  pullies  should  be  over  the  middle  of  the  weight  to  be  raised. 

To  equip  the  Gin. 

The  gin  equipped  with  one  pulley,  can  raise  a   12  p ler  garrison  gun  ;  with 

v.  an  18-pounder;  with  3,  a  24-pounder;  with  S  or  6,  a  32  or  12-pounder.  It  is 
generally  proper  to  nae  more  pulleys  than  are  absolutely  necessary,  in  order  to 
straining  the  fall. 

1st  To  equip  the  gin  with  1  ;>«///>/.  Pass  one  end  of  the  fall  over  the  windlass, 
and  take  three  turns  from  left  t<>  right,  the  loose  end  being  outside.  Put  a  hand- 
spike in  one  oi  the  mortises  of  the  windlass,  or  let  down  the  pall,  if  there  is 

■ ;  overhaul  the  rail,  letting  it  wrap  round  the  windlass  j  pass  the  end  through 

i  .)•  right  band  pulley  of  the  head,  and  secure  it  to  the  sling  round  the  gun  by  a 
capstan  knot. 

2d.   With  2  pulley*.     Hang  a  single  block  on  the  second  cross  bar,  the  point 

ot  the  hook  outward:  proeeed  as  in  the  lirsl  case;  pass  the  end  of  the  fall 
through  ihefblock  on  the  cross  bar,  and  lie  it  around  the  head  of  the  gin,  the  loose 
end    ot   the  rope  hanging  on  the  left  side  and   pinched  against  the  leg.      Hook  the 


SERVICE    OF    THE    OUT.  tf")5 

block  to  the  sling  round  the  gun,  the  point  of  the  hook  toward  the  left  side  of 
the  gin. 

3d.  With  3  pnllrys.  Proceed  as  for  two:  pass  the  end  of  the  fall  through  the 
left  hand  pulley  at  the  head  of  the  gin.  from  the  outside;  tie  it  to  the  sling  on  the 
side  toward  the  prypole,  and  hook  the  lilock  to  it  on  the  other  side,  the  point 
inward. 

4th.  With  i  pnllrya.  Hang  a  second  block  for  a  double  block)  on  the  secdnd 
cross  bar.  Proceed  as  in  the  last  case:  pas-*  the  end  of  the  fall  into  the  second 
block,  and  fasten  it  to  the  head  of  the  gin  as  in  the  second  case  ;  hook  both  blocks 
to  the  sling,  the  points  of  the  hooks  inward. 

If  a  double  block  is  used,  place  the  pin  perpendicular  to  the  cross  bar,  the 
head  toward  the  prypole;  pass  the  fall  the  lirst  time  through  the  sheave  next  the 
prypole,  the  second  time  through  (hat  next  the  legs;  hook  the  block  to  (he  sling. 
the  point  toward  the  left  side  of  the  gin. 

5th.    With  5 pulUft.     Hang  two  single  blocks,  or  a  double  block,  on  the  second 

bar:   fasten  a  third  block  to  the  head  of  the  gin,  on  the  left  side,  by  a  c  dlar 

i I  of  rope  ;  the   point  of  the  hook  being  outward,  and   the  head  of  the    pin 

toward    the    pin.      Proceed   as  in  the  last  case;    pass  the  end   of  the   fall   into  the 

third  block,  and   fasten  the  end  to  the  sling  round  the  piece,  to  which  the   blocks 

are  also  to  be  hooked. 

8th.  With  6  pulley:.  Fix  a  single  block  to  the  head  of  the  gin.  another  on  the 
second  cross  liar  near  the  rii'ht  leg,  and  a  double  block  on  the  same  cross  bar 
near  the  left  leg.  Proceed  as  in  the  last  case  ;  pass  the  fall  through  the  single 
block  on  the  <  n>>->  bar,  and  secure  it  to  the  head  of  the  gin,  the  loose  end  of  the 
rope  hanging  on  the  left  side,  and  the  third  block  hooked  inio  the  knot.  I  look 
the  double  block  and  the  other  single  block  to  the  sling. 

The  man  who  directs  the  manoeuvres,  or  the  most  intelligent  roan,  should  be 
charged  whh  passing  the  (all  through  the  pulleys  at  the  head  of  the  gin,  and  with 
tying  the  Iraota,  fixinir  slings,  etc.  If  he  is  too  much  exposed  by  mounting  on 
the  third  crOBA  bar.  the  gin  must  be  laid  down  the  bead  resting  on  (he  gun.  and 
equipped  in  that  position. 

To  lay  the  gin  down,  the  men  are  placed  in  the  same  positions  a^  for  sett  Dg  it 
up.  If  the  gin  has  a  clevis  at  the  lop,  the  fall  may  be  reeved  in  the  blocls,  and 
the  upper  blocl,  then  hooked  to  the  cl(  I 

ling  'i  /'•■ 

A    piece  without   haodlei   may  be   slung  by  means  of  a  rope,  the  two  ■ 
Which  are  lied  together  and  which  is  pa««ed  under  the  piece,  one-half  before  and 
the  other  behind  the  trunnii  n 


356  CHAP.    Ml. —  MKiillMi'M.    HA1HBUVRR8. 

If  t h i >  is  not  convenient,  as  when  the  gun  lies  on  the  gKHtad,  or  is  to  be  pl:u ed 

on  it-  carriage,  ■  >lmj,'  may  be  made  by  splicing  together  the  ends  of  a  .''-inch 
hawser  ■  little  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  piece  (about  26  feet)  or  by 
passing  a  strong  rope  aeireral  times,  aocording  to  the  weight,  over  the  p 
lengthwise,  under  the  oaacabie  and  under  the  handspike  or  a  bloofc  of  wood 

ms. -rled  in  the  muzzle.     The  two  side-  of  tins  sling   may  be  brought  together   by 

another  just  behind  the  trunnions. 

To  work  the  Gin. 

1  men  put  their  handspikes  alternately,  2  by  2,  In  the  mortises  of  the  wind- 
lass; 2  other*  assist  in  hearing;  3  overhaul  the  slack  o!  the  rope;  the  non-com* 
missioned  officer  or  director  steadies  the  piece  or  the  load,  by  means  of  a  gay  <>r 

of  B  hand-pike  in  the  I 

To  make  fast.      Il  the  -'in  has  no  ratchet  wheel  and  pall,  put  I  handspike  across 

the  legs,  and  let  the  heaving  handspikes  in  the  mortises  rest  against  it ;  cross 
the  slack  round  the  turns  on  the  windlass,  drawing  it  light  round  the  la-t  turn, 
and  pass  it  under  the  lower  cross  bar  from  the  inside.  lying  it  in  a  loop  m  which 
the  point  ol  a  handspike  is  inserted  j  daring  this  operation,  one  man  bears  with 

both  hands  (iii  the  turns  round  the  windlass,  to  prevent  the  rope  from  slipping* 
The  men  and  1  handspikes  are  then  no  longer  required. 

To  shift  the  rope  on  tlie  vimlluss.  When  the  turns  on  the  windlass,  commencing 
at  the  left,  reach  the  other  end.  make  fast  with  the  handspikes  resting  as  before* 
Tie  a  lashing  line  to  the  fall  with  an  artificer's  knot.  1  loot  above  the  second 
enxs  liar:  wrap  both  ends  of  the  line  several  limes  round  the  fall  and  pas-  it 
round  the  leg,  under  the  cross  bar,  lashing  the  fall  and  the  cross  bar  together* 
Let  the  windlass  turn  so  as  to  bring  the  weight  to  bear  on  the  lashing  line  j  then 
slip  the  rope  to  the  left  end  of  the  windlass. 

The  gin  may  be  worked,  i!  necessary,  by  less  than  10  men.  The  men  at  the 
slack  may  be  saved  by  equipping  the  gin  Without  taking  the  .'!  turns  ..il  t  he 
windlass;  pass  the  fall  over  the  windlass,  and  bring  il  round  underneath,  placing 
the  slack  acrOSS  the  windlass,  go  that  the  fall  may  COil   Over  it.      By  steadying  the 

piece  with  a  rope  attached  lo  the  prypoie  and  to  one  leg.  and  by  equipping  the 

gin  with  a  greater  number  of  blocks,  3  men  may  work  it.  'J  holding  the  hand- 
spikes, and  the  .'id  assisting  them  alternately. 

To  use  the  din  </.s-  it  "Derrick. 

12  men,  2  being  for  the  guys.  Additional  implements:  1  double  prolonge,  or 
2  Single  ones — 1  strong  pickets,  1  or  5  feet  long— 2  mauls  — and  sometimes  a 
second  fall  and  a  drag  rope. 


SERVICE    OF    THE    (JIN.  '  857 

If  the  derrick  is  to  be  established  on  ;i  parapet,  or  on  earth  which  is  not  firm, 
lay  a  strong-  plank  across  two  Others,  with  holes  in  the  first  for  the  points  of  the 
feet  :   rani  the  earth  about  them  and  secure  them  with  pickets. 

Lay  the  gin  down,  the  outer  side  underneath,  and  the  feet  of  the  legs  resting 
on  a  skid. 

The  director  Steps  5  paces  from  the  head  of  the  gin,  in  a  direction  perpen* 
dicular  to  the  cross  liars,  and  (hen  1  paces  to  the  ri-lit  ami  left,  where  he  marks 
the  places  for  the  two  first  pickets;  the  two  others  are  placed  30  feet  beyond  the 
first,  in  the  direction  which  the  guys  will  lake.  • 

Drive  the  pickets  inclining  oil'  from  the  gin  :  if  necessary,  strengthen  them  by 
putting  a   plank  or  a  fascine  behind  each,  and   ramming  the  earth  (irmly  about  it. 

Equip  the  gin  as  it  lies:  fasten  the  guys  to  the  head  of  it  with  an  artificer's 
knot,  if  they  are  formed  of  one  rope  ;  with  German  knots,  if  of  two.  The  gin 
being  raised  almost  vertically,  2  men  take  a  turn  of  the  guys  around  the  first 
pickets,  and  the  director  makes  them  fast  to  the  second  pickets  with  an  artificer's 
knot.  Let  down  the  fall  and  tackles,  and  prepare  to  work  the  windlass.  On 
a  parapet,  the  feet  of  the  derrick  should  be  2  feet  from  the  exterior  crest  ;  as  the 
guys,  by  stretching,  are  apt  to  give  the  derrick  too  great  an  inclination,  place  it 
at  first  J  feet  from  the  crest,  and  after  taking  a  few  turns,  let  the  load  down 
again,  and  move  the  derrick  to  its  proper  place. 

If  the  fall  should  not  be  long  enough,  join  another  to  it  by  a  flat  knot,  tied  at 
1  I  r  ."i  yards  from  the  end  of  the  second  rope,  passing  a  piece  of  round  wood,  of 
the  size  of  a  tool  handle,  through  the  knot,  to  prevent  its  tightening  loo  much. 
The  first  fall  passes  only  through  the  ri^ht  hand  pulley  of  the  head  of  the  derrick 
and  over  the  windlass:  when  the  knot  comes  up  near  the  pulley,  cease  heaving 
and  make  fast;  coil  a  drag  rope  round  the  head  of  the  gin  and  tie  it  to  the 
d  fall  by  5  or  B  loops,  below  the  knot.  Let  go  the  windlass  and  bring  the 
Weight  to  bear  on  the  drag  rope.  1  ndo  the  knot,  and  pass  the  end  of  the  second 
fall  through  the  pulley;  take  .'{  turns  with  it  round  the  windlass,  and  join  the 
first  fall  to  it.  to  lengthen  the  slack. 

GARRISON  ANT)  CASEMATE  GINS. 

The   fall   for  these  gins  i«  5-inch  rope,  120  feet  long.     They  are  .equipped  with 
a  pair  of  blocks  adapted  to  receive  such  a  number  of  ropes  as  may  be  necessary, 
according  t<>  the  weight  to  be  raised  .   the  upper  block   being   hung  on   the  • 
at  the  head  "I  the  gin.     They  are  worked  like  the  field  and  siege  gin. 


C  ii  a  v  tkr    Thirteenth. 


ARTILLERY   PRACTICE. 

The  plan  of  this  work  does  not  include  the  details  relative  to  the  service  of 
artillery,  either  in  the  field  or  in  garrison;  but  in  the  absence  of  more  full  and 
accurate  tables  of  firing,  it  is  thought  useful  to  give  here  the  mean  results  of 
such  trials  of  the  ranges  of  our  ordnance  as  have  been  made,  from  time  to  time, 
by  the  Ordnance  Department,  together  with  some  other  practical  information 
derived  from  authentic  sources. 


Ranges  of  Field  Guns  and  Howitzers. 

The  range  of  a  shot  or  shell  in  this  table  is  the  first  graze  of  the  ball  on  hori- 
zontal ground,  the  piece  being  mounted  on  its  appropriate  field  carriage. 

The  range  of  a  spherical  case  shot  is  the  distance  at  which  the  shut  !mr-t> 
near  the  ground,  in  the  time  given;  thus  showing  the  elevation  and  the  length 
dt   fuze  required  for  certain  distances. 

For  the  range  of  the  Mountain  Howitzer — see  Chapter  VI. 


K1N71  <>F  ORI- 


Elevation.     Rang) 


6  ri'ii.  iii.t.i.  ■,!  %. 


Lbs. 
1 .  35 


I. 


Shot 


Sp.  case 


0 
1 
2 
3 
4 

2 
3 


Yard! 

316 
674   ' 

1 523 


■A 
I 


:W0 


(MAT.    XIII. ARTIM.Ua      PRACTICE. 


Field  Chins  and  Howitzers — Continued- 


KIM'  OF  OUHtAXGB. 


Powder.         Ball.       Elevation.    Range 


l-'-I'DR.  1IEI.D  GUN. 


Lbs. 

O        ' 

yard*. 

2.5 

Shoi 

II 

341 

» 

1 

662 

(i 

1   30 

785 

" 

2 

909 

•• 

3 

1869 

•• 

•1 

L45S 

1.5 

Sp.  case 

5 

1 

L663 

670 

•• 

1    !.'» 

950 

u 

L250 

Time  2  seconc 
3       " 

I       •■ 


12-I'DR.  FIELD  HOWITZER, 


1. 

Shell 

0 

195 

it 

1 

1     539 

" 

2 

010 

« 

3 

647 

ri 

4 

975 

0.75 

u 

Sp.  case 

5 
2  15 

1072 

183 

u 

3  15 

715 

<i 

3  45 

1050 

Time  "J  seconds. 
"     3       •• 


24-PDR.  FIELD    HOWiT/.ER. 

o. 

Shell 

CI 
ft 

0 
1 
2 
3 
1 
5 

2 

295 
516 

-,'Xi 

976 

1272 
L322 

1 .  75 

Sp.  case 

600 

Time  '2  seconds 

•• 

3 

BOO 

..       ;(         .. 

'• 

5  30 

1050 

«     4       <i 

2. 

u 

3  :iii 

B80 

II         3            41 

32-PDB.  FIELD  Howir/KK. 

2.5 

Shell 

0 

1 
■_> 

3 

4 

290 
f)3l 
77U 
L029 
1203 

2.5 

11 
Sp.  cu>e 

5 
3 

1504 

SOO 

Time  2.75  seconds. 

RANGES. 


:j«l 


Ranges  of  Heavy  Ordnance. 

The  /./</-<  "i  a  ?un  or  howitzer  in  this  table  is  the  (ir>i  graze  <>r  the  ball  on 
ihe  horizontal  plane  on  which  (he  carriage  -lands. 


KIM>  or  ORPNANCE. 

Powder. 

Ball. 

II 

Eli  vation     1 

REMARKS. 

Lbs. 

O         1 

yards. 

lS-PDR.  SIEGE  AND  GARRI- 

4.5 

Shot 

1 

641 

SON  GUN. 

•' 

3 

950 

On  barbette,  carriage. 

« 

3 
4 
5 

1256 
1  150 

lf>P2 

24-PDR.  SIEGE  AND  GARRI- 

6. 

Shot 

0 

112 

BOM  Gt!N. 

11 

1 

842 

On  siege  carriage. 

ic 

a 

u 

1  30 

2 

3 

4 

5 

9.r>3 
1147 
1417 

1001 

8. 

u 

1 
2 
3 
4 
5 

1170 
1  154 
1039 
1834 

32-FDR.  SEA-COAST  (,r\. 

6. 

Shot 

1    15 

900 

On  barbette  carriage. 

8. 

It 
u 

1 
1  30 

1  3f) 

713 
800 
900 

H 

2 

1100 

(1 

11 
il 

3 

1 
5 

1 133 
1684 

1922 

10.67 

<< 

1 

780 

!< 

2 
3 

1 1  ■:<> 
1517 

12-PDR.  BBA-O 

10.8 

Shot 

1 

<  hi  barbette  car 

M 

2 
3 
4 

1010 

1 300 

II 

5 

11. 

l| 

l 
2 

770 

)  1 28 

u 

3 

II 

1 
B 

362 


CHAP.    Kill. — AIM  II. I.I. K\     PR  M    Hi   I 


Ranges  of  Heavy  Ordnance — Continued. 


1]     ORDNANCE. 

Powder. 

Ball. 

in  m.k-. 

Lbs. 

Shell 

O        1 

yards. 

R-JNCB   BISGI  HOWITZER. 

1. 

45  lbs. 

0 

251 

( in  siege  carriage. 

II 

1 

2 
3 

1 
5 

12  .10 

135 
618 
720 
992 
1 24 1 
2280 

Shell 

b-lNCH  SEA-COAST   HOWIT- 

4. 

45  lbs. 

1 

40.r) 

ZER. 

'• 

2 

652 

On  barbette  car 

3 
1 
5 

875 

1110 

1300 

6. 

ii 

a 

u 

i 

3 
4 
5 

572 
828 
947 
1168 

1463 

•s. 

IC 
»; 

ll 

1 
2 
3 
4 

646 
909 

11 '.Ml 

L532 

(( 

5 

L800 

Shell 

10-INCH    SEA-COAST     HOW- 

IV. 

yo  lbs. 

1 

580 

ITZER. 

«• 

•J 

891 

Time,  flight  3.     sec 

On  barbette  carriage. 

u 
ii 

3 
3  30 

1185 

1300 

..     ,       .. 

.( 

1 

1  126 

ii         ii    5-25  .< 

'" 

5 

If,:  ,il 

II                ..       ,;           .. 

8-INCH  i'  ILDMBIAD. 

On  barbette  carriage. 


Mi. 


L5. 


Shut 

65  lbs. 


1 

932 

2 

1116 

3 

1  102 

1 

Mills 

5 

1847 

6 

2010 

8 

2397 

10 

2834 

15 

3583 

20 

1322 

25 

4875 

27 

1481 

27  30 

1812 

Axis  of  gun  16  leel 

above   the    water. 


Shot  ceased  to  rico- 
chet on  the  water. 


:»>:{ 


Ranges  of  Heavy  Ordnance — Continued. 


KIM'  01  oitnXANCE. 

Powder. 

Hall. 

Elevation. 

Range. 

REMARKH. 

Lba 

Shell 

O         1 

Y:u  ii--. 

S-IMCH    coi.UMBI.VD — 

10. 

no  lbs. 

1 

019 

<  !ontinued. 

h    i 

14 

•J 

3 

4 
5 
6 

1209 
1 109 
1697 

1813 
19S5 

« 

1. 

8 
10 
15 
20 
25 
27 

2657 
3556 
3716 

1171 

15. 

II 

','7   .'in 

4468 

IS. 

Shdt 

0 

394 

Axis  of  gun  16  feet 

10-INCH  COLTJMBIA.D. 

l  28  lbs 

1 

above  the  water. 

•  On  barbette  carriage. 

ii 

2 
3 
4 

5 

1002 
1230 
1570 
1614 

" 

6 

2037 

Shot  ceased  1"  rico- 

41 

8 

2519 

chet  on  water. 

ii 

10 

2777 

44 

15 

14 

20 

Hi. -ii 

" 

25 

1304 

44 

30 

1761 

4. 

35 

5433 

20. 

*' 

S654 
BOO 

Shell 

1 

LOO  lbs. 

2 
3 

1 
5 

1012 
1184 
1443 
1604 

is. 

U 

0 

1 
2 

11^ 

717 

1100 

II 

3 

l 
5 

- 

1239 
1611 
1865 

•  • 

10 

IS 

1150 

Time  of  Dig 

:{(il 


CHAP.     XIII. ART11.I.I.K\      ru.\<    IK    I. 


/.'  i         of  Heavy  Ordnana — Continued. 


KIND  op  oiu.N  w  i  . 


Powder.        Ball.      Eleration.    Kauge. 


1 2- INCH     COLUMBIA!). 


Lbs. 

Shell 

Yards. 

20. 

172  lbs. 

10 

2770 

" 

15 

3731 

•• 

22 

4280 

ct 

- 

4718 

" 

30 

5(1(11 

« 

35 

5339 

" 

31 

•• 

39 

5064 

25. 

u 

10 

288] 

" 

15 

3542 

K 

30 

u 

35 

5409 

" 

37 

5373 

" 

30 

5506 

Shell 

35 

5644 

L80  ll.s. 

39 

5615 

28. 

" 

35 

561 1 

(1 

39 

5761 

Timeofflighl  1 1  Bee 

16  ■■ 
20  ■■ 
26    •• 

32     '• 

31  " 

11.5- 
15    " 

32  '• 
32  •• 
36     • 


3J  miles.  Time  30  s. 


Shell 

13-IN.  SEA-COAST  MORTAR.      20.  200I!)S. 


15 


1325 


Shell 

1'J-IN.  SKA-COAST  MoRTAK.I    20.  200   Ihs 


15 


I0-IN.  -  KORTAR.I    10. 


Shell 
98  ll.s. 


45 


4625    Experimental 


4250    Time  of  flight  3ft  sec. 


L0-INCH  SIEGE  MORTAR. 


1. 

1.5 

2. 

2.5 

3. 

3.5 

4. 


Shell 

90  ii.s. 


15 

300 

Time  of 

45 

700 

i 

15 

10(11) 

45 

1300 

15 

1600 

45 

L900 

i 

45 

2100 

i 

12 
1  I 
1* 
L8 
19 
21 


-    IV    II    SIKliE    MORTAR. 

From  i  inil'uh's  Artiller- 
ist's Manual.] 


Lbs 

.  oz. 

0 

10} 

L3J 

1 

1 

2 

1 

34 

1 

1/ 

1 

G 

Shell 

ic.  ii.s. 


45 

500 

45 

600 

45 

75(1 

45 

900 

45 

1000 

45 

1100 

45 

1200 

Timeofflighl  lOsec 

II     •• 

L3    " 
13*  " 

•<         II'- 
IK  •■ 


RANGES. 


365 


Ranges  of  Heavy  Ordnance— Continued. 

KIM)   or   miTiN  UfCB. 

Powder. 

Ball. 

Elevation. 

tlange. 

Yards. 

REMARKS. 

Oz. 

Shell. 

o 

24-POUNDER    COEHOR.N 

0.5 

17  lbs. 

15 

25 

3IORTAE. 

1. 

" 

15 

1.5 

u 

45 

101 

1.75 

" 

15 

11. 'i 

2. 

CI 

15 

165 

2.75 

" 

15 

2r.o 

4. 

" 

45 

122 

6. 

" 

15 

8. 

u 

15 

!     1200 

/.'.n/^*  o/  Hale's  War  Rockets. 


ELEVATION 


4°  to  5° 

10° 

15° 

47° 


RANGE    (FIRST   GRAZE). 


■JJ-in.-h. 


Yards. 

500  lo  800 

700 
800  to  000 

1200 

1760 


31-inch. 


Yards. 

500  to  600 
800  to  L000 
Kiiiii  to  1200 
i  200  to  1400 
2200 


The   rockets   were   fired    from   a    trough 
10  feet  long. 

Weigh!  of  'J ;  - m i . ■  1 1  rocket,  8  lbs. 
•'     34-inch       ••      16  lbs. 


INITIAL  VELOCITIES  OF  CANNON  BALLS. 
From  experiments  made  with  the  ballistic  pendulum,  at  Washington  Arsi 


PROJECT!! 

( lhai  _ 
Powder. 

Kind. 

Weight. 

velocity. 

( 

Lbs. 
8.15J 

1.   - 

1.5 
2. 

Feet. 
1439 

1741 

Bph.  case 

1. 
1. 

1357 
1230 

Shr.l 

4. 

1  1-'. 

Spb.  cast  •  •  • 

11. 
13.5 

2. 
2. 

1202 

366 


CHAP.    XIII. ARTILLERY     PRACTICE. 


Initial  Velocities — (\mtinut'<l. 


ritii.in  i  ii  i  . 

Charge  of 
powder. 

Initial 

kinp    OF   ORDHAKCK. 

Kind. 

Weight 

velocity. 

k 

Shell 

Lbs. 

8.9    J 

Lbs. 

1. 

1.25 

Feet. 

1054 

ll> 

Sph.  ease .... 

11. 
9.64 

1. 
1. 

1015 

[ 

Shot 

12.3    | 

2. 
3. 

1. 

1378 
1074 

L2-pdr. siege  and  {rarrison  gun.  - 

1906 

Shell 

B.9    1 

2. 

3. 

1611 

1929 

12-pounder  gun,  25  cal.  long... 

Shot 

12.3 

' 

2. 
3. 

1. 
5. 
G. 
7. 
8. 

1111 
1734 
1933 
2098 

2239 
2300 
2324 

r 

Shot 

f 
24.25 -j 

3. 
1. 
6. 

8. 

L240 

l  I  10 

1680 

IS70 

24-pdr.  siege  and  garrison  gun.  ] 

Shell 

„.    { 

3. 
4. 

1  I7H 

Canister 

29. 

3. 
4. 

1135 

1303 

30.0    | 

3. 

1. 

1108 
1272 

f 

Shot 

( 

32.3  -j 

23.4  | 

4. 

5.33 

8. 

I0.07 

1250 
1  130 
1640 

I7M) 

Shell 

4. 
5.33 

1  l.'H) 
1657 

3,      { 

4. 

5.:::i 

1172 
1342 

39.75 

[ 

4. 
5  33 

1133 

1297 

INITIAL    VELOCITIES. 


307 


Initial  velocities  of  Balls  fired  from  Small  Arms. 


KIM)  OF   ARM. 

Charge. 

No. 

of  halls 
the  lb. 

to 

Initial  velocity. 

Grains. 

no 

70 
70 
35 

17 
32 
32 
32 

Feet. 

1 500 
L750 
1240 
947 

Rifle 

Pistol 

Loss  of  velocity  by  the  Windage  of  the  Ball. 


Charge 

of 
powder. 

Initial  velocity  of  ball. 

eloci- 
wiiul- 
•li.'lh 

KIM)  OF  GUN. 

Without 
windage. 

With    wind- 
age "1  1  -  lot  1) 
diameter. 

-  -  •_  h 
o      o  «. 

1"°  £.« 

Lbs. 

4. 

Feet. 

1111 

Feet. 
1271 

Feet,  i  Per  ct. 
173  j     12 

•1 

1. 
6. 

1600 
IS90 

1  133 

[61        10 
167         B 

1 

1 

2. 
3. 
4. 

1617 
•  915 
2124 

1  111 
1742 
1951 

173         1  I 
17.'!           '.< 

- 

L2-PDB.  FIKLD,  16  calibres. 

: 

2. 

3. 
4. 

1 528 
1 793 
1992 

1370 
1635 
f834 

158        id 
158         '.' 
158 

i.:. 

1734 

171           10 

The   loss  ()f  velocity  by  a  given    win!  .  .  tly   as   the   Wind 

irersel]  u  the  d  ameter  of  the  bore,  rery  nearly. 

For  i  formula  for  computing  the  initial  reloeity  of  a  ball,  see  'hap:. 
\ n i«li-  Bali 


868 


I   MM'.    Mil. AHT1I.I.KUV     PRACTICE. 


PENETRATION   OF  BHOT  AND  SHELLS. 

The  following  tables  and  notes  (when  not  otherwise  specified),  are  extracted 
from  a  report  of  experiments  made  at  Nfeta  in  1834. 

.  irgea,  w  hen  expressed  in  Fractions,  denote  the  proportion  of  powder  to 

the  ninal  weight  of  the  > li«>i  :  the  calibres  are  those  of  the  French  guns,  the 

exact  relation  of  which  to  those  of  the  United  Slates  ordnance  will  be  found  l>y 
reference  to  the  table  oi  foreign  ordnance  in  Chapter  I. 

The  French  36-pdr.  corresponds  nearly  with  our  12-pdr.  j  the  W-pdr.  with  our 
18-pdr. :  the  B-pdr.  with  » > n r  9-pdr. ;  and  the  6-inch  with  our  32-pdr.  The  diame- 
ter of  the  French  S-inch  howitzer  is  8.782  inches  In  nnr  measure.  The  musket 
is  of  the  same  calibre  as  our.-. 

Penetration  of  Shot  in  Masonry. 

Rubble  work  of  good  quality;  scarp  wall  built  l>y  Vauhan. 


DISTANCE  IV  VARUS. 


l-3d 
|  1-2,1 
I  l-3d 
;  l-ttli 

!l-6tb 
l-8th 
l-2d 
l-4tli 
i  i-am 

I  l-8th 
(  l-3d 

I  1-lth 
1  l-6th 

:  l-sth 


In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

26.778 

26.39 

25..60 

28  -:; 

26.30 

25.  .20 

24.. 22 

22 ..45 

24.22 

22.  .84 

21. .117 

-i  65 

22.26 

•ji..4<; 

19.39 

■Jo.  us 

19  69 

18.  .90 

17..:;:; 

17.38 

16.33 

16..16 

14.37 

2Z.45 

21.36 

20.37 

19..10 

2L.07 

20  .68 

19..69 

17..92 

Ifl  50 

19..10 

18..  22 

I6..74 

17..18 

16..74 

10..15 

1  i  ,61 

14.96 

14.7.7 

ia.78 

12  21 

L8..90 

18.31 

L6..9S 

17..72 

K..;;:; 

16.34 

14.36 

i:,  56 

16..16 

11  88 

18.30 

1.    7- 

1 8. -89 

12  60 

n  08 

14. .77 

13..19 

111. 

22  26 
20.37 
19.30 
18.22 
16..76 
L8  20 
17  58 
16.36 
17...H. 
1&30 
10..88 
11 .37 
13  39 
11. .42 

11.32 


In. 

In. 

In. 

20.37 

17..92 

li  96 

19.30 

L8  89 

18.  .12 

L5.JL6 

12   -1 

16..74 

13..78 

11.28 

11  38 

IL.81 

9.  .65 

11.31 

9..65 

7  88 

16..96 

12.30 

10.36 

14.77 

11.31 

ia.78 

10.33 

B    17 

11..  1,2 

••..ini 

7  29 

'.'..4.'. 

7 .48 

6  ii 

13..00 

10..06 

7  68 

1!    -1 

-  86 

10.  .06 

7..48 

Ml 

8  27 

6.30 

:  1  a 

10.24 

7..4S 

;,  .,i 

In. 

12.21 
10  S8 

g  06 

7.. 88 
6.30 

;  i  a 
7.29 

■  '■! 

■  \-: 
i;..ii 
5.31 
4,38 
i  38 
4.14 


By  multiplying  the  numbers  expressing  the  penetrations  in  this  table  by  1.25, 
uc  have  the  penetration  in  masonry  of  medium  quality;  by  1.76,  in  bride  ma- 
sonry; by  0.46,  in  bard  calcareous  stone  (solid). 

According  to  the  experiments,  the  holes  made  in  masonry  such  as  that  re- 
ferred to  in  the  table,  by  shot  striking  it  perpendicularly  at  a  short  distance,  are 
formed  of  an  exterior,  funnel-shaped  opening,  the  mean  diameter  of  which  is 
about  5  times  that  of  the  -hot.  and  of  an  Interior  part  nearly  cylindrical.  The 
exterior  cone  appear-  to  be  produced  by  the  reaction  of  the  masonry,  Borne  frag- 
ments of  which  are  projected  backward,  to  the  distance  of  15  or  50  yards.    The 


PENETRATION    OK    BALLS. 


369 


train  of  fragments  in  front  of  the  hole  extends  about  'JO  feet.  Around  the  exte- 
rior opening,  the  masonry  is  loosened  to  a  distance  about  one-half  greater  than 
the  diameter  of  the  opening;  s;.y  45  in.  by  the  24-pounder  shot ;  35.5  inch. 
the  16-pdr.;  31.3  in.  by  the  12-pounder.  This  loosening  indicates  the  proper 
distance  between  the  first  shots  from  a  breaching  battery.  Nearly  all  the  shut 
are  broken,  even  at  the  charge  of  one-fourth,  and  the  fracture  im  generally  in 
meridional  planes,  the  pole  of  which  is  the  point  which  strikes  first.  On  lli>- 
shot  which  are  not  broken,  and  on   the   fragments   of  those  which   arc  broken, 

small  cracks  or  furrows.  BOmetimes  0.02  in.  deep,  are  observed,  radiating  Ir 

the  same  point. 

The  effect  of  shells  fired  horizontally  against  masonry  is  very  small;  they  nre 
broken  at  the  moment  of  striking,  or  if  fired  with  very  low  charges,  so  as  not  to 
break,  they  produce  a  very  slight  impression. 

Penetration  in  Oak  Wood. 


VI 


C  \LIHRE. 

CHARGE. 

DISTANCE  IS 

T*RDR. 

27 

55 

109 

219 

438 

666 

875 

Ouni. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

1    In. 

36 

1 -.';.! 

65.  .4 

64  Z 

62.  .2 

58,-3 

50.  .8 

44.1 

■ 

31. .5 

|  1-2.1 

63.  .0 

1.1.4 

59.  .1 

54  7 

50  - 

47.3 

1-3.1 

W..1 

51.6 

44   1 

24 

i-4ii. 

.'.:,.:, 

54  :; 

4S..4 

44 ..'.! 

41...". 

|  l-Cth 

4B..2 

l&  i 

46.  .6 

1-Mli 

IS  6 

4L.6 

4H.  .2 

32.7 

24.4 

19..7 

1-2.1 

• 

42  5 

31. .9 

1  1-3.1 

51  .2 

:,<  i  i  i 

48.  j0 

43.  .7 

40.22 

1-  . 

16 

•  !-4th 

47.  .7 

46.  B 

21    7 

1  14th 

42.  1 

41.4 

17.7 

14  2 

1-Mli 

S6..2 

24  4 

U   9 

16  l 

4  i  a 

18  7 

14   8 

12 

!  1-411. 

• 

4J    1 

40  2 

S3..] 

29.  .9 

1-    1 

,  1  -•  t  li 

1   1-Mll 

11.4 

S1..1 

21    7 

8 

89  J 

32.3 

flSnottsert. 

tbs. 

■ 

19.3 

*>-in   - 

18..1 

13  8 

11   0 

16.  1 

15   4 

14    2 

12  6 

11   4 

10..2 

\   l.l 

7    g 

7    1 

i 

15  0 

6-in. 

21   7 

11    4 

1     1    Of 

- 

7    1 

24-|..lr 

J    2.  .2 

/    1    1 

Is     1 

Is    <, 

18  l 

11   0 

Mountain  13-pdr. 

It  0 

■ 

7    1 

Mutlrt  lialh 

. 

1  U 

370 


CHAP.    XIII. ARTII.U.RY     PRACTK  T.. 


The  penetrations  in  other  kinds  of  wood  are  deduced  from  those  in  the  pre- 
ceding table  by  multiplying  by  1,  for  beech  nnd  ash;  by  1.3,  for  elm  :  by  1.8,  R>r 
while  pine  and  birch;  by  2,  for  poplar. 

In  oak,  ili«'  fibres  are  displaced  laterally  by  the  passage  of  the  shut  and  after- 
ward close  <i|>  again,  so  as  to  leave  an  opening  scarcely  sufficient  for  measuring 
the  depth  of  penetration.  This  effect  explains  the  cause  of  vessels  nol  being 
always  sunk  by  shot  striking  below  the  water  line  ]  but  the  timber  is  split  lon- 
gitudinally even  by  the  smallest  shot,  in  a  length  of  6.S  feet;  the  splinters  are 
driven  to  the  distance  of  42  lo*50  feet,  and  the  largest  limbers  are  soon  destroyed. 

In  white  pine  nearly  all  the  fibres  struck  by  the  shot  are  broken,  but  the  effect 
does  not  extend  much  beyond  the  opening  made  :  I  his  material  is  l  herefore  prefer- 
able to  oak  for  struct ii res  which  are  not  intended  to  be  proof  against  cannon  shot. 

Penetration  in  Coinji.ii/  Earth  (half  sand,  half  clay'. 


CHARGE. 

DISTANCE  IN  TARDS. 

CALIBRE. 

27 

65 

109 

219 

328 

438 

656 

B76 

1094 

Guns. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

36 

l-8d 

109..1 

1  <  •»...:•■ 

1 02.  .4 

97.. 3 

B9..4 

s2..:; 

75  ,, 

l  l-2d 

108.  .2 

Ki7.  .2 

99.  .3 

91. .0 

84  8 

70..6 

7  2..  5 

66.22 

1-3.1 

luo.,! 

B7..7 

B2..6 

S5..1I 

M.l 

77. .2 

7(i.. 1 

.3    S 

58.23 

24 

\  l-4tli 

02..6 

90.  .2 

sa  .6 

81   B 

77..0 

74.(1 

67.  J 

01.. S 

57..  1 

l-6th 

83.  .5 

82.  .3 

7 '.>..'.! 

T6..6 

7  2.. 2 

68.  .9 

>'._•. ..-. 

57..1 

52.4 

1  L-8th 

-<;.a 

74.  .8 

7  2.  .4 

r,s  .ii 

85.  .8 

88..0 

S7..5 

52.  .(I 

47.3 

fl-2d 

94.  .5 

Hi.  jO 

86  .0 

77..0 

7  2.. 2 

(.7. .7 

01..  4 

66..0 

50.  .4 

l-3d 

86.  a 

88  .6 

79..0 

73..0 

on.  ,3 

05.  .8 

59.  .9 

.-,4  . 1 

40.23 

10 

-   Mill 

B0..7 

7  s ..:; 

76..  2 

09.  .7 

03.  1 

67..0 

52..  4 

47.-8 

t-eth 

72..0 

70..9 

68..1 

66..0 

61..8 

69  1 

53.. o 

48.-8 

115 

1    l-Stll 

63  0 

ii.-i.a 

68  B 

60..6 

57..0 

i 

60   I 

45.7 

41.3 

|  1-3,1 

66.  X) 

68.4 

B9..9 

B4..7 

50..8 

48  - 

42.  .11 

35.. (1 

12 

1  l--lt.Ii 

60..6 

60,  l 

55.. n 

62  ,0 

48.  8 

44.1 

41.. 3 

87.  i 

33.li 

'1  l-i.n, 

54.7 

68..6 

50.  .8 

•Is..  2 

46  :: 

42..0 

88  e 

86.X 

3.2.  .3 

I  l-sth 

50..0 

48.  .8 

4  7. 3 

44.5 

41. .7 

80..8 

86.23 

83.J 

30.  .7 

l-3d 

6o..:i 

64..7 

52.. o 

40..9 

43.3 

4H..2 

35.  .4 

81.  JO 

2S..7 

Howittert. 

Lbs. 

I    4.4 

48.  .4*    -IT...".* 

45.. 3* 

41.7 

38.  .0 

86..  4 

20.  .1) 

28.  J 

J    3.  .3 

42.li*    41. .7 

4ii.. -J 

87.X) 

88  .9 

81  l 

27.. 2 

21.7 

S-i ii.  ?ien''- 

1     '-■•- 

84  .7 

88..S 

32.  .8 

2H..5 

27. r. 

26..0 

22  s 

20  .11 

10..3 

|    1..1 

22.. 8 

■11. i 

21. .7 

20.  .6 

2(1.1 

L9  8 

17. .7 

16  6 

15.  .8 

C   3.  .3 

51..2* 

48.  .8 

46..0 

41.  .ii 

87   1 

80..7 

25.  .2 

22.. 1 

6-in. 

J.    2.2 

a  ..■■■ 

44.1 

12,  5 

S8..8 

35.. 0 

31.. 9 

20.  .4 

22.4 

10..7 

|    1..05 

39.  .8 

88..6 

87..0 

33.  .5 

80..7 

28..0 

23..  6 

2".  5 

L8..1 

J    2.  .2 
t    1..1 

44...r>* 

42  '.i 

41..0* 

S6..6 

B2..7 

20.  J 

23  .2 

is.. 11 

10.1 

24-pdr. 

82.  .3 

80..7 

27.. ii 

24.8 

22.4 

1S..1 

15.  .4 

13,.  .4 

Mountain  12-pdr. 

0..6 
Grains, 

27. .2 

20.  ,i 

24.  .8 

21..7 

111.  .3 

17.. 3 

14..0 

12.. 2 

10.. 2 

Mv-l.l  lialh 

164 

9.  .85 

O..40 

8.  .66 

5  01 

4.  .33 

3.  .15 

1..58 

*  Willi  these  chargC8,  and  at  these  distuuees,  the  shells  were  often  broken. 


PENKTRATION    OF    BALLS. 


:M\ 


The  penetrations  in  other  kinds  of  earth  are  found  by  multiplying  the  above 
by  0.63,  for  sand  mixed  with  gravel. 

"  0.87,  for  earth  mixed  with  sand  and  gravel,  and  weighing  twice  as  much  as 
water, 
for  compact  mould  and  fresh  earth  mixed  with  sand,  or  half  clay. 
"  1.1 1,  for  wet  potters'  clay. 
"  1.50.  for  light  earth,  settled. 
"  1.90,  for  do.        fresh. 

In  general,  sand,  sandy  earth  mixed  with  gravel  or  small  stones,  chalk  and 
tufa,  resist  shot  better  than  the  productive  earth  or  clay,  or  earth  that  retains 
water. 

Penetration  of  Shells. 


c 
a 

o 

= 

IN  COMPACT    EARTH. 

IN 

OAK  WOOD. 

IN 

MASONRY. 

K 

j 
W       !       Q 

S-in. 

10-in. 

12-in. 

b-in. 

10-in. 

12-in. 

S-in. 

10-in. 

12-in. 

Yards. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

30° 

'(  1312 

7. 88 

17.72 

19.69 

3.94 

7.SS 

6.6« 

1.97 

3.54 

3.94 

9.85 

25.60 

27.57 

1.73 

11.81 

13.78 

2.30 

5.12 

i    656 

1 1  .*] 

19.69 

21.66 

5.91 

9.85 

10.63 

3.15 

1          |  1312 

15.75 

27.57 

SJ9.54 

7.SS 

13.78 

15. 75 

3.94 

5.51 

5.91 

1    656 
|  (  1312 

19.69 

31.50 

13.00 

14.57 

4.33 

5.91 

21.66 

31.50 

33.47 

9.S5 

13.78 

15.75 

4.73 

6.30 

.  with  | 

maximum  ■ 

23.63 

35.44 

9.85 

13.78 

15.75 

4  .  73 

velocity.     J 

The  penetrations  In  other  kinds  of  earth,  wood  and  stone,  may  be  obtained  by 
using  the  co-efficients  given  for  the  other  tables. 


Penetration  in  Fascines,  Wool,ete. 

At  the  distance  of  24  yards,  a  musket  ball  penetrates  20  in.  into  a  gabion 
slufled  with  sap  fagots;  the  ball  from  a  wall  piece.  23.63  in.  The  resistance  of 
■  ry  rapidly  by  the  twigl  bring  broken  or  separated  by  the 
balls. 

A  rolling  gabion,,  stuffed  with  fascines,  is  proof  again*)  the  ball  of  a  wall  piece 
at   15  yards;  at  the  distance  of  200  yards, and  even  more,  ii  is  pierced  through 

nOn  balls  of    the  s,iinlle-l  calibre. 
The    |  of  balls  in  wool  i»  mere  than  double  of  that  in  compact  earth, 

even  when   the  word  is  contained    in   dote,  well   quilted   mallresscv  pn 
i  hurdles.     At  40  yard-,  i  musket  ball  penetrates  mora  than  HI  i. 
en  mattresses  thus  p 


872 


I    II  \|\    XIII. 


\i:  i  ii. i  r.i:v    practice. 


of  Shot  on  Cast  Iron. 

Shot  projected  with  even  a  mil ill  velocity  will  break  pieoea  of  cast  iron  of 
dimensions.  A  24-pdr.  ball  Bred  with  ■  charge  of  l-l-'th  and  moving 
wuli  ■  velocity  of  883  feet  in  a  second,  split,  in  two  shots,  to  the  depth  of  JO 
inches, a  block  of  cast  iron  12  inches  wide  by  10  Inches  thick.  The  fragmei 
the  block  and  of  the  broken  Bhot  arc  projected  with  sufficient  velocity  i"  produce 
die  most  destructive  effects, 

According  to  these  results,  nasi  iron  cannot  be  advantageously  nsed  either  for 
^'un  carriages  or  for  rivetments  of  fortifications. 

P<  in  /rutin, t  in  Masonry. 

Experiments  at  Fort  .Monroe  Arsenal  in   1- 


Charge. 

Distance. 

HS  \\  pi.m:  i  i:.\  i  ION. 

CALIBRE. 

Dressed 

Potomac 

Hard 

granite. 

free  stone. 

l.rick. 

S/lOt. 

Lbs. 

Yards. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

8 

880 

3.5 

12. 

15.25 

Shell. 

B-in.  sea-coast  howitzer 

<• 

SMI 

1. 

i.r. 

s.n 

The  s„|id  shot  broke  against  the  granite,  but  not  against  the  free  stone  or  brick. 

The  shells  broke  inlo  small  fragments  against   each  of  the  three  materials. 

The  circumstances  attending  the  penetration  of  the  shot  and  shells  corre- 
sponded with  those  above  stated  in  the  experiments  at  Metz.  The  wall  usedas 
a  target  was  built  of  dressed  stone  and  of  the  best  bricks,  laid  in  hydraulic  ce- 
ment; but  being  an  isolated  wall  (1(1  feet  Square  of  each  material,  and  5  feet 
thick,  with  3  counterforts),  and  being  battered  before  the  masonry  was  perfectly 

set,  the  effect  Of  the  projectiles  in  thath  ring  the  masonry  around  the  point  struck 

was  greater  than  indicated  by  the  experiments  referred  to. 

Penetration  in  a  Target  of  White  Oak  Timber}  5  feet  thick. 

Experiment  in  New  York  Harbor,  in  I>1  I. 


Charge. 

1  Ustance, 

1  liameter. 

KEUAKKS. 

32-pdr..   | 

Lbs. 

II 
11 

Yards. 

100 
150 

Inches. 
80 

Shot    wrapped    with    leather,  s,,  ;,, 

to  destroy  the  windage. 

PENETRATION    OF    HALLS. 


:17:* 


Penetration  of  Lead  Balls  in  Seasoned  White  Oak. 

Experiments  Bl  Washington  Arsenal,  in  1839. 


Charge.     Distance.    Penetration.  remarks 


Musket 

-n  rifle. 
Hall's  rifle... 


II. ill's  carbine,  muskei 
calibre 


Pistol 


Grains. 

I  It 
100 
100 

70 

B0 

CO 
•    100 

51 


Yards 


Inches. 

3.00 

2.  or. 

2.00 

0.60 

0.S  i 
1.10 
1.20 

0.725 


Arms  loaded  with 
new  musket  pow- 
der. 


Char-res  too  g  real 
for  service. 


Experiments  made  at  West  Point,  in  1 S T{ 7 . 


Charsre. 


I't^T  \v.  i    iv  v  LHD8. 


3  J        9      .r)0      100     150     200      300 


REMARK!!. 


Grains. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

f 

131 

2.00 

1.60 

l.l. i 

1. 

0.66 

0.55 

0.00 

*  l    Ball   in   10  im- 

Musket .... 

1 25 
DO 

l  .60 
1.60 

bedded 

Common  rifle 

92 

2.10 

1.80 

1.43 

0.94 

0.65 

0.39 

O.OOf 

f  Indentation  0.2  in. 

Hall's  rifle... 

70 

1.12  1.7010.63 

0.40 

0.OOJ 



+  2  Balls  in  10  im- 
bedded. 

The   musket   fired  at  0  yards  distance,  with  a  charge  ol  134  grains,  1  l>all  and 
3  buckshot,  gave  for  the  ball,  a  penetration  of  1.15  in.:  buckshot,  0.41  in. 


P(     tration  in  a  bundle  of  Musket  Ball  Cartridge  Papt  .  X     L. 

Musket,  with  I  u  13|  yards 

i  13}  yard 


:17  1  CHAP    nil.  —  ak  ri  i.i.iik  y    PR4CTICI 


FIRING    IluT  SHUT. 

for  beating  suol  arc  erected  at  the  forts  on  the  sea-ooaat.  TheM 
Furnaces  hold  80  or  more  shot.  Tin-  ~  1 1 .  > t  being  placed,  and  the  furnace  cold,  il 
require*  1  hour  and  IS  minutes  to  heal  them  to  n  red  beat  After  the  furna 
once  heated,  s  24  |»«1  r.  six.i  ii  brought  to  a  red  heat  In  254ninutee;  the  39  mid 
aire  ■  few  minutea  longer.  Two  or  three  men  are  required  i>>  attend  a 
furna 

Gratbs.     In  siege  batteriea,  or  In  other  situationa  where  there  ;ir.>  nofurnaoea, 
i  uaed  for  beating  shot    This  grate  cooaiata  of  I  !i;ir>,  l.7.r>  in.  tqnare, 
:  long1,  placed  diagonally,  1  En.  apart,  reeling  on  .'(  mm  stands  with  legs   l 
foot  high. 

To  a-  M  ike    in  excavation  1   fool  deep  and  1  fool  wide,  with  no 

slopes  at  the  side*  nr  in  rear,  open  iii  front.  Place  t lj «-  grate  in  It,  on  atonea  or 
bricks,  rising  about  4.5  in.  above  the  bottom;  make  a  roof  over  it  with  hoops 
of  ilu  iron,  covered  with  soda  and  with  18  in.  of  earth,  leaving  in  the  back  part 
;i  ••liinincy  fl  in.  square.  Put  the  shot  on  the  grate,  leaving  about  one-fourth  of 
the  length  free,  in  front;  on  this  |>;trt  and  under  the  front  of  the  i:r.ii<-,  put  the 
I,  cut  into  pieces  about  M  in.  long  and  2  in.  or  2.5  in.  thick.  Make  use  of 
;i  thick  mkI,  us  a  register,  to  regulate  the  draught  ol  the  chimney,  ao  that  no 
Same  shall  Issue  from  the  front  of  the  furnace.  This  little  furnace,  which  will 
coo  tain  about  fifteen  24-pdr.  balls,  hoala  them  to  a  red  beat  in  1  hour,  and  will 
supply  .')  guns;  il  requires  it**-  attendance  of  one  man. 

Implements.  2  Pokon,  for  stirring  the  fire,  made  of  f  in.  round  iron,  5J  feel 
long,  the  end  bent  at  a  ri^la  angle — '2  Iron  fo>/..\,  for  taking  out  the  shot.  These 
forks  are  Immersed  alternately  in  water  to  cool  them  —  1  tUup,  to  rul>  the  scales 
in m i  the  balls  when  tbey  have  been  overheated— 1  Pair  tong*  with  circular  jaws, 
for  taking  up  shot — l  lion  rate,  to  remove  the  cinders,  etc.,  from  the  ash  i>ii — 
l  Trough  or  tub — 1  Bucket — l  Barrel — 1  Rummer,  wnli  tli*-  head  covered  by  a 
circular  plate  of  sheet  iron,  ol  rather  larger  diameter  than  the  ball;  to  remove 
the  clay  which  may  stick  to  the  sides  of  1 1 j «. -  bore  when  day  wads  arc  used — 
l  Ijiu/Ii  (to  each  piece),  for  carrying  tin'  lialls,  formed  <>r  an  iron  ring  the  Interior 
of  which  is  bevelled  to  iii  the  ball,  with  2  arma  Inaerled  into  wooden  handleaj 
for  small  calibre*  it  is  made  with  l  handle. 

Wads  maybe  made  of  good  clay,  free  from  sand  or  gravel,  moistened  jual 
e igb  to  work  well  |  the  wads  arc  cylindrical,  1  calibre  long.  Bui  n  is  prefera- 
ble i"  use  hay  wads  that  have  been  steeped  in  water  for  IS  minutes  and  allowed 
to  drip. 

in '.is  ior  bol  shot,  are  made  of  cannon  cartridge  paper  or  parchment 
well  parted,  to  prevent  the  powder  from  sifting  out;  they  should  be  carefully 
unci  before  use  to  see  that  there  arc  no  holes  in  them.     It  is  best  to  uae 
two  cartridge  bags,  one  within  the  other. 


FIRING    HOT    BHOT. 


375 


Manner  ov  Loading.  Elevate  the  muzzle  sufficiently  to  allow  the  ball  to  roll 
in;  ram  the  cartridge  home  carefully,  and  B  rfr*  bay  wad  over  it;  then  a  wel  hay 
OF  clay  wad  :  prick  and  prime  :  insert  the  ball,  and  put  a  wet  hay  or  clay  wad  over 
it:  this  second  clay  wad  may  be  only  |  calibre  long.  It  ia  a  good  precaution  also 
to  pass  a  wet  sponge  into  the  gun  just  before  putting  in  the  shot.     When  wet 

hay  wail-  arc  n-c.l.  Steam  is  seen  to  issue  from  the  vent  as  soon  as  the  ball  gets 
home  :  this  is  the  ellerl  of  the  heat  of  the  ball  upon  the  water  contained  in  the 
wad  :    no  danger  can  result  from  it.  as  the  ball  may  he  allowed  10  cool  111  the  gun 

without  the  charge  taking  fire;  but  it  ia  belter  to  lire  without  much  delay,  aa 

Steam  would  injure  the  powder. 

The  penetrations  of  cold  and  hot  shot  into  wood  are  equal  under  the  wme 
circumstances.  A  red  hot  shot  retains  sufficient  beat  to  set  lire  to  wood  after 
having  struck  the  water  several  times.  The  lire  is  communicated  more  rapidly 
and  certainly  to  the  wood  when  the  ball  does  not  penetrate  more  than  10  or  1*2 
inches,  because  at  a  greater  depth  the  communication  with  the  external  air  is 
not  sufficiently  free.  It  is  proper  therefore  to  fire  with  small  charges,  !  to  J  wt. 
of  the  shot,  according  to  the  distance,  in  order  that  the  shot  may  remain  in  the 
wood  and  not  penetrate  too  deep. 

Expansion  of  Shot  heated  to  a  white  /""'. 


8-in. 


32 


24 


L8 


12 


Expansion In.[     0.149  I     0.11      |     0.10     !     0-03     |     0-00     I     "-"4 

Heated  shot  do  not  return  to  their  original  dimensions  on  cooling,  but  retain 
a   permanent  enlargement,  as  will    uppear   from   the    following  table,  giving  the 
i   16  trials  by  Lieutenant  Rodman,  of  the  Ordnance  Department 


fi  nirh   ,^/iot 


FIRST  HKATING. 


SD  III  A  I  ING. 


Diam.  Expansion.  Diam.  Exi 


In. 


lal 7.S40 

White   heat   

v  re, I - 

Alter  i  ooling 


In. 
o.l  \9 


0.000 
.019 
.016 

.007 


In. 


In. 
8.171 


.012 


Chat  t  f.  h     F  < )  u  h  t  k  k  n  t  ii  . 


fid  A  T  E  B  I A  LS. 

TIMBER. 

The  kinds  of  wood  principally  used  in  ordnance  constructions  arc  the  follow- 
ing: 

White  Oak  (Querent  alba).  Tlic  bark  is  while,  the  leaf  long,  narrow  and 
deeply  indented  ;  the  wood  is  of  a  straw  color,  with  a  somewhat  reddish  tinge, 
lough  and  pliable.  It  is  the  principal  limber  used  for  ordnance  purposes,  being 
employed  for  all  kinds  of  artillery  carriages. 

White  Bbbcb — Rei>  Bbecb  [Fagnn  sylvettri*—  Fagtts  ferruginea)  are  the 
mosl  suitable  for  fuzes  and  mallets  ;  also  for  plane  stocks  and  various  other 
tools. 

White   Ash  [Fraxinvt  Americana)  is  straight  grained,  tough  and  clastic,  and 
is    therefore    suitable   for   light  carriage   shafts;    in    artillery  it    is    used    chiel) 
sponge   and    rammer    slaves;  sometimes  for  handspikes,  and  for  sabota  and   tool 
handles. 

Elm  (Ulmn*  Americana)  is  well  suited  for  fellies  and  fir  small  naves. 

Hick  i:y  [Jnglaut  tomento*a)  is  very  tough  and  flexible;  the  most  suitable 
wood  for  handspikes  and  tool  handles,  and  for  wooden  axlell 

Blaci  Wai.mt  [Jugla  is  hard  and  fine  grained  j  it  >s  sometin  i 

for  naves,  and  the  plank  for  ammunition   boxes  j  it  is  used  exclusively  for  the 
stocks  of  smnll  arms. 

White   Poplab,  ob  Tulip  Thee  [Liriodendron    tvlipifera)  -hi,  fine 

pramed   wood,  which  prows  t"  ised    for    sab  U    carti 

blocks,  etc.  and  for  the  lining  of  ammunition  boxes. 

White  Pine  [Piutu  ttnbtu  is  used  (or  arm  chests  and  packing  boxes  gene* 
rally,  and  for  building  purp< 

CnpreitttS    dittl'd  ft,    light,    -lr.night   grained    WOOd,    which 

grow*  to  a  very  large  size.     <  >n  account  ot  the  difilou  I 
able  kind  m  the  Southern  States,  cypress  ha-  bees  somi  tl    ■ 

anil  .  ■  -        It  resists  better  than  oak  lh''  h  It  ■■  r :  '   heat  and 

particular 
but  being  of  inferior  strength,  a  larger  scantling  of  cypres*  than  of  oak 


1178  <  BAP.   \n  .  —  I  \  i  r.:;i  \i.s. 

for  tin-  -  inn-  purpose,  iad  on  account  of  it-  ratine  n  't  resist  sufficiently 

the  i  -  t.i  which  nuch  ■■•in   iges  are  liable. 

l-  i  ia    i-  viTy  light,  doi  easily 

split,  and  i»  excellent  I  nd  cartridge  bli 

Dog    W  ia   hard   and   fine   grained,  suitable  for  mtt   i 

Selection  <</  SS  /' 

Tin-  principal  circumstances  \\  bicfa  affect  tin-  quality  "i  growing  tree-  an 
.  limatt  and  ■ 

In  a  moist  -"il,  the  wood  Is  less  firm  and  decay*  sooner  than  in  a  dry,  sandy 

soil,  but   in  tin-  latter  tin-  limber  ia  seldom  fine;  the  best  i-  that  which  grows 

dark  soil,  mixed  with  stones  and  gravel  ;  tin-  remark  does  not  apply  i<>  the 

poplar,  willow,  cypress,  ami  other  light   woods,  which  grow  best  in  wet  silua- 

t >. 

In  tin-  United  States,  the  climate  of  the  Northern  and  Middle  Stntes  is  most 
rable  t;>  tin-  growth  of  the  timber  used  for  ordnance  purposes,  except  the 
»y  j>r» — . 

Trees  crowing  in  tin-  centre  of  .1  forest,  or  on  a  plain,  arc  generally  str 

and  more  free  from  limbs  than  th<>>e  growing  on  tin-  edge  of  the  forest,  in  0| 

ground,  or  on  the  sides  of  hills,  but  the  former  are  at  the  same  time  I'---  hard. 
Tin-  aspect  in  >-t  sheltered  from  tin-  prevalent  winds  1-  generally  most  favorable 
10  tin-  growth  hi'  tiuilier.  The  vicinity  of  Ball  water  1-  favorable  i"  tin-  strength 
and  hardness  oi  white 

The  selection  of  umber  trees  should  In-  made  before  'in-  Tall  of  the  leaf,  A 
healthy  tree  1-  indicated  by  the  top  branchea  being  vi.-or.'ns  and  well  covered 
with  leave-:  the  hark  i-  clear,  smoi  lb,  and  .'i  a  uniform  color.  If  the  tup  has  a 
regular,  rounded  form;  it' the  bark  ia  dull,  scabby  and  covered  with  while  and 
red  spots,  caused  by  running  water  or  Bap,  the  tree  1-  unsound.  The  decay  of 
the   uppermost  branches,  and  tin-  separation  of  the  hark  from  the  wood,  are 

infallible  Bifrns  of  the  decline  of  the  tree. 


Felling  Tinibt  r. 

The  most  suitable  season  for  felling  timber  is  tlmi  in  which  vegetation  1-  at 
re-t.  winch  i-  the  case  in  midwinter  and  in  midsummer.  Recent  experiments 
incline  in  give  preference  to  the  latter  season,  say  the  month  of  July;  but  the 
usual  praolice  1-  m  foil  tree-  for  limber  between  the  iir.-i  of  December  and  the 
middle  of  March. 

Tie-  iree  should  be  allowed  t<>  obtain  it-  lull  maturity  before  being  felled  ;  this 
period  in  oak  limber  i-  generally  at  tin-  age  of  ir<im  75  t"  100  years  or  upward, 


T1MIU.R. 


:H!) 


according  lo  circumstances.  The  age  of  bard  wood  is  determined  by  the  num- 
ber of  rings  which  may  be  counted  in  a  section  of  the  tree. 

The  tree  should  be  cul  as  near  the  ground  as  possible,  the  lower  part  being 
the  best  timber;  the  quality  of  the  wood  is  in  some  degree  indicated  by  the 
color,  which  should  be  nearly  uniform  in  the  heart  wood,  a  little  deeper  toward 
the  centre,  and  without  sudden  transiiiona. 

Felled  timber  should  be  immediately  stripped  of  its  bark,  and  raised  Irom  the 
ground. 

Defects  oj    Timber  Trees  (especially  of  Oak). 

St/j>.  the  white  wood  next  to  the  bark,  which  very  soon  rots,  and  should  never 
be  used,  except  that  of  hickory.  There  are  sometimes  found  rings  of  lit'lit 
colored  wood  surrounded  by  good  hard  wood;  this  maybe  called  the  second  sap; 
it  should  cause  the  rejection  of  the  tree  in  which  it  occurs. 

Brash  toood,' is  a  delect  generally  consequent  on  the  decline  of  the  tree  from 
age;  the  pores  of  the  wood  are  open,  the  wood  is  reddish  colored,  it  breaks 
^hort,  without  splinters,  and  the  chips  crumble  to  pieces.  This  wood  is  entirely 
unfit  for  artillery  carriages. 

Wood  which  has  died  hi  fore  being  frflnl  should  in  general  be  rejected  .  so  should 
knoVy  tries,  and  those  which  are  covered  with  tubercles  or  excrescences. 

Twisted  wood,  the  grain  of  which  ascends  in  a  spiral  form,  is  unlit  for  use  in 
large  scantling  ;  but  if  the  defect  is  not  very  decided,  the  wood  may  be  used  for 
naves  and  lor  some  light  pieces. 

Spili*.  checks  and  cracks,  extending  toward  the  centre,  if  deep  and  strongly 
marked,  make  the  wood  unlit  for  use,  Unless  it  is  intended  to  be  split. 

Wind  shakes,  are  cracks  separating  the  concentric  layers  of  wood  froi 
other;  if  the  shake  extends  through  the  entire  circle  it  is  a  ruinous  defei  t 

All  the  above-mentioned  defects  are  to  be  guarded  against  in  procuring  tim- 
ber for  use  in  artillery  constructions.  The  centre  heart  is  also  to  be  rejected, 
except    in    timber  of  very  which    cannot    generally  be    procured   Irce 

from  It. 

Seasoning  and  Preserving  Timi 

-  practicable  after  the  tree  is  felled,  the  sap  wood  should  be  taken 
iii  and  the  timber  reduced,  either  by  sawing  or  splitting,  nearly  to  the  dimen- 
-   required  for  use      Piei  es  ol   large  scantling,  or  of  peculiar  form,  such  a^ 
those  lor  the  bi  t  with  the  - 

tics,    of  smaller  dit  split   with 

ild  be  cut  to  the  proper  length  and  bored,  through  t  :lu  1$  in. 

•  r.  to  facilil  -  as  much  as  possible. 

I  the  butt 


880  CHAP.   xiv.  —  MATERIALS. 

Timber  "i  large  dimension*  is  Improved  l>y  immertion  in  water  for  Mine 
week*,  according  to  n*  site,  after  which  it  is  leaa  aubjecl  to  warp  and  crack  In 
i  ng. 

J  i ir  the  purpose  of  seasoning,  limber  should  be  piled  under  shelter,  where  il 
maybe  kepi  dry.  bul  nol  exposed  to  a  strong  current  of  air ;  attheaame  tune 
there  should  be  a  free  circulation  of  air  fetboul  the  limber,  with  which  view  slat* 
<>r  blocks  ol  wood  should  be  placed  between  ihe  pieces  that  lie  over  each  other, 
near  enough  together  t<>  prevent  the  timber  from  bending.  In  the  shed*,  the 
limber  should  be  piled  in  this  w:iy.  it  in  square  piles,  and  classed 
according  to  age  and  kind.  Each  pile  should  l><*  distinctly  marked  with  tiie 
number  and  kind  of  pieces,  and  their  age,  or  the  date  of  receiving  them.  The 
piles  should  he  taken  down  ami  mad.-  ov«r  again  at  intervals,  varying  with  the 
length  of  lime  which  the  limber  has  been  cut  The  seasoning  of  limber  requires 
from  '2  to  S  years,  according  to  its  size. 

Gradual  drying  and  seasoning  in  this  manner  Is  considered  the  most  favorable 
to  the  durability  and  strength  of  limber,  l>ut  various  methods  have  been  proposed 
for  hastening  the  |ir>  ■>■< — .  I.t  this  purpose,  eteaming.  timber  has  been  applied 
with  success;  and  the  result  of  experiments  with  Mr.  Kyan'a  process  of  satu- 
rating timber  with  a  solution  of  corrosive  sublimate,  have  been  highly  satisfac- 
tory ;  this  is  said  to  harden  and  season  the  wood,  at  the  same  time  that  it  secures 
it  from  the  dry  rot  and  from  the  attacks  of  worms.  The  process  of  Mr.  Barle, 
winch  consist.-  in  saturating  the  wood  with  a  hot  solution  ol'  copperas  and  blue 
vitriol  mixed  together,  has  been  trird  by  the  Ordnance  Department,  but  the 
results  have  not  been  favorable,  as  regards  its  effect  on  the  strength  or  preser- 
vation of  the  timber.     Kiln  drying  is  serviceable  only  for  boards  and  pieces  of 

small  dimensions,  and  is  apt  to  cause  cracks  and  to  impair  the  Strength  of  wood, 
unless  performed  very  slowly.  Charring  or  painting  is  highly  injurious  io  any 
hut  seasoned  limber,  as  it  effectually  prevents  the  drying  of  the  inner  part  of 

the  wood,  in  which  consequently  fermentation  and  decay  soon  take  place. 

Oak  limber  loses  aboul  one-ftfth  of  iu  weight  in  seasoning,  and  about  one-third 
of  it*  weight  in  becoming  perfectly  dry. 


381 


Measuring  Timber. 

Sawed  or  hewn  timber  is  measured  by  the  cubic  font,  or  more  commonly  by 
board  measure^  the  unit  of  which  is  a  superficial  foot  of  a  board  1  in.  thick. 
Small  pieces,  especially  those  which  ;irc  got  out  by  splitting  (such  as  spokes), 
iiiul  thapen,  or  pieces  roughed  out  to  a  particular  pattern  (such  as  stocks  for 
small  arms),  are  often  purchased  by  the  piece. 

Usual  rule  lor  measuring  round  timber: 

Multiply  thi  length  by  th<  square  of  one-fourth  the  mean  girth,  Cot  the  solid  con- 
contents  :  or,  , —  ;  7>  being  the  length  o(  the  log,  and  C  half  the  sum  of  the  cir- 
cumferences of  the  two  ends.  But  when  round  timber  is  procured  for  u.*e  in 
the  Ordnance  Department,  it  should  be  measured  according  to  the  square  of 
gOod  timber  which  can  be  obtained  from   the  log. 


Table,  showing  the  Superficial  Feet  in  one  Unci!  foot  of  Boards 
of  various  widths. 


WIDTH. 

AREA. 

WIDTH. 

AREA. 

WIDTH. 

Am;  \. 

In. 

Sup.  ft. 

1          In. 

Sup.  ft. 

In. 

Sup.  ft. 

0.2:3 

0.0203 

1.25 

0.3542 

8.25 

0.6S7S 

0.3 

0.0417 

4.0 

0.375 

v.:, 

0.71 

0.75 

0.0625 

4.75 

0.39 

8.75 

11.7  i 

1. 

B33 

5. 

0.4167 

9. 

0.7.7 

1.25 

0.11 

5.25 

0.  1375 

9.25 

0.7708 

1.5 

0.126 

r>..-) 

0.1 

9.5 

0.7'.' 17 

1 . 7.7 

(i.l  158 

5.75 

0.4792 

'.'.7.7 

0.8125 

2. 

0.11 

0.5 

10. 

- 

0.1875 

0.5 

10.25 

0.8542 

2 . 5 

0.2083 

6.5 

0.5417 

10.5 

0.875 

2.75 

6.75 

0.51 

10.7-7 

0.6 

. 

0.25 

7. 

ii.   - 

11.     ' 

U67 

. 

7.25 

11.25 

0.9 

.   M7 

7.5 

11.5 

0.9583 

:i.7.'> 

0.3125 

7.7.'. 

0.6458 

11.7.7 

II. '.C' J 

1. 

0.3333 

^. 

0.6667 

12. 

1  .1  1 

To  Bad  the  nun  d  wteaiun,  In  any  piece  <>\  timber  ol 

width,  multiply  the  tabular  area,  for  thai  width,  by  the  length  in  feel  and  tba 
thickness  in  ini 


:'.VJ  CHAP.   CIV.  —  MATERIALS. 


II, 

lained  from  orea  in  which  u  generally  exist-  in  the  state  of  an  i  side, 
mil  wnli  pari  by  <r  stony  matters,  and  sometimes  with  »ulpkur,art 
magueeia,  manganeee,  etc.     Iron  orea  are  t- 1 . i ^ —  «■ .  1  and  named  according  to  their 
different  combinations,  as,  magnetic,  »y/<<»/.-  v.,  brown  hema- 

tite; the  lasl  named  is  the  ore  from  which  the  Salisbury  and  the  Juniata  iron* 
are  extracted. 

Making  /'i<j  Iron. 

R  iastimo.  Td  obtain  pig  iron,  the  ore  is  iir>t  roasted,  to  separate  such  of  tlie 
foreign  substances  as  can  be  consumed:  or  volatilized  by  a  moderate  heat.  I  r 
this  purpose  the  ore  i>  distributed  in  layers  alternately  with  refuse  coal  or  char- 
coal, and  luiriit  in  the  open  air,  or  in  ;i  kiln  similar  10  that  used  for  burning  lime: 
when  sufficiently  calcined,  the  ore  is  easily  broken  Into  pieces  of  the  proper  sise 
lor  smelting. 

ri»G  separates  the  iron  from  the  refractory  substances  with  which  it  is 
combined  in  the  ore.  Ii  is  effected  in  the  blast  furnace,  by  exposing  the  ore  to 
a  great  heat,  in  conjunction  with  a  suitable  Mux  of  limes)  me  i  r  clay,  which,  com- 
bining with  the  earthy  matter,  runs  off  over  the  dam,  in  a  cinder^  leaving  the 
iron  to  settle  at  the  l> ottom  of  the  furnace,  where  it  is  protected  from  the  blaat 
by  the  cinder,  and  kept  hot  and  fluid,  until  it  is  drawn  off  into  open  channels  or 
moulds,  in  the  form  of  pig*,  which  is  usually  done  every  twelve  hours. 

The  Kinds  of  fuel  used  for  smelting  are  charcoal,  bituminous  coal,  coke,  and 
recently,  anthracite  coal.  For  many  purposes,  such  as  sheets  for  tinning,  bars 
for  converting  into  steel,  charcoal  iron  is  exclusively  used,  and  for  bar  iron,  it  is 
superior  to  that  made  with  bituminous  coal;  but  for  castings,  the  latter  maybe 
used  with  advaotage. 

Pig  iron,  according  to  the  proportion  of  carbon  which  it  contains,  is  divided 
into  foundry  iron  and  forge  iron,  the  latter  being  adapted  only  to  converting  into 
malleable  iron  ;  while  the  former,  containing  the  largest  proportion  of  carbon, 
pan  be  used  either  for  casting  or  lor  making  bar  iron. 

Malleable  Iron. 

able  iron  may  he  made  directly  from  tin'  pigs,  by  means  of  tin-  bloomery 
1-r  puddling  furnace j  hut  when  it  is  desired  to  obtain  iron  homogeneous  and  ol 
the  best  quality,  the  pig  iron  should  invariably  he  refined,  otherwise  the  bar  iron 
will  he  lull  of  black  specks  ami  cinder  holes. 


IRON.  .  383 

Kkfinjng.  This  important  operation  deprives  the  iron  of  a  considerable  por- 
tion of  its  carbon  ;  it  is  effected  in  a  Unni  furnace  where  the  iron  is  melted  by 
means  of  charcoal  or  coke,  and  exposed  for  some  lime  to  the  action  of  a  great 
heat  ;  the  metal  is  then  run  into  a  cast  iron  mould,  l>y  which  it  is  formed  into  a 
large,  broad  plate,  about  2  5  in.  thick.  As  soon  as  the  surface  of  the  plate  is 
chilled,  cnlii  water  is  poured  on  plentifully,  to  render  it  brittle. 

The  next  process  is  to  convert  the  metal  into  malleable  iron,  by  depriving  it 
of  its  remaining  carbon  and  oxygen,  which  in  the  United  States  is  usually  effected 
in  the  bloomery  fire ;  in  England,  by  means  of  n  puddling  furnace. 

Bloomery.  The  bloomery  resembles  a  large  forge  fire,  where  charcoal  and  a 
strong  blast  are  used,  and  the  refined  metal  or  the  pig  iron,  after  being  broken 
into  pieces  of  the  proper  size,  is  placed  before  the  blast,  directly  in  contact  with 
the  charcoal;  as  the  metal  fuzes,  it  (alls  into  a  cavity  It  ft  for  that  purpose  below 
the  blast,  where  the  bloomer  works  it  int'  the  shape  of  a  ball,  which  he  places 
again  before  the  blast,  surrounded  with  fresh  charcoal;  this  operation  is  gener- 
ally again  repeated,  when  the  ball  is  ready  for  the  shitlghr. 

Puddling,  is  effected  in  a  reverberatory  furnace,  where  the  flame  of  bitumi- 
nous coal  is  made  10  act  directly  on  the  metal,  which  has  been  previously  broken 
into  small  pieces.  When  inched,  it  is  thoroughly  worked  by  the  puddler.  who 
separates  his  charge,  on  the  cast  iron  bottom  or  hearth  of  the  furnace,  into  five 
or  six  pvddlers'  bath,  weighing  from  80  to  100  pounds  each.  These  balls  are 
next  passed  to  the  shingler. 

Shingling  i>  best  performed  under  the  tilt  hammer  weighing  from  two  to  four 
tons,  although  it  is  sometimes  done  under  a  squeezer ;  it  has  a  double  object,  to 
form  the  ball  into  a  shape  i<>  be  received  by  tin-  puddle  roll>.  and  t"  express  the 
liquid  cinder  which  may  remain  in  the  ball;  this  is  effected  by  Irom  fifteen  to 
twenty  blows  with  the  hammer;  the  ball,  now  called  a  bloom,  is  ready  for  being 
rolled  or  hammered. 

r.  Rolls.     By  passing  through  diffen  i  In  these  rolls,  the  bloom 

i-.    reduced    to   n  rough  bar  from  three  t"  four  feet  in    length,  its  name  conveying 
an  idea  of  its  condition,  which  i~  rough  and  imperfect. 

The  bloom  may  be  broken  tlovn  under  the  hammer,  instead  of  rollers:  for  this 
purpose,  the  shingler  works  the  bloom  as  long  a-  the  heal  will  permit,  when  it  is 
re-heated  ami  hammered,  until  it  is  reduced  to  one  or  more  aueoines,  according 
to  i   •  bar  which   it   is   intended  t"  make;  these  are  again  heated  and 

reduced  in  l  lie  required  si/.e  and  shape. 

Piling.    To  prepare  rough  bars  for  ll  d,  they  are  cut,  either  hot  or 

Of  S  Strong  psir  Of   »A  lUcfa   length"  as  are   lies!    adapted 


884  CHAP.   xiv. — MATERIALS. 

10  the  size  of  tin-  finished  bar  raqoired  :  ibe  sheared  bars  arc   piled,  one  over  the 
other,  to  the  number  of  from  two  to  six  or  morja  pieoae,  according  to  the 
required,  %\  hen  the  pile  ia  ready  for  balling. 

BaLLIHG.  Thh  operation  is  performed  In  the  balling  furnace,  which  i>  similar 
to  the  puddling  furnace,  except  thai  its  bottom  or  hearth  is  made  u|>.  from  time 
to  time,  wuli  sand  instead  of  cast  iron:  it  ia  uaed  m  give  a  welding  heal  to  the 
piles  t'>  prepare  them  for  rolling. 

Finishing  Rolls.  The  built  arc  passed  sn< saively  between  rollers  of  vari- 
ous lornis  and  size*  according  to  the  shape  of  the  finished  bar  required. 

These  bars  are  straightened  on  a  en^t  iron  bed.  with  heavy  wooden  beetles. 

Properties  of  Har  Iron.  All  iron  contains  more  or  leas  carbon,  the  hardest 
containing  the  least,  and  the  proportion  varies  from  J  to  2  percent.  It  expands 
l-812th  part  from  32°  to  212°  Fahr.,  and  l-l  Huh  part,  from  32  to  a  red  beat- 
Specific  gravity,  " 

Totesttlu  quality  of  bar  iron.  The  most  convenient  test  is  by  the  fracture  : 
but  tin*  is  not  always  sufficient,  as  the  same  iron  will  present  different  appear- 
luces,  according  to  the  manner  in  which  it  has  been  forged,  and  the  degree  of 
heat  to  which  ii  has  been  subjected.     In  testing  by  the  fracture,  the  sample  should 

lie    1    inch    square,  or   il"  a  flat  bar,  A  inch   thick':   cut    a  notch  on  < side  with  :• 

cold  chisel,  and  bend  the  har  down  over  the  edge  of  an  anvil,  or  give  it  a  heavy 

Mow.  when   lying  flat  on  the  ground,  with  a  sledge  ha terj  if  ths  fracture 

exhibits  long  silky  fibres,  of  a  leaden  gray  color,  cohering  together  and  twisting 
or  pulling  apart  before  breaking,  il  denotes  a  tough,  sod  Iron,  which  is  easy  to 
work  and  hard  to  break,  suitable  for  sheet  iron,  wire,  etc., but  it  may  weld  badly. 
.\  medium,  even  -rain,  mixed  with  fibres  as  above,  but  without  bright  specks 
or  darlc  spots,  is  also  a  favorable  indication.  In  general,  a  short,  blackish 
fibre  indicates  iron  badly  refined  and  mixed  with  carbon,  plumbago,  or  oxide ; 

il"  worked  verv  h  it.  il  may  lie  improved,  but  there  will  be  a  great  waste.  .1  very 
Inn.  elosi  grain  denotes  a  hard,  steely  iron,  which  is  apt  to  be  cold-short,  hard  to 
work  with  the  hammer  or  file.  A  coarse  grain,  with  a  brilliant,  crystallized  frac* 
lure,  or  yellow  or  brown  spots,  denotes  a  brittle  iron,  inclined  to  be  cold-short, 
Imt  working  easily  when  healed,  and  making  a  good  weld.  Numerous  cracks 
mi  the  edges  ol  the  bar  generally  indicate  a  hot-short  iron,  which  cracks  or  breaks 
when  punched  or  worked  at  a  red  heat,  and  will  not  weld;  it  is  strong  when 

cold,  mid  may  be  useful  in  that  State,  but  if  worked,  care  should  lie  laken  not  to 
Subject  it  to  strains  at  a  red  heat.      Blisters,  faWS  and   rinr/er  Itolrs.  are  caused  by 

imperfect  welding  at  too  low  a  heat,  or  by  the  iron  not  being  properly  worked, 

and  do  not  always  indicate  an  inferior  quality.     The  above  ii.enlu 1  characters 


iron.  •  885 

art-  not  often  found  separate  in  iron,  and  its  quality  must  be  determined  by  llnir 
con  1 1  nil;  tioi),  and  by  1  Ik*  predoinina  IICO  of  <  >  1 1 « •  Of  I  he  oilier  of  them.  In  general, 
jjood  iron  is  readily  heated,  is  soft  tinder  ihe  hammer,  and  throws  out  but  few 
sparks  when  lakes  from  the  lire. 

The  best  lest  for  bar  iron  is  to  have  a  pieee  forged  into  the  shape  in  which  it  is 
intended  lo  use  it.  Another  test  for  iron  when  cold  is  to  cut  a  screw  thread  on  a 
square  bar,  and  bend  it  by  striking  the  end  with  a  hammer;  also  by  punching  or 
drilling  pieces  winch  are  to  have  holes  in  them  ;  in  the  ease  of  I  he.  square  bar,  it 
should  be  bent  in  different  directions  al  sharp  angles,  and  if  the  bar  is  heavy, 
place  the  end  on  the  corner  of  the  anvil,  and  sirike  it  with  a  heavy  sledge  until 
the  piece  is  forced  off.  Examine  the  welding  of  pieces  which  are  jumped  on,  or 
npaet. 

To  test  iron  when  hot.  Draw  out  the  iron,  bend  and  twist  it — split  it,  and  (urn 
back  the  two  parts,  to  see  if  the  split  extends  up — punch  a  long  hole  in  the  direc- 
tion of  the  fibre  and  another  at  right  angles  lo  it — punch  holes  of  different  firms 
—  weld  the  iron  to  iron  and  steel — make  chains  from  small  rods — observe  if 
cracks  or  (laws  weld  easily — finally,  forge  some  of  the  most  difficult  pieces  for 
which  the  iron  is  intended. 

Note  on  Forging.  Good  iron  is  often  injured  by  being  unskilfully  worked. 
Care  should  be  taken  that  the  iron  while  heating  is  not  exposed  lo  the  air,  which 
would  assist  in  forming  scales  of  oxide  on  its  surface;  it  is  to  prevent  this  that 
the  workman  from  tune  to  time  throws  sand  or  clay  on  his  iron  to  protect  it. 
When  iron  is  at  a  white  heal,  immediate  contact  with  coal  tends  lo  carbonize  it 
and  make  it  steely.  Iron  heated  for  any  purpose,  and  especially  for  welding 
should  be  healed  as  rapidly  as  possible,  in  order  lo  expose  it  the  least  possible 
lime  to  Ihe  action  of  the  air  and  coal;  for  this  purpose  the  strongest  fuel,  with 
an  abundant,  steady  blast,  is  necessary.  Defects  in  iron,  caused  by  unskilful 
working  may  be  remedied  in  pari  ;  if,  lor  example,  iron  has  been  burned,  five  it 
a  smart  heat,  protected  as  much  as  possible  irmn  the  air;  it'  the  iron  has  ben 
injured  by  cold  hammering,  a  moderaie  annealing  heat  will  restore  it;  if  the  iron 
has  become  hard  and  steely,  give  it  one  or  more  smart  heats  to  extract  ihe 
carbon. 


Cast  Iron. 

Iron  castings  for  ordnance  purpi  the  pig  m^ial  obtained  uS  m 

■  Minjr  furnace.      There  are  many  vari.i  run.  differing  Irom  each 

other  by  almost  ini  •  ie  two  principal  divisions  are grm§BudmA$u 

led  from  ihe  color  of  the  fracture  when  n  i 


:»,m;  chap.  xiv. — MATERIALS. 

Gray  iron,  ia  softer  and  lees  brittle  than  white  iron  :  it  is  in  a  slight  degrei 

malleable  and  flexible,  and  ia  not  sonorous;  it  can  bo)easlly  drilled  and  turned 

in  the  lathe,  and  doea  not  resist  the  Hie.    it  has  a  brilliant  fracture,  of  a  gray,  or 

:  mea  a  bluish  ^rr:iy  color:  the  color  is  lighter  as  the  grain  becomes  oloaet, 

and  it-,  hardness  increases  at  the  same  time.  A  medium  sized  grain,  bright 
gray  color,  lively  aspect,  fracture  sharp  to  the  touch,  and  a  close  compact  tex- 
ture, indicate  a  good  quality  of  iron.    A  grain  cither  very  large  or  very  small,  B 

dull,  earthy  aspect,  loose  texture,  dissimilar  crystals  mixed  together,  indicate  an 
Inferior  qualfty. 

Gray  iron  melts  at  a  lower  heat  than  white  iron,  becomes  more  fluid,  and 
preserves  its  fluidity  longer;  it  runs  smoothly:  the  color  of  the  fluid  metal  is 
red.  and  deeper  in  proportion  as  the  heat  is  lower;  it  does  not  stick  to  the  ladle; 
it  (ills  the  moulds  well,  contracts  less  and  contains  fewer  cavities  than  white 
iron:  the  edges  of  a  casting  are  sharp  and  the  surface  smooth,  convex,  am' 
covered  with  carburet  of  iron.  Gray  iron  is  the  only  kind  suitable  lor  making 
castings  which  require  great  strength,  such  as  cannon.  Its  tenacity  ami  specific 
gravity  are  diminished  by  annealing.     Its  mean  specific  gravity  is  7, '200. 

White  iron  is  very  brittle  and  sonorous;  it  resists  the  file  and  the  chisel,  and 
is  susceptible  of  high  polish;  the  surface  of  a  casting  is  concave;  the  fracture 
presents  a  silvery  appearance,  generally  line  grained  and  compact,  sometimes 
radiating,  or  lamellar. 

When  melted  it  is  white,  and  throws  off  a  great  number  of  sparks,  and  its 
qualities  are  the  reverse  of  those  of  gray  iron;  it  is  therefore  unsuitable  lor  ord- 
nance purposes.  Its  tenacity  is  increased  and  its  specific  gravity  diminished  by 
annealing.     Its  mean  specific  gravity,  7..riD(). 

Mottled  iron  is  a  mixture  of  white  and  "ray ;  it  has  a  spotted  appearance  j  il 
flows  well  and  with  few  sparks;  the  casting  has  a  plane  surface,  with  edges 
slightly  rounded.      It  is  suitable  for  making  shot  and  shells. 

Besides  these  general  divisions  the  manufacturers  distinguish  more  particu- 
larly the  different  varieties  of  pig  metal  by  numbers,  according  to  their  relative 
hardness. 

No.  1  is  the  softest  iron,  possessing  in  the  highest  degree  the  qualities  de- 
scribed as  belonging  to  gray  iron;  it  has  not  much  strength,  but  on  account  of 
its  Auidity  when  melted  and  of  its  mixing  advantageously  with  old  or  scrap  iron, 
and  with  the  harder  kinds  of  cast  iron,  it  is  of  great  use  to  the  founder,  and  com- 
mands the  highest  price. 

No.  2  is  harder,  closer  grained,  ami  stronger  than  No.  1  ;  it  has  a  gray  color 
and  considerable  lustre.  It  is  the  kind  of  iron  most  suitable,  in  general,  for 
making  shot  and  shells. 

No.  3  is  still  harder  than  No.  2.     Its  color  is  gray,  but  inclining  to  white;  it  has 


CAST    IRON STEEL.  .  tf&7 

considerable  strength,  but  it  is  principally  used  by  the  founder  for  mixing  with 
other  kinds  ol  iron. 

•> 

No.  l  is  bright  iron.     No.  5,  mottled,     No.  6,  n-h.te.  which  is  unfit  for  general 

use  by  itself. 

The  qualities  of  these  various  lends  of  iron  seem  to  depend  on  the  proportion 
ol  carbon,  and  on  the  Mate  in  which  it  is  found  in  the  metal.     In  the  darker 

k.nds.of  iron,  where  the  proportion  is  sometimes  7  per  cent,  of  carbon,  it  exists 
partly  in  the  state  of  graphite  or  plumbago,  which  makes  the  iron  soft.  In  white 
iron  the  carl.on  is  thoroughly  combined  with  the  metal,  as  in  steel. 

Cast  iron  frequently  retains  a  portion  of  foreign  ingredients  from  the  ore  such 
as  earths,  or  oxides  of  other  metals,  and  sometimes  sulphur  and  phosphorus 
which  are  all  injurious  to  its  quality.  Sulphur  hardens  the  iron,  and  unless  in  a 
very  small  proportion,  destroys  its  tenacity. 

These  foreign  substances,  and  also  a  portion  of  the  carbon,  are  separated  bv 
melting  the  iron  in  contact  with  air,  and  soft  iron  is  thus  rendered  harder  and 
Mn.nger.  The  effect  of Smelting  varies  with  the  nature  of  the  iron  and  the  kind 
of  ore  from  which  it  has  been  extracted;  that  from  the  hard  ores,  such  as  the 
magnetic  oxides,  undergoes  less  alteration  than  that  from  the  hematites-  the  I  at 
ter  being  sometimes  changed  from  No.  1  to  white  by  a  single  remelting  in  the 
air  furnace.  The  kind  of  iron  most  suitable  for  any  special  purpose,  such  as  the 
casting  of  cannon,  should  be  ascertained  by  tri.,1  for  that  purpose  in  the  furnace 
in  which  it  is  to  be  used. 

All  cast  iron  expands  forcibly  at  the  moment  of  becoming  solid,  and  again 
contracts  in  cooling;  gray  iron,  as  before  remarked,  expands  more  and  contracts 
less  than  other  iron. 

The  color  and  texture  of  cas,  iron  depend  greatly  on  the  size  of  the  CBStiufi 
and  the  rapidity  of  cooling;  a  small  casting,  which  cools  quicfcly.ia  almost  always 
White,  and  the  surface  of  large  castings  par.akes   more  of  the  qualities  of  white 

metal  than  the  interior. 


STEEL, 

Stoat  is  a  compound  of  iron  and  carbon,  In  which  the  proportion  of  the  latter 
is  from  5  ...  1  per  cent.,  and  even  leas,  in  tome  kinds.  Steel  may  be  distinguish, 
ed  from  Iron  by  Its  fine  grain;  ptlbllily  of  hardening  by  Immersion 

when    hot.  ,n.o  cold  wafer;   and    with    certainty,  by  the   action    of  diluted    nitric' 

acid,  which    leaves    a    bl.ch    .pol    tccl.  and    on    ,ron    a    spot  which    i,    light- 

■  -I  in  proportion  as  the  iron  contains  less  carbon. 


888  CHAP.   Xiv.  —  ■  \  ri  i;i  \i.s. 

There  arc  m;iny  varieties  of  steel,  the  principal  of  which  are  : 
Natural  sled,  which  ia  obtained  by  reducing  the  rich  and  pure  kinds  of  iron 
ore  with  charcoal  and  refining  the  cast   iron,  so  as  to  deprive  ii  of  a  sufficient 
portion  >•!  carbon  i"  bring  it  to  a  malleable  slate-     Ii  is  made  principally  in  G<  i 
many  and  is  used  lor  making  tiles  and  other  tools. 
The  India  steel  'ailed  Woott  i»  said  to  be  a  uatural  steel,  containing  a  small 

portion  of  oilier  metal-. 

Blistered  steel,  or  stttl  of  cementation,  is  prepared  by  the  direct  combination  of 
iron  and  carbon.  For  this  purpose,  the  iron  in  bars  i-  put  in  layers  alternating 
with  powdered  charcoal,  in  B  close  furnace,  and  exposed  for  7  or  S  days  to  a 
heat  of  about  70°  Wedge  wood,  and  then  suffered  to  cool  lor  as  many  days 
more.  The  liars  on  being  taken  out  are  covered  wiih  blisters,  have  acquired  a 
brittle  quality,  and  exhibit  in  the  fracture  a  uniform  crystalline  appearance. 
The  degree  of  carbonization  is  varied  according  to  the  purpose  for  which  the 
steel  is  intended,  and  the  best  qualities  of  iron  (  Russian  and  Swedish)  are  used 
for  the  finest  kinds  of  steel. 

Tilted  steel,  ia  made  from  blistered  steel  moderately  healed  and  subjected  to 
the  actum  of  a  tilt  hammer,  by  which  means  its  tenacity  and  density  are  increas- 
ed, and  it  is  thus  adapted  to  use. 

Shear  ttoel,  is  made  from  blistered  or  natural  steel  refined  by  piling  thin  bars 
into  Inputs,  which  are  brought  to  a  welding  heat  in  a  reverberatory  furnace,  and 
hammered  or  rolled  again  intp  bars;  this  operation  is  repeated  several  times  to 
produce  the  finest  kinds  of  shear  steel,  which  are  distinguished  by  the  names  Ol 
half  shear,  single  shear,  and  double  shear,  or  steel  of  I  mark,  of  2  Mnh{  of  3 
///  irks,  etc.,  according  to  the  number  of  times  it  has  been  piled. 

Cast  sttel,  is  made  by  breaking  blistered  steel  into  small  pieces  and  melting 
it  in  close  crucibles  from  which  it  is  poured  into  iron  moulds;  the  ivgol  is  then 
reduced  to  a  bar  by  hammering  or  rolling,  as  described  under  the  head  of  malle- 
able iron,  these  operations  being  performed  with  great  care.  Cast  steel  is  I  be 
finest  kind  ol  steel  and  best  adapted  for  most  purposes;  it  is  known  by  a  very 
fine,  even,  and  close  grain  and  a  silvery  homogeneous  fracture:  it  is  very  brittle 
and  acquires  extreme  hardness,  but  is  dillicult  to  weld  without  the  use  of  a  llnx. 
The  other  kinds  of  steel  have  a  similar  appearance  to  cast  steel,  but  the  grain  is 
coarser  and  less  homogeneous;  they  are  softer  and  less  brittle,  and  weld  more 
readily.  A  fibrous  or  lamellar  appearance  in  the  Fracture  indicates  ail  imperfect 
Steel.  A  material  of  great  toughness  and  elasticity,  as  well  as  hardness,  is  made 
by  forging  together  steel  and  iron,  forming  the  celebrated  damask  fteel,  which 
i-  used  It  sword  blades,  springs,  etc.  J  the  damasked  appearance  is  produced 
by  lh"  action  of  a  diluted  acid,  which  gives  a  black  lint  lo  the  Steel  pails,  whiUt 
the  iron  remains  white. 

Various  janci)   stciis,   or   alloys  of  steel   with  Stiver,  filnt  i  mi  in,   ihii'/iiDii,  iihimi- 


BTBEL.  :$&y 

7/ium,  have  been  made  with  a  view  to  imitating  the  Damascus  steel,  wooiz,  etc 
and  improving  the  fabrication  of  tome  of  line  liner  kinds  of  surgical  and  other 
instruments. 

Properties  of  Steel.  The  besi  steel  possesses  the  following  characters: 
heated  to  redness  and  plunged  into  eold  water,  il  becomes  hard  enough  to  scratch 
glass,  and  to  resist  the  best  files;  the  hardness  is  uniform  throughout  the  pieces 
after  being  tempered  it  is  no  easily  broken  J  it  welds  readily;  it  does  not  crack 
or  split;  it  hears  a  very  high  heat  and  preserves  the  capability  of  hardening  alter 
repeated  working;  the  grain  is  line,  even,  and  homogeneous,  and  it  receives  a 
brilliant  polish,     its  specific  gravity  is  7,816,  being  greater  than  that  of  iron. 

ZVsfc  lireak  a  tew  bars  taken  at  random:  make  tools  of  then)  and  try  them 
in  the  severest  manner. 

Hardening  and  Tempering  Steel.  On  these  operations  the  quality  of  manu- 
factured steel  in  a  great  measure  depends. 

Hardening  is  effected  by  heating  the  steel  to  a  cherry  red.  or  until  the  scales 
of  oxide  are  loosened  on  the  surface,  and  plunging  it  into  a  liquid,  or  placing  it 
in  contact  with  some  cooling  substance  :  the  degree  of  hardness  depends  on  the 
heat  and  the  rapidity  of  cooling.  Steel  is  thus  rendered  so  hard  as  to  resist  the 
hardest  files,  and  it  becomes  at  the  same  time  extremely  brittle.  The  degree  of 
heat  and  the  temperature  an. I  nature  of  the  cooling  medium  must  be  chosen 
with  reference  to  the  quality  of  the  steel  and  the  purpose  for  which  it  is  intended. 
Cold  water,  mercury  and  acids,  give  the  greatest  hardness;  oils  and  fatty  sub- 
Stances,  sand,  wet  iron  scales  or  cinders,  etc..  give  an  inferior  degree  of  hard- 
ness, but  prevent  the  cracks  which  are  caused  by  too  rapid  cooling.  The  lower 
the  heat  at  which  I  he  steel  becomes  hard,  the  better. 

Temprriug.  Steel  in  its  hardest  stale  being  too  briitle  lor  most  purposes,  the 
requisite  strength  and  elasticity  are  obtained  by  tempering,  or  letting  down  the 
temper,  as  the  workmen  term  it,  which  is  performed  by  heating  the  hardened 
sleel  to  a  certain  degree  and  letting  it  cool  gradually.  The  requisite  heat  is  uu. 
ally  ascertained  by  the  color  which  the  surface  of  the  steel  assumes  (r,iril  ,ne 
liln,  of  oxide  thus  formed.  The  degrees  of  heat  to  which  these  several  colors 
Correspond,  are  as  follows: 

At  l30«Fahr.,  a  very  faint  yellow.)  Suitable  l«.r  hard  instruments;  as  hammer 
At4.)0°     •■     a  pale  straw  color.  J      faces,  drills,  for  hard  snbuiancen,  etc. 

At  170°     •'      a  full  yell,, w (  F"r  instruments  requiring  bard  edges  witb- 

At490°     «     a  brown  color '""    elasticity!    :'-   »bears,  scissors,  tools 

(     lor  turning  iron  aad  steel. 

At  510°  brown,  with  pur-)  For    tools  for  cutting  wood   and   soft    met- 

.    r„no  *P°lt ';     ■••!   »«cfc  ■■  plane  Irons,  chisels,  knives, 

At  830°       ••      purple J      . 


:{•>()  i  MAT.   \iv.  —  VATRRIALB. 

|  For    tools    requiring    strou::    ed^i-s    without 

At  S50°  Fnhr..  dark  blue |      extreme  hardness;  as  cold  chisels,  axes, 

lull  blue |      table  cutlery,  etc.,  which  will  break  before 

bending. 

A:  600°  "  grayish  blue  verg-  )  For  spring  temper,  which  will  bend  before 
ji. i:  on  black  •  •  )      breaking;  saws,  sword  blades,  etc. 

If  the  steel  N  heated  higher  than  this,  the  effect  of  the  hardening  process  is 
destroyed. 

Cask  Haboeninoj  is  tin-  conversion  of  the  surface  of  wrought  iron  into  steel, 
for  ihc  purpose  of  adapting  it  to  receive  a  polish,  or  to  hear  friction,  etc. :  this  is 
effected  by  heating  the  iron  to  a  cherry  red.  in  n  close  vessel,  in  contact  with 
carbonaceous  materials,  and  then  plunging  il  into  cold  water.  Hones,  leather, 
hoofs  and  horns  of  animals,  are  generally  used  for  this  purpose,  alter  having  been 
burnt  or  roasted,  so  that  they  can  l»e  pulverized.     Soot  is  also  frequently  used. 


Welding  Composition,  for  Iron  or  8t<<l. 

Borax 1"  parts. 

Sal  ammoniac 1  part. 

Pound  them  together,  and  melt  them  in  a  crucible  into  a  clear  liquid;  pour  it 
out  on  an  iron  plate,  and  when  cold  pulverize  it  for  use. 


SHEET  [RON. 
s/n,i  iron   i-  made  by  rolling.     It  should  lie  soft  and  tough,  its  surface  very 

smooth,  without  holes  or  thick  scales  ;  it  is  generally  of  a  bluish  color,  sometimes 
clouded;  the  sheet  should  be  of  regular  thickness,  clastic,  and  Crackling  when 
bent  in  the  hands.  When  bent  at  a  right  angle,  there  should  be  no  appearance 
of  fracture  on  the  exterior. 

/insMti  slnti  triiu  has  a  planished,  glossy  and  smooth  surface  of  gray  oxide  ^t 
Iron  ;  it  should  be  lice  from  rust  or  flaws,  and  be  very  sofl  and  tough. 
'riic>  severest  test  of  sheet  iron  consists  In  hammering  a  part  of  the  sheet  into 

a  concave  form. 

Sheet  uteet,  should  have  the  same  qualities  as  sheet  iron,  with  greater  elasticity 
and  hardness  iii  ;i  thinner  sheet. 

For  the  weigh!  Ol   sheet  iron,  sec-  TaBLBS  on  pages  406  and    107, 


TIN. 


391 


SHEET  TIN. 


Sheet  tin  is  made  by  coating  sheet  iron  with  tin.  The  iron  is  first  seonred,oi 
thoroughly  denied,  by  means  of  an  acid,  and  then  immersed  in  melted  tin. 
There  are  two  kinds,  cRlled  single  tin  and  double  tin,  differing  in  thickness  and 
•in  the  quantity  of  tin  with  which  the  iron  is  coated  The  surface  of  the  sin,. is 
should  be  bright  and  smooth,  free  from  specks,  heads  and  Misters. 


KIND. 

SIZE. 

MEAN    THICKNESS. 

WEIGHT. 

REMARKS. 

In. 

Wire  gauge 

In. 

Lbs. 

Single  Tin... 

10x11 

31 

0.0125 

0.5     "j 

There  are  usu- 
ally 225  sheets 

Double  X. . .  • 

10x14 

27 

0.018 

0.75    J 

in  a  l/ox. 

20x14 

27 

0.01S 

1.5 

112  sheets  in  a 
box. 

A  square  of  roof  (100  square  feet)  requires  about  71  sheets  of  roofing  tin. 

Pickle  for  cleaning  Iron.-^- To  a  mixture  of  equal  parts  of  nitric  and  muriatic 
acids,  add  twelve  times  their  joint    volume  of  water. 

Liquor  for  Tinning  or  Soldering.— Dissolve  3  ounces  of  zinc  in  a  pint  of  mu- 
riatic acid,  letting  it  stand  in  a  warm  place  about  8  hour-:  Strain  the  solution 
through  a  cotton  or  linen  cloth;  add  ateaspoonf.il  of  pulverized  sal  ammoniac. 
to  a  pint  Of  the  solution,  and  let  it  boil  for  10  minutes:  when  cool  it  is  fit  for  use. 

To  Tin  Iron.  Immerse  the  iron  in  the  cleaning  pickle;  if  the  surface  is  rough. 
let  u  remain  in  the  pickle  about  four  lour-,  or  until  all  the  scales  can  be  rtibb)  .1 
oft".  Then  dip  the  iron  into  the  solution  of  zinc,  and  immediately  afterward  into 
the  melted  tin.  which  must  be  Kept  a  little  above  the  melting  point.  Lei  it 
remain  in  the  melted  tin  until  the  latter  has  ceased  to  be  agitated,  when  the  Iron 

will    have   become  warm  enough  for  the  tin  to  adhere:   on  taking  it  out.  wipe  or 
»hake  off  the  surplus  tin. 

To  Tin  f'orpF.R.     It  is  only  necessary  to  dip  the  copper  into  the  solution  of 

Cine  and  then  into  the   bath  of  tin:   or  to  'lean  the  copper  with   diluted  sulphuric 
acid  hi  fore  immersing  it  ill  the  tin. 

Soldkriho  wi  mi  Soi  i  Sou  BR.     Dip  b  i  mop  into  the  solution  of  zinc. 

.,„,i  i  i  ,  the  pan  to  be  soldered,  before  applying  the  soldering  iron ;  this 

wl||    ,.„,,.,  |   to  How  freely,  without  Using   rosin,  or  cleaning  the  surface 

with  a  file. 


392 


i  II  \r.    IIV.  —  MATERIALS. 


FILES  AND  RASPS. 
!*i  and  Ratpt  required  for  tut  ai  an  Arsenal  of  Construction. 


Length. 


Width. 


Thick- 
new. 


Weight. 


It  K  V.  A  It  K  S. 


In. 

In. 

In. 

Lbs 

11/. 

1 

Flat  rough  (ruffs 

11. 

1.35 

0.35 

1 

1 

Flat,  tapering 

2 

1 .,,     (|(l 

IS. 
12. 

1.17 
1.17 

0.3 
0.3 

(i 
0 

1.-. 
It 

3 

1 1  i    bastards 

4 

8. 

(1.7 

0.2 

(I 

5 

Hail  round  bastards. 

12. 

1.11 

0.32 

0 

11 

6 

Do.                   do. 

9. 

0.85 

0.25 

II 

5  J 

7 

Do.                   do. 

6. 

0.56 

0.2 

(1 

1} 

8 

Eloand                do. 

12. 

.... 

0.5 

0 

!! 

Do.                    do. 

'J. 

.... 

0.23 

0 

2 

10 

Do.                    do. 

6. 

0.23 

0 

i 

11 

D...                   do. 

4.5 

.... 

0.10 

0 

i 

12 

Square              do. 

12. 

0.5 

0..r) 

0 

9 

13 

Do.                     do. 

8. 

0.32 

0.32 

0 

3 

14 

Do.                     do. 

ft. 

0.21 

0.24 

0 

2 

15 

Do.                   do. 

4. 

0.2 

0.2 

0 

i 

L6 

Flal  single  cut  (floats  1 

12. 

1.12 

0.22 

0 

lll.l 

l  edge  round* 

d. 

17 

Flat,  hand,  smooth  . . 

12. 

1.16 

0.31 

1 

2 

Safe  edge. 

18 

Do.            do. 

9. 

0.96 

0.27 

0 

III 

D  i. 

19 

Do.            do. 

8. 

0.b3 

0.2 

0 

(5 

Do. 

20 

Do.            do. 

1. 

0.  11 

0.1 

II 

1 

Do. 

21 

Half  round,  hand,  do. 

12. 

1.15 

0.33 

0 

12 

Do.              do. 

9. 

0.84 

0.21 

0 

51 

23 

Do.              do. 

6. 

0.6 

0.18 

II 

15 

'.! 

Taper,  hand  saw. . . . 

4.5 

A 

(i.  1 

0 

1* 

25 

Flat,  shoeing  rasp. . . 

11. 

L.5 

0.3f> 

1 

8 

2l> 

Half  round      do. 

12. 

1.14 

II.::.' 

0 

11 

Without  tang. 

English  lilos  art:  generally  used  at  the  Arsenals  and  Armories. 

Files  should  he  made  of  die  best  cast  steel.  The  teeth  are  generally  cul  at  an 
angle  of  60°  with  the  centre  line;  at  a  smaller  angle,  the  teeth  are  apt  to  choke, 

and  al  a  greater  angle,  they  do  not  cut. 

In  choosing  files,  they  should  lie  examined  to  sec  thai  ihey  arc  straight,  that 
they  are  free  from  oracks  and  flaws,  and  thai  they  are  cut  regularly.  The  teeth 
should  not  in-  turned  or  broken  by  filing  on  iron  or  tempered  steel,  tine  oui  of 
each  do/en  may  be  tried  on  a  piece  of  tempered  .-ted,  Mich  as  the  tang  of  a  file 

screwed    in   a    vice;   the   file   should   "take''   in    ils  whole  length,  both  on  the   flat 

and  edge,  and  should  not  cul  in  drawing  had;;  it  should  not  make  furrows,  or 

show  a   tendency  to  deviate   from   the  direction   given   to   it  by  the  hand.     The 


STORAGE    OF    METALS.  'M)l\ 

quality  of  the  stc-l  may  be  determined  by  breaking  some  of  ihe  files,  ami  work- 
in-  i in-  steel  in  tin:  forge. 

ALLOYS. 

Bronze— Gun  metal:  90  copper  and  10  tin. 

lull  metal:  7S  copper  and  22  tin. 

Vine  braes:  2  copper  and  I  zinc. 

Bras)  for  fnrts  of  small  amis  and  of  gun  carriages-:  80  copper,  17  zinc,  and  •'< 
tin. 

Sit  ret  brass:  3  copper  and  1  zinc. 

Hard  solder :  1  zinc  and  2  brass. 

Plumbers'  solder:  1  tin  and  1  lead. 

Tinners'  solder:  1  tin  and  2  lead. 

Petoterere1  solder:  2  tin  and  1  lead. 

Pewter :  i  tin  and  1  lead. 

An  alloy  that  expands  iii  cooling ."  9  lead.  2  antimony  and  1  bismuth  :  useful  for 
lillinsr  small  cavities  in  cast  iron. 

Babbit's  mi  lal.  lor  journal  boxes  :  9  tin  and  1  copper. 

STORAGE  AND  PRESERVATION  OF  METALS. 

Metal*  are  stored  on  the  ground  floors  of  dry  and  well  aired  buildings,  which 
should  be  kept  open  in  fine  weather  only. 

Jim  iron  and  steel,  and  pieces  rough  forged  (shapes),  divided  according  to  kind 
and  size,  on  racks,  or  standing  upright  in  frames — unservieeaAle  iron  and  scraps. 
in  piles  marked  with  the  weight.  Sheet  iron  and  tin.  oiled,  and  placed  on  edge, 
in  frames.  Wire,  oiled,  in  c<  its.  hung  on  hooks:  arranged  according  to  kind  and 
size. 

Iltary  ehahis.  coiled  up  in   piles  —  Small  chains,  in  bundles  of  10  or  20,  in  ' 
or  on  shelves. 

l'ia is/nil  work,  according  to  kind,  in  piles  or  in  I"  xi  - 

Pi?  metal,  in  square  piles:  the  flat  sides  lying  together. 

The    iron    and    steel    ] >:. rt -    Ol    implements,  etc.  covered  with    a    black  varnish. 

made  of  white  varnish  and  lampblack,  for  intrenching,  and  other  heavy) 

of  while  varnish  and  ivory  black,  for  polished  tool-  h'ter  VII. 

Artificers'  tooh  and  files,  according  t"  kind,  in  a   dry  place,  with  suitable  r] i  v  i  —  - 
mi-     tin  y  should   lie  sprinkled  with  powdered  charcoal,  or  tine   quick  litn< 
pr  it  eel  t  hem  from  rust. 

I    kind    and    size     in    bins    nr    kegs.      Aarils  and    other    he;i\\ 

pieces,  on  skids  on  the  floor.  Every  division,  bin.  pile  and  box,  should  be 
marked  with  a  label  showing  the  character  ol  the  article  routaiocd  in  it,  it-  kind 
i!»  distinctive  number  or  size,  the  quantity,  weight 


:$(.>  1  i  !i  \r.  \i\ 


•»!  \  1  I.KI  \1> 


ROPES. 

m  of  a  rope  is  designated  by  the  circumference  or  -irth  asured  wiili  a 

thread  ;  thus,  a  3-inch  r  >pe  measures  -'i  inches  round.     The  length  is  usually  ex- 
led  in  fathoms. 

Strength.  The  utmosl  strength  ol  pood  hemp  rope  is  6.400  lbs.  to  the 
re  inch;  the  weight  which  it  will  bear  before  breaking  is  expressed  in  tmu 
by  one-fifth  of  the  square  of  the  girth  in  inr/ir-;  in  practice,  a  r< >(.«■  should  not  be 
subjected  to  mora  than  half  this  strain.  It  stretches  from  l-7th  i<>  L-Cnb,  and 
us  diameter  is  diminished  from  l-7th  t>>  1-Uli.  before  breaking.  A  difference 
in  the  quality  of  the  hemp  may  produce  a  difference  of  1-lth  in  the  strength  of 
i lie-  same  size. 

W'liit.-  rope  is  stronger  than  tarred  rope,  ami  tin-  difference  i-  increased 

am)  serviic  ;  therefore  such  ropes  only  as  are  t<>  be  ii ersed  in  water  should  be 

tarred. 

The  Strength  ol'  Manilla  rope  is  less  than  that  of  hemp  rope. 

Quality.     The  quality  of  hemp  is  in   some  measure  indicated  by  its  co 

tin-  lest  i>  of  a  pearl  gray  :  ibe  next,  greenish  :  then,  the  yellow  ;  a  brown  color 
indicates  the  beginning  of  decay:  the  odor   should  be  Blrong,  hut  free  from  a 

musty,  tainted  smell.  It  should  he  well  combed,  pliant  and  clear  ol  stall.-. 
Tin'  yarns  should  lie  line  spun  and  slightly  twisted  ;  they  are  from  1  id  \  of  an 
inch  in  prih.  A  rope  is  defective  when  the  yams  are  of  unequal  sizes,  or  un- 
equally twisted;  when  it  is  fuzzy  before  being  used;  and  when  it  contains 
I ses  of  sialic,  indicating  that  the  hemp  was  net  well  combed. 

Twisting  oh   Latino.     The  number  of  yarns  in  a  ttrand  of  cordage   varies 

Irom  16  to  25,  and  several  strands  arc  combined  or  laid,  I"  form  a  large  rope.      A 

rope  i>   said   to   he    twisted   '.  m   .', .  when  il  is  ;\  or  J  shorlcr   llian  the  strand.      For 

artillery  sc  rviee.  ropes  Bhould  he  twisted  ! . 

Tin-  degree  of  twisting  ma}  be  determined  by  constructing  a  right-angled 
triangle,  the  base  of  which  Is  the  circumference  of  the  rope,  and  tin'  height,  the 

length  "f  (Hie   revolution  of  the  strand,  measured  parallel  to  the  axis;   the  differ- 

ence  between  tins  beighl  and  the  hypolhenuse  Is  the  quantity  by  which  the 
rope  is  twisted. 

Sflioino,  is  the  joining  of  two  cu<\*-  of  rope  without  a  knot ;  the  instrument 
used  for  the  purpose  i.s  a  marline  spike.  Then'  are  two  kinds  of  splice;  see 
Plate  19. 

Short  tplire.  (TntWISt  from  I  to  v  inches  of  each  of  the  two  ends  of  rope,  ninl 
interlock  the  strands  up  to  the  close  parts  of  the  rope,  t hose  of  the  two  ends 
alternating;  hold  in  the  left  hand  one  end  of  rope  with  Hie  loose  strands  in  front, 
and  CrOSS  each  Strand  of  that  end    over   the    strand    of  the    other   end  which  is  to 


KOl'KS — COAL. 


395 


the  lefl  hand  of  it  ;  then  by  means  of  the  marline  spike,  pass  it  under  the  same 

strand  of  the  si id  end,  and  draw  firmly  on  the  strand  which  is  passed  through. 

Pursue  the  same  course  with  the  strands  of  the  second  rope.  To  increase  the 
Strength  of  the  splice,  pass  each  strain!  round  the  one  "ii  ils  left  a  second  time, 
and  cut  oil   the  loose  ends. 

tptice.  For  a  rope  which  is  to  pass  through  a  pulley,  the  short  splice 
would  be  too  thick.  Untwist  about  In  inches  of  the  two  ends,  and  interlock 
them  as  before  ;  untwist  a  strand  of  on.'  end  from  the  (dose  part  of  the  rope  and 
replace  it  by  the  strand  of  the  other  rope  which  comes  to  hand;  cross  the  end  ol 
the  latter  strand  over  the  one  which  is  replaced,  and  pass  it  under  the  adjacent 
strands.  Substitute,  in  this  manner,  every  other  strand  of  one  rope  by  a  Strand 
of  the  other  rope,  and  cut  oil'  the  loose  ends. 

Presbrvatioh  in  Store.  Ropes  should  be  placed  in  the  upper  stone-  ..i  a 
building,  coiled  up  and  labelled;  lar^e  ropes  on  skids,  so  as  to  allow  the  circula- 
tion of  air;  small  ropes  hung  up  to  the  joists,  on  pins  or  hooks.  Ropes  should 
not  he  coiled  until  they  are  perfectly  dry  ;  they  should  he  uncoiled  every  year, 
and  stretched  out  for  several  days  at  the  beginning  of  the  dry  season 


COAL. 

Charcoal. 

Charcoal  of  good  quality  bums  slowly  in  the  air,  without  flame i  it  is  clean, 
hard,  compact,  brittle,  sonorous,  and  of  a  fine  black  color;  it-  fracture  is  shining, 
irrideseent,  and  ol  a  conchoidal  form. 

When  not  perfectly  charred,  it  i-  tough,  of  a  grayish  color,  and  burns  with 
a  white  Same  and  smoke.  When  too  much  burnt,  it  is  of  a  dull  black,  soft  and 
unelasltc.  By  exposure  to  the  air,  charcoal  absorbs  from  10  to  20  per  cent,  of 
moisture,  and  its  qualities  are  thereby  impaired:  it  should  therefore  he  kept 
under  cover. 

Charcoal  is  made  from  either  hard  or  soft  wood  j   thai  from  the  former,  such  as 

oak,  maple,  beech.  .  he-nut.  is  the  moat  -crviceable,  giving  the  greatest  quantity 
of  heal  for  an  equal  lal. 

Waking  charcoal.     For  ordinary  purpot   i  rred  in  heaps  or  stacks, 

m  the  following  manni  r    S<  lei  t  sound  wood  ;  il  may  be  burnt  immediately  after 
being  felled;  wood  which  ;  after  felling  give*  infi 

charcoal.     (  ui   it   int  snd  split  Iboae  which 

i  ban  -l  iacbea  In  t  loci, 

id  on  Which   the   -tncl,  [s  10  be  made  choosing  a  dry  and    -hcl- 


896  CHAP.    XIV. HATKS1AL8. 

tared  spot.  Plant  n  stake  in  the  middle  of  the  space,  and  cover  tin-  bottom  of 
the  pile  with  wood  placed  in  a  direction  converging  toward  the  eentre,  the  itt» 
lervala  being  filled  up  with  small  stick*  :  place  the  re-t  of  the  wood  around  the 
stake,  the  pieces  nearly  upright  and  close  l<  get  her,  in  several  tiers,  covering  'lie 
whole  with  a  layer  of  wood  placed  as  close  together  as  possible;  leave  one. or 

inor."    horizontal   openings   near   the   gro I,  fir the  exterior  to  die  centre. 

Cover  the  stack,  commencing  at  the  lop.  with  leaves  and  a  coat  of  wet  sod  about 
I  inches  thick,  leaving  open  a  space  6  inches  high,  all  round  the  bottom,  for  the 
escape  of  the  air  and  steam. 

Draw  out  the  stake,  and  set  lire  to  the  pile,  either  by  means  of  the  hole  lefl 
!>y  the  .-take,  or  through  the  horizontal  gallery,  which  may  have  been  previously 
filled  with  combustible  materials.     Push  the  tire  actively  until  the  Ha  me  cornea 

out  at  the  top  of  the  stack,  in  order  to  ignite  the  whole  of  the  bottom  part,  and 
to  expel  the  steam  which  would  otherwise  occasion  explosions.  Then  close  the 
hole  at  the  top.  and  cover  the  lower  part  of  the  pile,  leaving  small  openings  at 
intervals;  the  smoke  should  now  escape  equally  from   all   parts  of  the  stack. 

except  toward  the  lop.  which  is  kept  closed  in  order  to  prevent  a  draught. 
When  the  slack-  has  sweated  sufficiently,  increase  the  thickness  of  the  coaling  of 
earth;  moderate  the  fire,  and  direct  it,  by  means  of  openings  on  the  sides,  in 
such  a  manner  that  the  combustion  may  he  equal  in  every  part,  and  that  the 
lire  may  he  always  drawn  toward  the  bottom.  Leave  the  holes  open  as  long 
as  the  smoke  is  black  and  thick,  and  close  them  u  hen  it  becomes  light  and  of  a 
bluish  color.  The  charring  is  completed  when  the  flame  escapes  through  the 
Openings  at  the  bottom;  then  slop  the  holes  and  cover  the  pile  well  with  earth, 
which  should  be  renewed  after  24  hours;  extinguish  the  fire  entirely,  and  let  the 
pile  stand  12  or  24  hours  more.  Open  it  on  one  side  only;  select  the  coal,  and 
separate  what  is  imperfectly  burnt.  Wood  furnishes  in  this  way,  on  an  average, 
about  10  or  17  per  cent,  of  charcoal. 

The  Stack  should  be  formed  of  one  kind  of  wood  ;  if  soft  and  hard  woods 
arc  used  in  the  same  pile,  put  the  former  on  the  outside.  Larire  stacks  are 
the  most   advantageous;  as  much  as  50  or  00  cords  of  wood   may  be    put   into 

one. 


Pit  Coal. 

bin  HINOl  s  COAL.     There  are  two  principal  varieties: 

Open  burning  coal  kindles  quickly  and  burns  well,  but  produces  much  flame 
and  sm  ike,  and  is  soon  consumed  :  it  lies  open  in  th  •  (ire  and  does  not  cake. 
<  If  this  kind  is  the  English  cannel  coal. 

Clost  burning  cuitl  melts  and  swells  in  the  fire  and  runs  together,  forming  what 
blacksmiths   call   a  hollow  fire,  or  a   dome  over   the   nozzle  of  the   bellows,  under 


CO  A  I. TURPENTINE. 


3S)7 


which  the  iron  is  heated  equally  find  covered  from  the  air.  This  kind  of  coal 
forms  a  very  hot  lire  and  leaves  little  residuum:  it  is,  therefore,  the  most  suitable 
for  smiths'  use.  The  Newcastle  coal,  and  the  Virginia.  Maryland,  and  Pennsyl- 
vania bituminous  coals  arc  of  this  kind. 

Anthracite  Goal  is  nuw  extensively  used  for  the  forge  in  tire-place-  specially 
contrived  for  the  purpose.  It  ignites  with  difficulty,  and  dues  not  cake  or  melt 
in  i he  smallest  degree,  bul  produces  a  very  hot,  open  (ire. 

Coal  is  not  injured,  but  on  the  .contrary  rather  improved,  by  exposure  to  air 
and  moisture. 


Mean   Weight  of  ('mils. 


Coke. 

Coke  is  produced  by  charring  bituminous  coal,  in  order  to  expel  the  bitumen 
and  sulphur;  tins  is  usually  done  in  close  furnaces  or  ovens  Good  coke  ha- a 
dull' fracture,  is  very  porous  and  cellular;  it  gives  very  little  ashes  when  burnt; 
it  is  injured,  like  wood  charcoal,  by  absorbing  water. 

Coal  furnishes  tJO  to  70  per  cent,  of  coke  by  weight;  Ihe  volume  being  in- 
creased 9  t"  20  per  cent. 

Coal  Tar  is  a  bituminous  product  obtained  by  the  distillation  of  coal,  in 
making  gas.  etc. 

TAIL  PITCH,  TURPENTINE. 

The  following  are  ihe  principal  varieties  ol  products  from  resinous  trees,  such 
pine. 

Turpb/vtine.    Tin-   i-  extracted  from  the  tree  in  warm  weather,  by  cutting  a 
i  notch,  or  /,.,./.  near  tie-  bas<  ing  the  tree  by  scraping  off  the  hark 

above  ii;"  box,  the  tir-i  year's  running  produces  the  virgin  or  whit*  lnrpetnin*y 
and  the  second  yeai  i-  nearly  as  good ;  after  that,  the  turpentine  becomes  each 
year  darker  and  stiller,  the  tree  \  ielding  less  of  what  i-  called  dipping*,  ami 
terapings;  the  latter  kind  of  turpentine  is  hard  and  yellow.     A  tree  will  bear 
lapping  11  to   16  year-,  on  two  sides  alternately,  the  scoring  being 
upward  from  l.'  to  IS  inches  • 


:U»n  (  11  \r.  \i\ .    -  m  \i  i:ki  u  - 

Spirits  Turpi  the  ettential  "il  obtained  by  distillation  from  tin-  native 

turpeot  ine. 

Colophony,  ia  the  residuum  of  tin*  distillation  of  turpentine.  Its 
quality  depends  on  thai  of  the  turpentine  and  on  the  care  used  in  distillation; 
the  Snesl  quality  is  <>i  a  light  straw  color. 

Tak  i-  obtained  from  the  h<-:i n  of  the  pine  tree,  by  gmtnildtring,  or  a  smothered 
combustion,  effected  in  stacks,  nearly  in  the  manner  described  for  making  char- 
coal.  The  i  =» r  runs  off  int<>  trenches  dog  for  the  p"r;'  se  Tar  is  semi-fluid, 
transparent  in  thin  portions,  and  "i  ■  reddish  color;  il  li;<-  a  strong,  peculiar 
odor.  Ii  is  rendered  more  fluid  by  heal ;  and  il  burns  with  a  bright  flame,  leaving 
a  light  ami  dry  coal.  It  is  refined  by  heating  il  in  au  ir.>n  vessel,  and  pouring  it 
off,  niter  a  lia>  been  kept  i"r  sometime  in  a  liquid  state;  by  tin*  means,  water 
and  pyrollgneoua  acid  are  driven  i  ii.  and  the  earthy  particles  are  separated  by 
settling. 

It  is  used  for  coating  cordage,  and  for  wood  which  ia  not  to  be  immersed  in 
u  ater. 

Pitch  is  made  by  boiling  tar  down  t'>  the  requisite  consistency,  either  by  itseli 
or  combined  with  a  portion  ol  rosin;  it  becomes  solid  on  cooling,  but  is  soon 

softened    by  the    heal   of  the   hand,  in  which    slate   it    is  very  adhesive;   when   ol 

good  quality  il  ia  clear  and  hard. 

It  is  used  lor  coating  wood  which  is  to  be  oersed  in  water,  and  is  applied 

hot,  «  ah  a  mop. 

Venice  Tubpkitinh  is  obtained  from  the  larch;  bui  what  is  c<> tonly  railed 

by  that  name  is  a  compound  of  melted  rosin  and  spirits  o!  turpentine. 


STRENGTH    OF    MATERIALS. 


899 


STRENGTH  AND  WEIGHT  OF  MATERIALS. 

Relative  Ductility  of  Metals. 

i  fold — Silver — Platinum — Iron — Copper — Zinc — Tin — Lead. 

Relative  Malleability. 

(J  old — Silver — Copper — Tin — Platinum — Lead — Zinc — Iron. 

Tenacity  oj  various  Materials. 

S  represents  the  weight  required  to  break  a  roil  whose  cross  section,  a, 
square  inch,  when  pulled  in  the  direction  of  ils  length  j    for    rods     ■('  other  dimen- 
sions, the  breaking  weight   W=Sa;  the  weight  of  the  rod  being  neglected. 
METALS.  Value  "/  S. 

C  asl  steel 134,000  lbs. 

(Swedish 72,000  |  Experiments  of  Franklin 

|  Salisbury,  Conn 66,000  I      Institute  on  l>ars  whose 

T?ar  iron. .  \  Belfonte,  Pa 58.500  [      cr">-  section  u  as  about 

Englisl 56,000  J      one-fifth  ol  a  square  in 

|  Putsiield,  Mas 57,000  | 

I'  -   metal K 

r-     ,  Good,  common  castings 20,000 

'   lr',"'     <  r  -       ,  i    2*000 

specimens  From  gun  heads. ..        .,,,, 

Cms!  steel 128,000 

n                                  ,  f    30,000 

Bronze— gun    metal j     |2  (|()() 

Copper,  cast    (Lake  Superior) 24,138 j 

Brats Lb, 

,.   ,  f  Wrought 34,000 

<'l'i"' •■•,-,., ,g;ooo 

Tin,  cast 1,800 

Zinc • 

Platinum 58  000 

r 10,000 

Gold 

Lead 1 

WOODS. 

A -h l :,  5 

Maboganj I  ] 

11 

While  pine ]  I   - 

Walnut 7,«| 

I  -I  -■   ieral,  the  tenacity  ol  metals  is  Increased  by  hammering  and  wiredrawing. 

The   strength   ol  Pittsfield  Kir  iron,  given  in  the  al<o\e  table,  is  the 
four  trials,  with  cylinders  1  in.  long  and  0.9  in.  diameter.     They  were  extended 
in  length,  before  fracture,  to  ll  In.,  and  tie  luced  In  diameter  to  0 

n  the  middle. 
A    bat   ol   wrought    In  ne-hundrcdth  part  of  its  length  for 

every  ton  "I    -train  or,  ,,h. 


Experiments  l>v  Major  W. 

Wade,  tor  the  ( 'rdnance 
Department,  on  pieces 
whose  cross  section  was 
nearly  1  square  inch. 


100 


(  ii  \i\    \n  .       v  \  i  i  :;i  \i  -. 


'/>■•  Strength. 

S=ihi'  weight  m  pounds  required  to  break  a  beam  l  in.  square  and  1  In. long, 
Used  ai  one  I'lul  sad  loaded  at  Ibe  other;  6  the  breadth,  d  the  depth,  and  / the 
length,  in  inches,  of  any  other  beam  "i  the  same  material,  and   FPthe 
which  will  cause  it  la  break,  neglecting  the  weight  of  the  beam  Its 

1.  If  ilu  beam  is  supported  at  our  end  and  loaded  ot  tin  uthrr  : 

I,  ,/■ 


W=S 


I 


2.  If  ihr  boaen   iv  mpported  m  our  end  and  the  load  distributed  over  its  whulr 


I,  a  x  tli  - 


W=  2  S 


I,  ,P 


!    If  tin  beam  in  mpported  at  both  ends  and  loaded  in  the  middle. 


W=\  S- 


,rl„,lr 


l.   If  t/ir  i, mm  is  mpported  at  both  rmh  and  loaded  uniformly  ox* 
length:  b  d* 

II'       -  8 

5.   //  thr  lirum  is  mpported  at  hoik  ends  and  loaded  at  the  distance  m  from  one 

end:  //,,/■: 

ir— s . 

«(  / — m) 

Values  of  the  coefficient  S,  deduced  from  Mr.  Barlovft  experiments. 


i  I...., I    I ^ 1 1  —  1 1  —  1 1  l>;ir  iron 0,150 

< last  iron ~.<A\ 

English  oak !,200 


Ash 

Pilcll    |>ill«- 

Hisa  fir 1,12b 


In  practice,  about  one-half  or  one-third  of  these  values  Bhould  be  used,  in 
o puling  the  strain  to  which  a  beam  should  be  subjected. 

//      lance  to  longitudinal  <  'ompresi 

.s  =  tlie  weight  required  to  crush  a  bar  1  inch  square,  in  the  direction  of  its 
length.  The  area  of  the  cross  Beclion  of  any  other  bar  being  denoted  by  »,  the 
weight  required  t"  crubh  it  is  ir=,s'„,-  d,,.  length  of  the  bar  being  not  rooic 
than  three  i i nit*-,  nor  less  than  once  and  a  half,  its  breadth! 

Practical  Formula?  for  computing  the  weight  which  a  column  will 

sustain. 

[From  Whale's  Bng rs   Pocket  Book.] 

I),     the  side  oi  b  square  column,  in  inches; 

«/.     the  diameter  of  a  cylindrical  column,  in  inches; 

/,      i  be  length  of  the  column,  in  feel  ; 

ir.   the  weight  it  will  sustain,  in  pounds. 


STKKNCrril    OF    MATKRIAI.S. 


401 


Mil  RIAL. 


SOLID  SQUARB  COL1  mv. 


SOLID  CYLINDRICAL 
COLUMN. 


Cast  iron. 


tf= 


Wroujrht  iron. 


Oak. 


W= 


15300 m 
4  b'-}-  .181* 

17800  lb* 


W= 


\b>  + .  mi* 

3960  16* 


1  P  -f  .  5  /" 


ir= 


9562  ,/» 


JF= 


4  rf»  -f- .  1 S  ," 
J112.r)  rf* 


m= 


4  (p  + .  n>/2 

2470  rf* 


4  d»  + .  5  n 


I:  iistance  to  Torsion. 

8  =  the  weight  in  pounds  required  to  break,  by  twisting,  a  solid  cylinder,  1 
inch  diameter;  the  weight  acting  at  the  distance  of  1  inch  from  the  axis  o)  tbe 
cylinder;  d.  the  diameter  in  inches  of  any  other  cylinder  of  the  same  material; 
r.  the  distance  from  its  axis  to  the  point  where  the  breaking  weight  Wit  im- 
plied, then  : 

W=8± 

r 

Torsional  strength  nf  Hollow  Cylinders. 

Practical  formula  deduced  by  Lieut.  Hodman,  Ordnance  Department,  from 
Major  Wade's  experiments. 

]).  the  exterior,  and  d,  the  interior  diameter  of  the  cylinder  in  inches;  S,  W 
and  r,  as  before. 

D*— d* 


W=S- 


1)  r 


Relative  torsional  strength  of  cast  iron  uhafts,  of  different  forms,  having  equal  areat 

of  rrrmH  sections. 

From  Major  Wade's  experiments  on  shads  whose  cross  sections  were  1,  2  and 

.'!  square  in<  bes. 


■OLID  <vi  i\ 

BOLID  soi   Mtr. 

Hollow  cylinders,  whose  interior  and  exterior 
diameters  .-ire  in  the  proportion  of 

1  to  HI 

6  to  10  |  G  to  10 

7  to  10 

8  to  10 

1.00 

. 

1 .4431 

1 . 7000 

. 

2.7377 

UK 


t  ii  \r.  xiv 


-MATKKl  VVB. 


Vain"  0/  tht  ■■■  ft &  for  tin  itrongth  0/  atrtata  metal*. 

•  1    1  rimenta  made  by  M;n»r  Wm.  Wade,  for  the  Ordnance  Department. 


KIM'  01    M1H1.. 


[IAS. 


Hwa 

!•  -  uii>. 


Kxtrcmcs 
CAST  Siu:i. 


(OommOD  |>i^  iron 
Qood,  common  owttngi 
(Sun  imn.  from  ^uii   IlnuIh   i  \h<— 

ton  and  Weal  Point,  1848a  '48) 

(Inn  Iron,  <-;i-t  m  -mall  I    U 

I    

"  '(  <  J  r<  .it. -I 


f  Begins  to  yield,  taking  ■  permanent 

Ultimate  itrangtfa 

1  Bends  and  endnrea  without  breaking., 
k  to  yield,  t;ik i n^c  11  permanenl  Bat,, 

Bronze.  -  Ultimate  strength  

I  it.-h'i-  and  endnrea  « Itboul  breaking 

Cast  Copper  (  Lake  Superior),  ultimate  strength.... 


Lbs. 

-•>. 

84,000 
9,000 

128,000 

81.000 


19. 

42, 


24,138 


h  f* 


I.1-. 


6.000 


6,000 
11  600 


1-s 


Liu. 


105,000 


40.000 


7,< 


9,000 


10,001) 


8,600 


T.700 
2,800 


TJ8  I 

0.900 

7.7  Jl 

7. Mr, 


8.710 
B.712 


The  torsional   strains,  which  ihe   wrought  iron   ami  bronze  endured  without 
breaking,  twisted  the  cylinders  about  100°. 

Weight  and  Strength  of  Iron  Chains. 


Diam.  of    Weight  of" 

iron  for  the     1  foot  of  j 

J  i  1 1  k  ^ .  chain. 


Breaking 
weight. 


In. 

Lbs. 

0.1S75 

0.325 

0.25 

0.65 

0.31,25 

0.967 

0.375 

L.383 

n.1375 

1.7i)7 

0.5 

0.8 

3.333 

1.217 

0.6875 

4.833 

0.75 

5.75 

0.8125 

G.6G7 

0.875 

7.5 

(i.  ■ 

1. 

10.S17 

Lbs. 

2,240 

4,256 

6,720 

0,634 

13.216 

17,248 

21,728 

26,980 

32,704 

38,752 

45,696 

51,744 

56  164 

65,632 


Lbs. 

948 

1,680 

2,464 

3,584 

5,152 

6,720 

B.512 

10,304 

12,544 

15,232 

17,696 

20,384 

23,520 

26,880 


Extracted  from  n  table  furnished 
by  Col.  Denison,  for  the  Aide 
Meraoire  of  Military  Sciences. 

The  proof  weights  are  computed 

at    the    rale   of  420   ll>>.    I"    one- 
eighth  of  an  inch  diameter  of  the 

iron  tor  the  links. 


STRENGTH    AND    WKKillT    OF    M  ATERI A  LS. 


403 


Weight  and  Strength  of  Hemp  and  In>n  Wire  Ropes. 


HEMP  ROPE. 

IRON  WIRE  ROPE. 

Hawser-laid 

3  v 

Irands. 

Cabl 

e-laid. 

Circum- 

Circum- 
ference. 

Weight 

of  1  foot. 

Breaking 

ference. 

weight. 

Weight 

Breaking 

Weight 

Breaking 

of  1  loot. 

weight. 

of  1  foot. 

weight. 

In. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

In. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

0.75 

0.028 

291 

0.75 

0.070 

2.210 

1. 

0.03S 

560 

1. 

0.125 

3,360 

1.5 

0.087 

1,120     ! 

.    .... 

1.5 

0.280 

6,160 

2. 

0.153 

2,016 

2.375 

0.680 

1 5,680 

0.238 

3,136 

2.625 

0.860 

10.800 

3. 

0.343 

4,256 

0.301 

3.071 

3.125 

1.230 

24,520 

3.5 

0.467 

5,824 

0.422 

4,480 

3.75 

1  .770 

30,2 1 1 

4. 

0.012 

7.010 

6,440 

4.125 

2.140 

41,800 

4.5 

0.773 

9,426 

0.697 

8,154 

.". 

0.955 

11,572 

0.8& 

10,060 

5.5 

1.155 

14,336 

1  .042 

12,1  S3 

6. 

1.375 

17.(11} 

1.240 

14,515 

6.5 

L.613 

19,  '.130 

1  .455 

17,024 

7. 

1.872 

23.072 

1  .687 

19,712 

7.5 

'J.Ms 

26,432 

22.400 

8. 

2.445 

30,018 

2.138 

2.V 

8.5 

2.760 

34,048 

2.013 

29,1 20 

'.<. 

3.095 

38,080 

2.850 

32.000 

3.533 

42.:. 

36,1 

10. 

3. 822 

44,800 

3.327 

40,320 

The  above   lable  is   taken    chiefly   from    the  "Aide  Memoire   to   the  Military 

The  breaking  weight!  of  the  hawser-laid  rope  are  a  good  deal  below 

the   results  obtained  with   ropes  of  the  same  sizes  at  Woolwich   Dockyard;  but 

have  been  taken   in  preference.     The  wire  rope  was  made  by 

Knper  A 


Ill  I  (   II  UP.    M\  ■ ">!  \  II   MAI  -. 

ii'  u  foot  in  length  <>f  Fl.it  and  s</<hir<  lln-  Iron. 


Width. 

Tl.i.k- 

Weight. 

Width. 

Thick- 
ness. 

Weight. 

Width. 

Thick- 

llr*-. 

In. 

In. 

Lbs. 

In. 

In. 

Lbs. 

In. 

In. 

Lbs. 

0.28 

0.21 

1.375 

1. 

1.62 

2. 

1 . 1 25 

ii 

3 

. 

0.O3 

l .  1 25 

1.28 

8.40 

n 

I7-". 

0.378 

0.17 

1.23 

l.:i7.r» 

ii 

0.21 

1.375 

. 

1 ..'. 

10.08 

0.1875 

0.31 

I 

0.125 

0.63 

1 .  75 

1  1  .  7<j 

0.25 

0.42 

0.1  -7.r. 

0.94 

2. 

13.44 

0.(53 

0.25 

2 

28 

0.94 

0.8 

0.84 

ii.:;;:. 

1.89 

l.i: 

H 

•V2.r) 

u.  623 

1.34 

0.5 

.    . 

0.25 

1.89 

0 

78 

o.l -jr. 

0.31 

0.025 

3.13 

■J.»:i 

0.1875 

0.17 

0.75 

.    - 

. 

■a.-,^ 

0.25 

0.63 

n.--;.'. 

1.  II 

0.625 

1.78 

0.94 

i. 

5.04 

. 

0.8 

1.26 

1.125 

■ 

0.875 

b.fil 

0.623 

l..r>7 

1  .25 

1. 

7.86 

0.75 

1.89 

i..". 

7.50 

1 . 1 25 

8.     ' 

0 

878 

•J.. '.7 

l 

625 

o.l-.'.'. 

ii..  - 

1.28 

'...  IS 

1 

0.128 

0.  12 

0.25 

i .:;.; 

1 .:;:.'. 

10.39 

0.1875 

0.63 

0.5 

•J.  7:1 

1..'. 

11.31 

0.25 

0.84 

0.75 

4.20 

1.75 

0.375 

1.26 

1. 

5. 16 

■J. 

15.12 

0.5 

1 .68 

L.625 

6.87 

2 .  25 

17.01 

'J .  1 0 

1 

70 

0.125 

0.7.'{ 

2 

5 

0.125 

1.05 

0.7.'» 

2.82 

0.1875 

1.10 

0.1875 

1.37 

0.873 

l. 

2.94 
3.36 

0.25 

o.:;:;. 

1.17 

■J. -jo 

2.10 

:t.ir> 

1 

1 23 

1  .123 

l .  25 

0.5 

2.94 

11..-. 

1.20 

1 

0.125 

0.52 

0.625 

3.67 

. 

5.23 

0.1-7.'. 

0.7^ 

0.76 

1-11 

0.7') 

0.23 

I  .05 

0.^7.'. 

5.14 

o.s7r. 

7.:t.r> 

0.373 

1  .f>7 

1  . 

5.87 

1. 

8.  10 

0.5 

'.'.10 

1  .IV. 

6.60 

L.125 

0.628 

1.25 

7.38 

L.28 

10.50 

0.78 

.•{.IT) 

1.375 

b.07 

1.5 

0.^7.r. 
1. 

3.67 
1.20 

L.5 

I  .  7.r. 

S.8  ' 
10.29 

1 .75 
2, 

1  1.70 

16.80 

1.125 

1.72 

1 

>7.'. 

l  .878 

11.81 

. 

91. 

I.-.''. 

5.23 

V 

0.123 

11. -1 

2 

73 

0.1 'J.') 

1.15 

1 

:nr, 

0.123 

0.57 

O.l  S7f. 

1.26 

o.i>7r. 

1.73 

0.ls7.ri 

0.86 

0.25 

1 .68 

2.31 

0.23 

I. IS 

o.:f7.r) 

2.52 

0.375 

3.46 

1.73 

0.5 

0.8 

1.62 

0.3 

ii..;.'.'. 

4.20 

0.623 

fi.77 

. 

0.73 

3.04 

0.78 

6.93 

:;.  I.; 

0.-.75 

5.88 

O.S70 

8.08 

0.875 

(.04 

1. 

6.78 

1. 

9.94 

WEIGHT    OF    BAR    IRON. 


40o 


Flat  and  Square  Bar  Iron — Continued. 


w 

.,,,     Thick- 

MOSS. 

1 

Weight. 

Width. 

Thick- 
ness. 

Weight. 

Width. 

Thick- 
ness. 

Weight. 

] 

n.              In. 

Llis. 

„ 

In. 

Lbs. 

In. 

In. 

Lhs. 

2 

75           1.125 

10.39 

3.5 

0.375 

1.11 

4. 

3. 

40.32 

1.25 

11.55 

0.5 

5.S8 

3.5 

47.04 

1  .5 

13.86 

(i.e. -jr. 

7.35 

1. 

53.76 

2. 

18.  18 

0.75 

8.82 

1 

25 

0.12.7 

l  .78 

23.10 

0.875 

10.29 

0.25 

3.57 

2.7.') 

25.41 

1. 

1  1 .  76 

0.375 

5.35 

3 

0.125 

1  .26 

L.25 

1  1.70 

0.5 

7.1  1 

0.1875 

1.89 

1.5 

17.64 

1. 

1  1.28 

0.25 

2.5'2 

2. 

23.52 

4.25 

60.69 

0.37.') 

3.78 

2.5 

29.  I" 

1 

5 

0.125 

1.S9 

O.fl 

5.04 

3. 

35.2s: 

0.2.7 

3.78 

6.30 

3.5 

41. 1G 

0.375 

5.66 

n.7.7 

7.56 

:; 

75 

0.125 

1.57 

0.5 

7  .  .7. . 

0.875 

0.1875 

2.36 

1. 

1.7.12 

1. 

10.08 

0.25 

3.15 

4.5 

68.04 

1 . 1 25 

li.::i 

0.375 

4.72 

1 

75 

0.125 

2. 

1.25 

12.60 

0.5 

0.25 

4. 

1.5 

15.12 

0.625 

7.s7 

0.375 

li. 

2. 

20.16 

0.7.7 

9.15 

0..7 

7.99 

2.5 

. 

0.875 

11.02 

1. 

15.96 

3. 

1. 

12.60 

4.75 

7.7.  s| 

3 

25          o.i 25 

1.36 

1.25 

1.7.7.7 

•7 

0.12.7 

2.10 

0.1875 

2.04 

l  .5 

18.90 

0.25 

0.25 

2. 

27.20 

0.ri7.7 

6.30 

0.373 

1.09 

2.5 

:il  .50 

0..7 

8.40 

0.8 

5.  16 

3. 

37.80 

1. 

6.82 

.'{.75 

47.25 

.7. 

si. 

K19 

l 

0.125 

1.68 

5 

25 

1.41 

'.-.:,:, 

0.1s7'» 

2.52 

1. 

17.64 

1. 

10.92 

.7 

0.2.7 

1.62 

1.125 

12.28 

5.01 

1. 

is.  is 

1.25 

13.65 

0.5 

5 

77 

0.2.7 

1.5 

16.39 

6.40 

1. 

2. 

0 .  75 

10.0S 

0 

.7.0) 

2.5 

27.39 

11  .7'i 

1. 

20.10 

8. 

!. 

1  3 .  1  1 

f>. 

■ 

16.80 

0 

5 

0.2.7 

5.46 

3 

1  .17 

20.lv 

1. 

2. 

l  12. 

2.5 

7 

7. 

1  ii4.64 

106 


(  HAP.    \l\  .  —  MATERIALS. 


W  ght  <>f  one  foot  in  length  of  Bound  Bar  Iron. 

Diam. 

Weight 

Diam. 

Weight. 

Diam. 

Weight. 

Diam. 

I... 

Lbs. 

In. 

Lbs. 

In. 

Lbs. 

In. 

U.S. 

0.15 

0.059 

i  .625 

3.25 

4.75 

59.06 

0.3 

0.105 

1.75 

8.01 

3.375 

29.82 

62.21 

0.2S 

0.163 

1.675 

9.  2 

3.5 

5. 

0.368 

2. 

10.47 

34.4 

5.125 

0.5 

0.654 

J.  125 

1 1 .82 

3.75 

36.8] 

. 

72.16 

0.H25 

i.oa 

2.25 

13.25 

3.S75 

39.31 

. 

75.63 

0.7S 

1.47 

2.3 75 

14.70 

4. 

11  .89 

79.19 

0.875 

■  > 

2 .  S 

16.36 

4.125 

44.54          5.625 

82.83 

1. 

2.61 

2.625 

18.03 

4.25 

17.28 

5.75 

1.155 

3.31 

2.75 

19.79 

4.375 

50.11 

5.875 

90.30 

1.25 

4.09 

2.875 

21.03 

1.5 

53.01 

6. 

94.25 

1.375 

1.91 

3. 

23.50 

1.625 

56. 

6.185 

100. 

1.5 

3.125 

25.50 

Weight  of  one  square  foot  of  rolled  Iron  Plate. 


Thick- 
ness. 

Weight. 

Thick- 

0688. 

Weight. 

Thick- 
ness. 

Weight. 

Thick- 
ness. 

Weight. 

In. 

Lbs. 

.„. 

Lbs. 

In. 

Lbs. 

., 

Lbs. 

(1.01 

0.100 

0.00 

2.434 

0.1 

4.057 

O.G 

24.344 

0.02 

0.811 

0.07 

2. 840 

0.2 

8.114 

0.7 

28.401 

0.03 

1.217 

0.08 

3.246 

0.3 

12.172 

0.8 

0.(11 

1.023 

0.09 

3.651 

O.I 

16.232 

0.9 

36.616 

(1.05 

2.029 

0.10 

4.057 

0.5 

1. 

10.573 

Multiplier!  for  finding  the  Weight!  of  other  Metale,  from  the  (Ar«<  preceding   Tables 


Metals. 


Multipliers, 


Metals. 


Multipliers. 


Platinum,  laminated |  2.M0 

Platinum,  purified 2.503 

Pure  gold,  hammered i  '.'.  Is0 

Pure  jold,  cast j  '-'.17 

Lead 1.457 

Pure  »ili  it,  hammered. ...  I  .350 

Pure  silver,  cast 1 .314 

<  "l>l><-r,  wire 1.130 

Copper,  bammered 1 .  132 


•  topper,  cast  . 
Brass,  wire  . . 
lirass,  cast  •  •  • 

!?teel 

Iron,  wrought 
Iron,  cast  ... 

Pewter 

Tin.  cast 


1  . 1 28 

1.090 

l  .080 

1.003 

1. 

0.925 

0.960 

0.937 


WEIGHT    OF    VARIOUS    METALS. 


107 


Wright  of  one  square  foot  of  various  Metals. 


WEIGHT. 

THICKNESS. 

Wrought  Iron. 

Cast   Iron. 

Copper.     1 

Brass. 

Lead. 

III. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

0.0625 

2.535 

2.3  15 

2.860 

2. 7:  is 

3.693 

0.125 

5.070 

4.690 

5.720 

5.476 

7.386 

0.1^75 

7.605 

7.(135 

8.580 

8.214 

11.079 

0.25 

10.1  HI 

9.380 

11.440 

10.952 

14.772 

0.3125 

12.675 

11.725 

14.300 

13.690 

18.465 

0.376 

15.216 

14.670 

17.  KID 

16.428 

22.15s 

0.4375 

17.851 

16.415 

20.020 

19.166 

25.851 

0.5 

20.280 

16.760 

22.880 

21.904 

29.54  1 

0.5625 

22.815 

21.105 

25.740 

24.642 

33.237 

0.625 

25.350 

23.450 

28.600 

27.380 

36.930 

0.6675 

27.865 

25.795 

31.640 

30. US 

40.023 

(i .  75 

.30.110 

2s. 140 

34.320 

32.856 

44.316 

0.6125 

32. '.tin 

30.485 

37.130 

35.594 

1-.009 

0.876 

35.480 

32.880 

40.040 

38.332 

51.702 

(1. '.1.375 

38.015 

.35.225 

42.900 

41.170 

55.405 

1. 

40.550 

37.570 

45.760 

43.908 

59.098 

Table  of  equivalent  Vulgar  and  Decimal  Fractions. 


Vulgar. 

Decimal. 

Vulgar. 

Decimal. 

i 
IS 

0.0625 

9 

0.5625 

I 

8 

0.125 

6 

S 

0.626 

3 

1  .. 

0.1875 

i  i 
i  <; 

0.6875 

1 
4 

0.25 

I 

i 

0.75 

I  ■. 

0.8126 

i  ., 

0.8126 

0.875 

" 

"ST.", 

7 

75 

n.i. 

i  3 

i  ■. 

0.9875 

0.5 


ION 


t    II  \l'.     XIV. >l  VII   KIM  B. 


ir  i       f  in  length  •>(  Cast  Iron  /'         f  different  thit 


1. 1  m.  01  bouc.     J  Inch. 


i  Inch. 


i  Inch. 


£  inch. 


i  nu  li. 


i  inch. 


1  inch. 


in. 

1 

14 

>i 
ii 

■-' 

2J 

3j 
3| 

l 

U 

•li 

S 

■■i 

I 

7 
74 

74 
7* 
8 

9 

'•M 

Ki 

1"! 

IDA 

II 
HI 
Hi 
111 

1  2 


Lft». 

Lb*. 

Lbs. 

3.06 

S.06 

. 

10.11 

11.51 

1  1 .  73 

6.9 

13.04 

16.56 

4.91 

11.05 

14.57 

!».ll 

. 

. 

16.11 

•J  1 . 7 

6.14 

9.66 

13.fi 

17.64 

. 

6.74 

10.58 

14.72 

19.17 

. 

11.5 

15.95 

•J.7.71 

:i  i .  1 1 

12.43 

17.18 

. 

I-..-!.'. 

-".'.  I.-. 

:;:..ll 

14.21 

19.64 

25.31 

31.3 

- 

. 

15.19 

33.13 

in. II 

16.11 

22.1 

U.88 

ll.l 

23.37 

. 

14.09 

11.  ti'-. 

17.94 

24.54 

31.44 

:i>..',.", 

46.17 

12.27 

18.87 

. 

■A  !.'.<-■ 

18.32 

L2.80 

19.78 

2d.W 

34.51 

. 

13.5 

20.71 

36.05 

44.18 

ll.ll 

21.63 

29.45 

46.02 

14.73 

. 

30.68 

39.12 

17.^.'. 

15.34 

23.47 

31  .91 

I.)..',.. 

15.95 

33.13 

12.18 

51.54 

61.21 

16.57 

. 

34.36 

53.39 

17.18 

35.59 

•jr.. -j.; 

. 

17.7'.' 

27.15 

36.82 

46.79 

. 

18.  11 

28.08 

■1^.1 

58.91 

. 

19.03 

29. 

. 

, 

16.64 

. 

10.5 

51.38 

7l.li'.' 

20.02 

30.83 

41.71 

64.  12 

. 

20.86 

31.74 

54.  15 

21.69 

■ 

ll.l 

56.21 

33.59 

15.  I 

. 

b2.68 

22.71 

34.52 

46.64 

71.8 

84.84 

23.31 

17.86 

60.59 

86.97 

23.93 

36.36 

49.09 

69.13 

24.55 

37.28 

50.32 

77.:!'.' 

'.<l  .23 

25.16 

38.2 

51.54 

79.16 

'..::.  12 

•.'."..7  7 

39.11 

52.77 

66.73 

■jr,.:^ 

40.04 

54. 

. 

B2.81 

'.'7.71 

27. 

40.96 

6P.8 

B4.67 

99*.8d 

27.62 

11.88 

56.  |6 

71.33 

luj. hi 

28.22 

I2.fi 

72.86 

N\.'l.'l 

104.15 

28 .  - 1 

13.71 

58.9 

74.39 

90.19 

in.,..; 

29.45 

14.64 

60.13 

92.04 

loa.  i". 

30.06 

l.  ...... 

61.35 

77.  16 

93.6 

no..; 

1.  - 

31.85 

•l  l .  72 
44.18 

I'M 
51.6 

:..',.  i :. 
59. 
81.36 
63.81 

72. 

7.-f.ll 

7.'..1 

7-.:.:i 

Hi. 

- 

90.81 
93.49 

98.18 
100.63 
103. 1 
105.54 
108. 
110.44 
113. 
115.35 
117.81 

1 22 . 7 1 
1 25 . 1 8 
127.6 


\vi:k;iit  of   materials. 


409 


Specific  Gravities. 


a       .  .    I  W  eight 
Specific  '    r  , 

U  l.i  VII  V.     ,  . 

•      Ine  mi-  i. 


Weight 

of  1    eu- 
bic  inch. 


A  ntimony,  cast 

Rrass,  cast 

Bronze,  gun  metal  . . 

(  0|.|kt,  cast 

( 'op per,  wire 

Gold,  cast 

Gold,  hammered. . . . 

Iron,  bar 

I  ron,  cist 

Lend.  c.i.-l 

Mercury,  at  ,T2° 
Mercury.  :it  i\()° 
Pliiliniiiii.  rolled  .  .  .  . 
Plalin  ii in.  hammer*  <l 

Silver.  ea>t 

Silver,  hammered. 

Steel,    soli 

Steel,   hardened  and 

tempered , 

Tin.  cast 

Zinc,  cast 


A  inlier 

Beeswax 

Bricka 

i 

<  !nmpbi  ir 

Chalk 

i  Sharcoal 

Charcoal,  triturated. 
Clay 

bituininotii 

ind 

Earth,  common 

Gunpowder,  loose  . . 
Gunpowder,  shaken. 

Gunpowdei    - 

-  i in 

1 

Ivory 

Limestone 

If 

Marble,  Parian 

Mar!  i 


6,712 

8,878 
19.258 
19.361 
'  7bS 
7,207 
11,352 
13,598 
13,580 

20,337 
10,474 
11,011 

7,S18 

1,078 

1.900 

1,714 

989 

111 

1,930 
1,270 
3,521 
1,500 
900 

1,600 


Lbs 

0.31  17 
0.3179 
0.3211 
0.6966 
0.7003 
0.2817 
0.2607 
0.410G 
0. 1918 
0.4912 
0.7982 
0.7306 
0.3788 
0.3806 
0.2833 

0.2637 

0.0390 
0.0349 

0.0620 

0.1007 
0.0160 
0.0499 
0.0700 
0.0460 
0.1274 
0.0543 

0.0764 
0.1150 


Salt,  com  moil 

Saltpetre 

Sand 



Stone,  common 

Sulphur,  native 

Tallow 

Wood  (dry).  Apple.  . 

A.80 

Beech  

Boa 

Cedar 

Cherry 

Cork  ' 

Cypress 

Kin, 

Fir 

Lignum  vine  . 

M ahogany. . . . 

Maple.  .... 

Oak.  English  . 

( >nk.  do.  In-art. 
60  \  ears  old. 

Pi  lie,  yellow.  . 

Pine,  white  •  . 

Poplar 

Wain  ut 

f  A>h 

Beech 

< Sherry 

Cypress 

1 1  ickory,  red. . . . 
in] 

Domingo . 
j  Oak,   whiti 

land  i 

(»nk.  while 

1 .1  :o  I 

yellow, . . . 
white  .... 
i               Tulip 
tree   


I 

Wui  I 


1,800 
2,672 

2,033 
945 

71'.'! 
845 

912 
596 
715 
240 
644 
671 
7(lll 
1.333 
B54 
7  :.n 

1.17H 
660 
55 1 
383 
671 
722 

111 

720 

541 


Lbs. 

0.0771 
0.0756 
0.0652 
0.0959 
0.0911 
0.0735 

0.0287 
0.0306 
0.0309 
0.0330 
0.0216 
0.02.7(1 
0.0087 
0.0233 
0.0243 

0.0482 
0.0309 
0.0271 

0.03.T7 

0.0423 

0.0200 
0.0139 
0.O243 
0.0261 
0.0226 
0.0V19 

O.0171 
0.0212 


110 


i    II  \1\    XIV.—  M  \  I  I   HI  M .- 


-Continued. 


:. 


- 


Fixins. 


gravity. 


trie 

Acid,  sulphui  ■ 

Alcohol,  absolute 

sulphuric 

<)ii.  Unseed 



•  - « ■  1 1 1  nil.  i  >f  1  iir|>rut   lie  . 

Oil,  whale 

Turpentine,  liquid 

Water,  distilled 

Water,  sea 

Wine 


1,841 

71  a 

940 
019 


Air,  atmospheric 

Amnion  



«  Sardonic  acid 

( !aruaretted  •  

Chlorine 

( 'lil'To  carl"  ■ 

D 

e 1,104 

Pbosphu  retted  hj  

Sulphuretted  hydrogen  1,777 

Sulphurous  .it  i.l 

\'a|itir  <ii"  alcohol 

Vapor  of  spirits  of  turpentine.       5,013 
V;i|inr  of  sulphuric  ether 

;  of  water 


The  weight  of  <lry  atmospheric  ;nr  al  the  temperature  of  32°,  the  barometer 
being  al  -  i-TTiith  of  ilmi  of  distilled  water. 

The  weight  of  a  oubio  foot  of  distilled  water  .if  thr  maximum  rf< 
nearly  1,000  ounces  avoirdupois,  tin-  specific  gravity  of  a  solid  or  liquid  body 
expresses  the  weigh!  of  a  cubic  loot,  in  ounces;  therefore  the  weight  of  such  ■ 
body  in  ounces  will  be  found  by  multiplying  Its  contents  In  oubic  feet  by  its 
specific  gravity. 

[i    Hassler'i  comparisons,  the  w<  I  water 

at  it>  maximum  denaity,  the  barometer  being  al  30  In.,  is  908.01 

rdlng  t'i  the  British  Imperial  standards,  the  w  i  I  w  niett 

at  02°,  the  barometer  being  at  30  in.,  i*  907.130  oi.;  tin-  would  give  i"r  the  oubio 
f.H,t  ol  water,  al  the  maximum  density,  998.224  <>/. 

r.y  the  Investigations  of  Prol   K.  8.  Mc(  lullocb,  the  maximum  denaity  "i  watei 
Is  at  the  temperature  ••!  39  .6  Fahr. ;  this  i  ry  nearlj  with  Mr.  II 

determination  of  the  maximum  densil] 

For  .i  table  of  the  density  of  water  al  different  temperature,  see  Cuaptkb  XV. 


(  '  II  A  p  I  E  B     P  I  r  I  I   E  NTH. 


M  IS*' KM.  A  NKol'S    I  ^FORMATION 
WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 

Measures  of  Length. 


Inches. 

Feet. 

Yards. 

Rods    or 
Poll 

Furl 

Mile. 

12 

36 

1  ■- 

7920 

63360 

1 

3 

161 

5260 

1 

51 
220 
1760 

1 

■10 

320 

1 
8 

1 

Tin-   inch   was   formerly  divided  into  three  parts,  called  barleycorne,  and  also 

into  12  parts  called  line*,  neither  of  which  denominations  ia  now  In  common  nae 

;  measuring  rules  are  generally  divided  into  inches,  ightht  and 

ntkt;  or  into  inche§  and  decimal  part*  ;  the  latter  of  ihi  ns  ia  used 

in  the  Ordnance  Department 

urvefing  land:  7.92  Inches  =  1  link  I  Gunter'a 

100  Link*  =  1  poles,  or  22  yards,  or  66  feet,      j    chain. 
/  <   Chains  are  often  made  of  50  links,  each  1  foot  in  length. 

/  . .  pel  a  -.11'  at  hom  =  6  leet. 

1  i  aide's  length  =  L20  fatfa 
I  —  2\  Inches    =  1-I6th  of  a  yard. 
1  <^ 
1  Yard  =  4  ,j,,,., • 

1  Ell  English  =  3  quai 

]      I  |r)lld    =     1    ill'     • 

1    l>eeree  of  a  .  nles. 

...  bI  or  nautical  mile 

tin-  earlh  =  2025  \  :tr.U. 
1   Nautical  leaf 

•  which 

are  distrib  nI  a 

mil  lithe 

Bril 

•  low. 


I!  J 


<   HAP.    XV. MIM   l.l.l. \M..>:         I  \  l  .  >i;  M  \  |  |..\  . 


/'     ign   i/<  asun  -  of  I.- 1 

itain.— The   Imperial   standard  yard  <>i  Oreal    Britain,  n •! ■  >|>* *••!   m 
istural  standard,  u  bich  ia  tin-  distant  e  between  I 

■  naion   and  iii<-  centre  of  osciilai if  s  pendulum  which   shall  vr 

Ion,  m  the  level  of  the  aea  :  tliai  distance  measured  <mi 
m  rod,  at  the  temperature  »r.,  la  declared  I 


I  Point 


=    0 

=    0.03584 

=    L.06S77 

=  12 


I  Line     =  L2  1 1 

1  Inch     =  [2  liues 

1  Foot     =  12  inches 

1  Ell        =  13  In.  Id  lines  —  16.716  =  1.293  yd. 

i  Tolse  -      6  reel  =  76,735  ••  =  2.1 

l  Perch    Paris)  =  18  feet. 

i  Perch  (royal)  =  22    " 

]  Lei  .in-  (common), 223  to  a  degree  =  v.  yds.  =2.70 

miles, 

i  League  (post)  =  2000  toises  =  4264  yds.  =  242  miles. 

1  Fathom  (Z?ra*t)  =  5  feel  French  =  63.946  inches,  or  6|  feel  Eng- 
lish aeai  ly. 

I  Cable  length  =  100  (oises  =  120  fathoms  Fahr.,  =  106]  hthonu 
l.   glish. 

i  Pace  fpas)  =  |  metre  =  26.5  iu  nearly. 


Table  for  reducing  old  Wrench  Measures  to  English. 


French 

English 

Fr  feel 

English  feel 

French 

English 

French 

English 

leel 

in.  hes. 

ur  Inch. 

or  inches. 

lines. 

inches. 

points. 

Inches. 

1 

1 

i .0658 

1 

0.0888 

1 

0.0074 

2 

25.5784 

2 

2.1315 

2 

0.1776 

2 

0.0148 

:t 

38.3676 

3 

3.1973 

3 

0.2664 

:t 

0.0222 

4 

51  .1568 

•1 

4.2631 

1 

0.3553 

i 

5 

5 

38 

."■ 

(Mill 

r> 

6 

76.7352 

6 

6.394b 

6 

6 

0.0444 

7 

7 

-..  16  '1 

7 

0.1217 

7 

0.0518 

8 

S 

8.5261 

S 

1  .  7105 

8 

115.102b 

9 

019. 

9 

9 

10 

in 

10.6577 

10 

0.8861 

10 

0.01 1" 

11 

! 10.6812 

11 

11.7234 

11 

ll 

0.081  l 

FOREIGN    MEASURES    OE    LENGTH. 


4i:J 


New  Frbnch  System.— Tin-  basis  ol  the  new  French  system  of  measures  is 
the  measure  ol  a  meridian  of  the  earth,  a  quadrant  of  which  is  10,000,000 
metres,  measured  at  the  temperature  of  32°  Fahr.  The  multiples  and  divisions 
of  it  are  decimal,  via  :  1  metre  --- -  10  decimetres  -  100  centimetres  =  1,000  mil- 
limetres =  89.3707971  English  inches,  or  3.2809  feet. 

measure,    Myriametra  ■*=   10,000  metres.     Kilometre         1,000  metres 
Decametre  =  10  metres.     Metre  «-  0.51317  toise. 

TABLE  FOB   REDUCING  METRES  TO  INCHES. 
According  to  Capt.  Kater's  comparison,  1  metre       39.37079  English  inches. 


Mei  res. 

Inches. 

Metres. 

Inches 

Metre-. 

II 

Inches. 

Metres. 

Inches. 

0.001 

0.026 

0.051 

2.007910 

0.076 

9 

0.078742 

27 

1  .06301  1 

52 

2.047281 

77 

3.031551 

:< 

0.118112 

28 

1.102382 

53 

2.086652 

7s 

3.070923 

i 

0.157483 

29 

1.141 753 

54 

2.126023 

7'.' 

3.110292 

Q 

0. 196854 

0.030 

1.181124 

2.16r»393 

0.080 

3.149663 

6 

31 

1.220494 

56 

2.204764 

si 

3. 189  134 

7 

32 

.".7 

2.244135 

- 

0.31 1966 

33 

1 .299236 

58 

2.283506 

-  1 

3.267776 

9 

0.354337 

:d 

84 

3.307146 

0.010 

1. 37797*5 

0.01  0 

^."' 

3.346517 

11 

0. 133078 

36 

I .417348 

61 

2.10101V 

86 

12 

0.472449 

:\i 

1  .  156719 

62 

2.440989 

^7 

3. 125259 

13 

0.511820 

38 

63 

2.  18035& 

88 

3.  164630 

1  l 

0.551191 

39 

1.535461 

64 

2.519731 

89 

3.504000 

15 

o.oio 

1 .574832 

65 

2.559101 

O.O'.tO 

16 

41 

1.614202 

66 

91 

17 

42 

1.653573 

67 

2.637343 

92 

3.152   113 

18 

43 

2.67721 1 

3.01)1483 

19 

0.748045 

i) 

2.71 6585 

94 

3.700S54 

0.020 

45 

1.771686 

0.070 

3.740225 

21 

1  .811056 

71 

. 

96 

22 

17 

1 .850427 

2.834697 

97 

3.818967 

4S 

1 .8S979S 

2.874068 

- 

; 

21 

0.944*                   1(| 

71 

2.913438 

3.897708 

25 

0.0.")0 

75 

. 

; 

inh. 

12.11.'  English  Inches  0371  ''••'■ 

1  Mile    -  4,000  I  miles  nearly. 

pR,n,1A._  I  Rhlm 
1  M 

p 

I   Mich  are  I  • 

]  \ ,  —  1.177  yards. 


Ill  CHAP.   W   — nSOBLLANBOUfl    DTFORHA.1 

—     1  Foot  =  11.1284  English  ii 

1   Vara  =  :t  feel  =0  giish  yar.l. 

-• ; ■ » \ n I     =  25,000  Spanish  feet  =  -i\  mile*,  nearly. 

-   0  Spanish  feel  =  •  -arly. 

1  Judicial  league    =  15,000  Spanish  feel  =  '-arly. 

1  Spanish  feel  =  2|  miles,  nearly. 

bn. — 1  Fi    i        1 1.0865  English  Inches. 

.1/.  •-  an  s  of  SurJ 

■r  meature.     1  ll  Square  Inches  —  1  square  foot. 
'.'  Square  i *•«•  t  =  1  sqare  yard. 
Land  nifa.su re.     3'lJ  Square  yards  =  1  square  perch  "r  |>c i|<-. 
40    Perches  =  1  rood. 

p  i  roods  =  1  acre  =  in  square  chains.    (Gun- 

ler's    ;-;  !.vM  square  yards  =  70  yards  square  nearly. 
re-       l  square  mile. 

French  Superficial  Measures. 

Old  tyttem.     1  Square  inch  =  1.13587  English  square  inch. 

1  Arpfiit  (Paris)  =  100  square  perches  (Paris)  or  9(*o  square 

toises  =  4,088  square  yards,  or  5-6lhs  of  an  acre,  nearly. 
1  Arpcnt  (woodland  |  —  100  square  perches  -  royal    -  6,108  square 
yards,  nr  l  acre,  l  rood,  1  perch. 

-//*r<m.     1  Are  =  100  Bquare  metres  =  119.603  square  yards, 
l  Decare  =  10  arcs.     i  Heoalare  =  100  area. 

Measures  of  Solidity. 

Cubic  or  Solid  measure.     1  I  -  1,728  cubic  inches. 

l  Cubicyard  —  466,56  cubic  inches  — -  27  cubic  feet. 
Measuring  ttone.     In  different  parts  of  the  United  Stales  the  pereh  of  stone  de- 
ii'  tes  a  different  quantity,  bul  il  is  usually  24|  cubic  feet. 

Weeumring  wood.     1  Cord  is  a  prism  4  A.  square  and  8  fl   long        128  cubio  ft. 

French  Solid  Measure-. 

l  Cubic  inch  =  1.2106  cubic  inch,  English. 

1  Cubic  fool  —  2091.83  cubic  Inches,  English. 

1  Cubic  decimetre  =  61.0271  cubic  inches.  English. 

1  Stere  =  1   cubic   metre  =  61027.1    cubic   inch  =  35.3100  cubic   feet  =  1.308 

cubic  y  ltd 


WEIGHTS    AND    MEASURES. 


415 


Measures  of  Capacity. 
Liquid  Measure. 


Gills. 

Pints.                            Quarts.                          Gallons. 

4 

6 

32 

1 

2 
8 

1 
4 

1 

Thr  ttandard  ;/./<7«>.  of  the  United  States  is  the  old  wine  gallon,  which  meas- 
ures 231  cubic  inches,  and  contains  (as  determined  by  .Mr.  Hassler),  58373  troy 
grains,  or  8.3388822  avoirdupois  pounds,  oi'  distilled  water  at  the  maximum 
density  (39°.83  Kahr.);  the  barometer  being  at  30  inches. 

A  cubic  loot  contains  7.48  gallons. 

A  box  0  X  6  X  6.42  inches  contains  1  gallon. 

A  box  4x1  X  3.01  inches  contains  1  quart. 


Dry  Measure. 


Pint".. 

•  Quarts. 

Gallons. 

Pecks. 

Bushels. 
1 

2 

1 

- 

4 

1 

16 

8 

2 

1 

64 

32 

8 

4 

1 

is  1  bushel. 


Tl'  ttandard  btuhd  ol  tin-  United  States  is  the  Winchester  bushel,  which 
measures  2150.4  cubic  inches,  and  conta  as  543391.89  troy  grains,  or  7: 

lbs.  avoirdupois,  of  distilled  water,  under  the  circumstance  above  stated. 

A  cubic  yard  contains  21.09  bushels. 

A  cylinder  11  in.  diam.  X   '  I  in.  I 
Or  a  box       16  X      P's    X     s  ">'  I  • 

A  i  12  x     H2  x   B  inches        contains  »  bushel. 

A  box  8  X        8.4  X   8  Inches         contain-  1 

If.  B. It  «  ill  be  observed  that  the   pint,  cpiart  and  gallon  of  dry  measure,  are 

not  the  same  ss  lor  liquid  measure. 


ll'i 


t  II  \ I'.   W  . —  NISI  I  I  !  \M  "I  -    1M  '  RMATION. 


I    .1/     ' 

■  i    Hun .uv— The  British  imperial  gallon  meaaun  cubic  inchea, 

oontaioing  ten  poundi  avoirdupois  >>i'  .listille.l  water,  weighed  in  .n'r.  al  the  tern- 
peratun  ■     •  ing  at  30  In.    Tin-  lime  meaaure  ia  used  Ibf 

liquid*  a-  lor  dry  goods  which  are  lured  by  heaped  meaaure;  for  the 

latter,  the  buabel  la  to  be  heaped  in  1 1 1 «-  form  of  a  >• not  leaa  than  6  inehea 

high,  the  base  being  19|  inches.    The  old  distinctions  ol  wine asure,  ale  apd 

beer aaure,  and  <i  ry  measure  are  discontinued. 

For  grain.    8  bushels        L  quarter       10.269  cubic  feet. 
5  quarters       1  loud  51.347  cubic  feet. 

/.  >  r.,,,1  or  keaped  meature.    1  sack       3  bushels         1.69  cubic  feet  nearly. 
I  chaldron—   12 sacks      36 bushels      58.68 cubic  feet. 
l  load         in  cubic  feet 
iUmi       '231  cubic  inchea. 
/.,    ..    ale  gallon  282  cubic  Inch< 

ial  gallon         --■  277.274  cubic  inchea  (as  ah 
France. — 1  Litre     —cubic  decimetre       01.0271   cubic  inchea    -  1.857  U.  B. 
quarl       L.761  imperial  pint  of  Great  Britain. 
I  Boisaeau    =  13  litres -=  793.364  cubic  inches       1.43441     8 
l  Pinie.— 0931  litre  — 56.816  cubic  inches       0.98383  U.  8.  quart. 
Spain.— 1  Wine  nrroba  —  4.2455  U.  S.  gallons. 

1    Panegl rn  measure),  —  1-093  U.  S.  bushel. 


Measures  of    Weigh  t . 
Avoirdupois  Weighl . 


Drama. 


( tuncea. 


Pounda. 


Quarters. 


Cwt. 


Ton. 


16 

1 

256 

16 

1 

7168 

148 

1 

1792 

112 

l 

1 

573440 

35840 

2240 

B0 

20 

1 


The  Handard  avoirdupoit  pound  of  the  United  Slates,  as  determined  by  Mr. 
Haealer,  is  the  weight  "i"  27.7015  cubic  inches  of  <li-i>lle<l  water  weighed  in  air, 
at  the  temperature  of  the  maximum  denaity  (39  83  |  the  barometer  being  at  30 
Inchea. 


WEIOIITS    AND    MEASURES. 


41? 


Troy  Weight. 


CJrains. 

Dwt. 

Ounce. 

Pound. 

24                                    1 
4 so                                 30                                    1 
57H0                               240                                 12                                       1 

The  pound,  ounce  and  grain  are  the  same  in  apothecaries' and  troy  weigh! ; 
in  the  former  the  ounce  Is  divided  into  S  drachms,  the  drachm  into  3  scruples, 
and  the  scruple  into  20  grains. 

7000  Troy  grains  =  1  lb.  Avoirdupois. 
17')  Troy  pounds  =  144  lbs.  Avoirdupois. 
175  Troy  ounces  =  192  oz.  Avoirdupois. 
437i  Troy  grains    =       1  oz.    Avoirdupois. 


Foreign  Weights. 


Great  Britain.  The  imperial  avoirdupois  pound  is  the  weight  of  27.7274 
cubic  inches  of  distilled  water  weighed  in  air,  with  brass  weights,  at  the  temper- 
ature  of  62°  Fahr. ;  barometer  HO  inches.     Therefore, 

1  cubic  inch  of  distilled  water  at  62°  weighs  252. 458  grains. 
0.003961  cubic  inch  weighs  1  grain. 
22315090  cubic  iachea  weigh  1  troy  pound. 
Hor&eman't  weight:  1  stone  =  14  pounds. 

France.     Old  m/tttm,      1  Lure        16  onees    =    1.0780  lb.  avoirdupois 
I  Once   =    6  gros       =    1.07*0  oz.  do 

Mini-    kx  72 grain        58.95 1-  grains  troy. 

1  Grain =    0.S1S8  do. 

A'nr  tyntrm.  The  basis  of  the  system  of  weights  is  the  weight,  in  vacuo,  of  ft 
litre,  or  a  cubic  decimetre  of  distilled  water,  at  the  temperature  of  3!)°. 2  Fahr. ; 
l-1000th  part  of  this  weight  is  a  gramme,  the  multiples  of  which  are:  1  deca- 
gramme =  10  grammes  1  aeetagEBBUlfl  .  HM  grammes:  1  kilogramme^ 
1,000  grammes.  The  divisions  are:  1  decigramme  =■  l-10tli  gramme  :  1  centi- 
gramme =  1 -100th  gramme  :  1  milligramme  =  l-1000th  gramme. 
1  Quintal  —    100  kilogramme*. 

1  Millier    =  1,000  Icilogrammei       1  Ion  tea  wrefghl  (French). 
1  Kilogramme       2.204737  pound i  >roirdu| 
l  Gramme       I  /  avoirdupois. 

1  round  avoirdupois       (i  15356&5  kilogramme. 
1   Pound  trO]  .nine. 

^spAl^         l  Pouad       1.0152  pouad  eroirdup 

Swiufs,    l  Pound      0  9378 

AlSIRIA.     1    Found  1.23SI         "  " 

I'hi  ssia.     1  Found        l.u333       " 
27 


•11^  <  ii  M'.   w   — KIBCBLLAlfKOUl    i\  l  •  t.m  \  I  i"\  . 

.1/  .;.•■/,■  '     I    •  'ur. 

All  calcnl  il  i  tin1    mil  ill  if  i  lio  I'll:1 

ugh  iii<-  denom 
■re  Mill  in  common  "-<■  as  ■  no ial  currency  la  man;. 

The  Uamdard  >•/  fotd  tmd  liUtr  It  NO  j»;i r  1  -  of  pur--  metal  and   MO  of  nlloy,  in 
i  The  alloy  of  gold  coin  la  25  ailrer  and  73  copper  j  the  alloy 

of  silver  ii  copper 

r '  [Other  e 

"  *•        > 

••       J      i'r"i",r"""- 

Relative  Mini  Value  of  United  States  and  Foreign  Coins. 

Great  Britain.  .  1  Guinea       '-'l  ■billing! 5.059  dollar*. 

i,  or  I  pound       20  abiding! 4.845 

l  I  run       5  shilling! 1.08 

lling       12  pence 0.217 

i  Penny 0.019 

I'll  MCI 5   Ii  ROC! 

1  Franc       20aoui o.iv> 

l  Bout 

Brain 1  Doubloon,  or  I  ounce 1  •'•.'>  7 

A  dm  it  1  a 1  Ducal 

1  Orown,  it  nx  ili 'liar 0.S7 

80  KnMi/.r- 11  Hi 

Pmmnu )  Doable  Frederick v  <"> 

1  Thaler 

Russia 1  1 1  nil- Imperial        .ri  roubles 

1  Rouble 

1  Ducal 

I  Specie  daler 1  049 

Tuhkly 20  Piastre! 0.b*2 

hi  Ml  NSIONfi   01   I'K  \\\  IM.    l'.M'KH. 

Demy 1  fool  ~\  inohei  X  1  fool    'ij  inches. 

Medium I  "  10 

Royal 2  ••  0 

Bo  per   royal 9  •'  3 

Imperial '-'  "  B 

Elephanl 

Columbiur 2  "  9j 

Allai 9  "  0 

1 1.  iii.it-  elephanl 3  "  I 

Antiquarian I  ■'  I 


X  1 

X  1 

'      7 

X  1 

•      7 

X  1 

'      H 

X  1     ■ 

•     Ml 

X  1     ' 

•     11 

X  2     ' 

X  1    • 

a 

X  1     ' 

'       7 

A  MM  A  I,     POWER.  411) 

PHYSICAL    DATA. 

Working  Power  of  Men  and  Horses. 

Mrs.      .1  foot  snhliri  travels  in  1  minute,  in  common  time,    r">  Steps  70  yds 

In  quick  time,        110  steps  ^-     sfi  yds. 

In  doable  quick,  1 10  steps       L09  yds. 

He    occupies    in   the   ranks  a   front  of  20   in.,  and   a  depth  of  13  in.,  without  the 

knapsack  j  the  interval   between  the  ranks  ig  1  .'J  in.     5  men  can  stand  in  a  space 

of  1  square  yard.     Average  weight  of  men,  ISO  lbs.  each. 

A  man  travel*,  without  a  load,  on  level  ground,  during  8|  hours  a  day,  at  the 
rate  of  3.7  miles  an  hour.  or. 'SI}  miles  a  day.  He  can  carry  111  |ba\,  11  miles  in 
a  day.      A  porter  going  short  distances  and  returning  unloaded,  carries  135  II 

mile-  a  day.     lie  can  carry  mi  a  wheel  bar  row  ISO  lbs.,  in  n.iics  a  day. 

The  maximum  power  of  a  strong  man.  exerted  for  2\  minutes,  may  be  Mated 
at  IvOOO  His.  raided  1  foot  in  a  minute. — Mr.  Field1  i  experiments,  1- 

A  man  of  ordinary  strength  exerts  a  force  of  .10  lbs.  for  10  hours  a  day,  with 
a  velocity  of  2J  feet  in  a  second  ^=  4,500  lbs.  raised  1  foot  in  a  minute  =  one-fifth 
the  work  of  a  horse. 

Daily  allowance  of  water  for  a  man.  1  gallon,  for  all  purp  •- 

Horses.  A  horse  travel.-  the  distance  of  400  yards,  at  •  walk,  in  4J  minutes; 
at  a  trot,  in  2  minutes;   at  a  gallop,  in  1   minute. 

He  occupies  in  the  rani;-  a  Iront  of  10  in.,  a  depth  of  10  feet  :  in  -i  Stall,  from 
3J  to  4i  feet  front ;  at  picket,  3  feet  by  '.t.  Average  weight  of  hor-ev.  1000  )|>t>. 
each. 

A  hor--e  carrying  a  soldier  and  his  equipments  Csay  225  lbs.),  travels  25  miles 
in  a  day  |  v  bi  mrs 

A  pact  horse  can  carry  250  to  .'!')()  lbs.,  20  miles  a  day. 

A  eli aught   hone   (;,u    drav.  ;<  day  j  weight  of  carriage  in- 

Arlilli  should  not  be  made  to  draw  more  than  700  lbs.  each,  the  weight 

of  lh( 

Mlinary  work  Ol  nr-    a   day  may  be  slated  at  22,.r>00  lbs 

.  1   f(  'Oi  in  a  minute. 
Jii  a  lio<se  mill,  the  BOTM  move-  nl  the  rale  of  ,'i    ■  ,,n  I.      The  diame- 

ihe  path  «honld  not  be  le-s  thai 
Daily  allowance  of  a  1  gallons. 

•    I  in  bundles      ]  i    |l,i.  i 

Wbi  the  cubic  fool. 


120 


I  n  \i\    \\  — mi-.  )  I  I  \m  01  -    INI  ORM  I 


vi  111  ■teaa*  eagfoes,  to  eetlreeted  at  33,000  led  l  rbotiaa 

iiiiimlr  .   I. ill  n«  n  borOO  run  exert   that    lor.  I  hut  t  hi  IN  ii  day,  DM  USUI   hOTM 
-  njuiviilt-iit  10  that  i>l     I    I 
The    nuiiilxr    of    hOfOa  BOOT  Ml,    m     I    ftiaghl    Mr>!.e    engine.    Il    aspfeaeed    bjj 

-  r/5  >;  ;>  /,  rf  befog  tbe  diameter  of  1 1» «-  ptotoa  m  laches,  »  ihe  aember  <>f 

-    M  ■  ininiiic,  /  ibc  If  ngih  of  stroke  ia  (ret  and  />  th<-  pressure  i  I  steam  oa 

a  hqmirr  look  (dleiiotobed  ■eeellf  bf  l-5th  i«t  Motioa  tad  inertia).    In  a  doabto 

■ttoln  engine  the  power  ia  dutilile  the  al 

Electricity. 
Relative  Conducting  Power  of  Metals. 


Copper 10,000 

Gold 

Silver " 

/in. 

PtoUoam I  B8 '' 


[ran 

T 

Lead 

Mercury 

--nun 139 


The  eoedeotiag  power  of  rada  of  the  same  metal  of  e.inol  dtometen 
rereety  aa  ibeir  leagtha ;  of  rods  of  eqnnl  lengths,  it  is  praportfoaal  t»  tke  neel 

;iiul  ii. >t  to  ibe  Mirl... -c. 

The  OOOdtlCliog    power    is    in.ri-n-i-.l    l.y  loweriBf  lbs  temperature.  ;in.l  .liinin 

(•bed  ami  liniilly  destroyed  by  ratolag  ibe  temperature. 

The  meteli  are  iaiallely  better  ooaductora  ibaa  lay  other  •ubetaacee.    Cbei> 
ooal  which  ban  been  aapoeed  to  »  strong  heat  la  one  of  ibe  i><->i  conductors,  bol 

greatly  inferior  in  this  respect  to  iron  ami  platinum. 

Thermometers. 


FIXKD  POINTS. 

Fahrenheit. 

Keaumer. 

.r.i.lr. 

32° 

.J,. JO 

0° 

vir 

0° 

100° 

Tbe  aero  oi  Wsdgewood'a  pyrometer  eorrespoada  with  lo~~°  Pahr^aad  i" 

I    If    .  . i ii itl    10    130°  Fiihr.      llen.-e    lor    coin  erling    from   one    scale   lo 


another,  F°  =  -,  ^—*—+  32 


+  32°  =  W°  X  130°  +  1077. 


The  lodteatioaa  Of  WedgaVOOdTl  pyrometer  are  no  longer  relied  on  for 
high  temperatures. 


PHYSICAL    DATA — HEAT. 


421 


Relative  Conducting  Power. 


Goli) 10,000 

Platinum 9,810 

Silver 9,730 

Copper 8.933 

Iron 3.743 

Zinc 


Tin 3,030 

Lead 1,798 

Marble 236 

Porcelain 128 

I? rick  clay 114 


Relative  Radiating  Power. 


Water 100 

1-Riiipl.Uck LOO 

Olaa* 90 

Silver 12 

Lead,  bright 19 


Tin.  blackened LOO 

Tin,  bright 12 

Ice B6 

Iron,  polished IS 

Copper 12 


Relative  Specific  Heat,  of  equal  weights. 


Water 10000 

Sulphur 1.^0 

Cla>* 1.770 

Iron 1,000 

Copper 949 

Zinc 927 


Silver 557 

Tin 515 

Mercury 330 

PlHtinan 314 

Gold 

Lead 893 


Relative  Capacity  for  Heat,  of  equal  weights. 


Water 100 

• IS7 

Iron. 180 

BraM llf, 

Copper Ill 


Zinc 102 

Silver 

Tin <»0 

Oqjd .V) 

Lead 43 


The  capacity  for  ealoric  iocreaaea  with  the  temperature,  and  diminishes  as  the 
deneily  ol  the  body  iocreaaea.  Air  reduced  rapidly  to  ont-ffth  of  its  volume 
evolves  beat  enough  i"  ael  fire  to  tinder. 


Latent  Seal 


77.  i 

Uo 140* 

Sulphur Ill 

Lad 108 

v ITS 

Zinc  


Vny 

_■  a  r 

A  mmonia 

Alcohol 


I« 


-MIS(   l  I  l.\M  ODS     IM  ORM  \  I  ION. 


Expansion  by 


Zinc 



Tin.  refined 

Silver,  line 0.003IS 

Brass 0.00 1 0  i 

Copper 0.00172 

Gold O.00|.ri0 

tempered 0  001 10 

immered 0.00124 

ssl 0.001 1 ! 

Bteel,  1 1 •  ■  i  tempered 0.00109 


'id*,  from  32°  i»  212°. 

Roman  cement o  on  114 

Mnrble,  Sicilian 0.001  II 

Marble,  <  iarrars 0.001 19 

Sandstone I 

Slate 0.00104 

Granite 0  00080 

:i   0.00062 

Briclc.  Hock  0  00055 

Brick,  fire 0.00040 

Marble,  black  Galway 000042 

Oak,  dry u.oooog 


Platinum    0.00066 

Tlir  expansion  In  surface  la  expressed  by  numbers  dbt*£&  of  the  above,  and 

ike  expaus In  volume  by  triple  numbers. 

i  o/  Fluids  in  bulk,  from  82°  to  212°. 

Mercury 0.01808      I      Snlphuric  acid 

Water,  distilled Oil  (olive  and  linaeed) 0 

Water,  saturated  with  salt..  .0.05000  Spirits  turpentine 0.07143 

•  l o.nooo  '■  ises,  and  air 0.37500 

The  rate  of  expansion  of  solids  and  liquids  increases  with  the  temperature  j 
i li.it  of  tbe  gases  is  uniform  )"r  all  temperatures. 

Linear  Expansion  of  Solids  (according  to  Daniell). 


l.i  M  (II   EXPANSION   FBOX 


■ 


'In  melting 
point 


Tempi  r.it  uru 

ol  m< 
point. 


Black  lead  ware I  1.000244      1.00 

Wedgewood  ware J  1.000735      1.00 

Pli in 1.000735      1.0 

Wrought  iron h000964      1.004483 

Cast  iron 1.000803      I.003U43 

Gold 1.001025      1.004238 

Coppei 1  .din  130      1 .00 

Silver 1.001620      1.00 

] .001787      l  .00 

Bronce  (tin  i) i  .001541 

'/ 1 1 1  •  • 

Lend 

Tin 

Pewter l-'-ili) 


I .002460 

1 .001  172 
1.001606 


1.018378 
0.016380 


1.024376 
] .020040 
I .021841 

1.003798 
[.003776 


Fahrenheit. 

2016 
1096 

1-7-1 
1800 

U 

746 

6I2« 

ioa 


'Experiments  of  Franklin  Institute, 

was  the  highest  heal  attained  with  an  air  furnace.     Platinum  d not 

m<lt  ;ii  this  temperature,  but  undergoes  a  change,  which  readers  it  unfit  for  fur- 
ther use  in  Danlell's  pyrometer, 


IMIYSICAL    DATA HEAT. 


42:$ 


D<  n-itv  of  Water  at  different  Temperatures. 

From  a  report  made  to  Professor  A.  I>.  Baehe,  by  Profi —  n  R    S.  McCtillocb, 

Deceniliir.  LS49. 


Temperature. 

Density. 

Temperature. 

Density. 

Falir. 

Fa  h  r. 

20° 

99901 

65° 

99803 

25 

99944 

70 

99807 

30 

99984 

75 

99741 

35 

BO 

99K66 

40 

1,00000 

65 

99581 

4.r, 

90 

99187 

50 

95 

993S3 

r>.r) 

99947 

100 

99270 

60 

Melting  Points  of  Solids. 

Platinum,  palladium,  rhodium,  lime,  tilex,  fine  porcelain,  can  he  melted  in  small 
quantities  hy  means  of  stronjr  lenses,  or  of  the  hydro-oxy-en  blow  pipe. 
Iron  ml  hoi.  m  daylight,  1077°  Fab.;  in  the  dark,  7.r>2°. 

Wrought   iron  melts 3,280°  Fahr. 

Cast  iron 

Id 2.016 

Silver 1.^73 

pper l    ■ 

Bra** I 

Flmt  plass 2,377 

Antimony 

Zinc 7l»; 

tpetre 663 

l 6  1 2  "I 

Bismuth 306     ,- 

Trn  _  ..    |  Experiments,  of 

fLMda'iinV'  .'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.  175        '"<""<<'■ 

ifo  I....  '    "    P"»«kl««" 

Alloy,....      J...  U    ■  i..,, >•,,[       Insnt.xe. 

I   Lead    I.  tin   I.  ln>iniitli  1 

bismuth  .r> 

phur 

1  .ri.r) 

1 1  immon lis 

low 1  J7 

• 


181 


CHAP       XV. Mist   Ml  AM. (US     INFORMATION. 


Freesing  Points  of  Liquids. 

Olive  oil 36°  l'.ihr.  |  Si  rone  win."..  .  . 

32  Sulphuric  acid  . , 

Milk 30  |  Brandy 

ir 28  j  Mercury 

Spirit*  of  on  1. 1- n line Id  I  Nunc  acid 


20°  Fahr. 

I 
-  7 

-55 


Boiling  Points  of  Liquids,     i  Bar.  30  in.) 


Sulphuric  ether 9SC 

A  hi  mi  hi  i.i 140 

Alcohol 171 

Water,  and  i---i-nn.il  oila 212 

U'.n.T.  saturated  with  .-alt 224 

Nitric  acid 2  W 


Phoaphorun 554° 

Spirit-  turpentine  

Sulphur .r)70 

Sulphuric  acid r>00 

Linaeed  oil 600 

Mercury 660 


Liquids  boil  at  a  much  lower  temperature  in  vacuo,  or  under  diminished  pres- 
sure of  the  atmosphere.  At  the  altitude  of  about  17,500  Feet  above  the  Bea, 
where  the  barometer  Btanda  at  15.35  in.,  water  bollfl  at  ISO0. 

Frigorifie  Mixtures. 

Nitrate  of  ammonia   1,  water  1  ;  thermometer  falls  from. .  .  .■r>0°  to        -1° 

Sulph.  sod, i  8,  muriatic  acid  5 '.)()°  to        0° 

Phosphate   of  soda   'J.   nitrate  of  ammonia   6,  diluted   nitric 

acid  I 50*  to  —  21° 

Common  salt  1,  snow  or  ice  2 ..32°  to  —  4° 

Cry.sl.  chloride  of  lime  3,  snow  2 32°  to  —50° 

Heating  Power  of  Different  Combustibles. 

The  calorific  unit  is  the  quantity  of  heal  required  to  raise  1°  the  temperature 
of  a  weight  of  water  equal  to  that  of  the  oombuatible  u-ed. 

The  following  table  gives  the  quantity  of  water  which  would  be  heated  from 
32°  to  212°  by  an  equal  weight  of  several  kinds  ol  fuel,  supposing  no  heal  to  be 

lost. 

1 1  yd  rogea 234 

Olive   oil 1110 

Tallow 75 

Pit  coal,  coke,  or  good  charcoal 70 

W or  id.  perfectly  dry  (mean) 3.r> 

Wood,  common,  1  year   after  felling;   turf 2fl 

The  heating  power  of  different  kind*  of  wood  (taking  equal  weights)  does  not 
vary  more  than  in  the  proportion  of  13  to  II,  for  the  extremes. 

Nearly  six   times    us   much    heal    is    required    to  evaporate   a  given   quantity  Of 

water  as  is  required  to  raiae  its  temperature  to  the  boiling  point;  dividing  the 
abov-  number*  by  6,  we  have  therefore  the  quantity  of  water  which  each  kind 
of  fuel  will  evaporate. 

In  even  tin-  heal  apparatus,  not  more  than  half  the  heat  produced  by  the  com- 
bustion of  fuel  is  economized. 


PHYSICAL    DATA. 


423 


Elastic  Force  of  Steam  at  Different  Temperatures. 

[From  experiments  Of  Committee  of  Franklin  Institute.] 

The  unit  is  the  atmospheric  pressure,  or  I  atmosphere  =  30  inches  of  mercury. 


Temp. 

Press. 

Temp. 

Tress. 

Temp. 

Press. 

Temp. 

Press. 

Temp. 

Press. 

212 

1 

275 

3 

304J 

5 

326 

7 

345 

9 

235 

li 

284 

3i 

310 

&i 

331 

n 

349 

o* 

250 

2 

291  i 

4 

315$ 

6 

338 

8 

352* 

10 

261 

2* 

298* 

4i 

321 

6J 

3104 

8i 

Strength  of  Ice. 

Ice  2  inches  thick-  will  hear  infantry. 
Ice  4  inches  thick  will  bear  cavalry  or  li^ht  guns. 
Ice  f>  inches  thick  will  bear  heavy  held  guns. 

[ce  6  inches  thick  will  hear  24-pdr.  gun,  on  sledges;  weight  not  more  than 
1,000  lbs.  to  a  square  fool. 

Velocity  of  Sound. 

At  the  temperature  of  33°  the  mean  velocity  of  sound  is  1,100  feet  in  a  second. 
It  is  increased  or  diminished  half  afoot  for  each  degree  of  temperature  above  or 
below  33°. 

Velocity  and  Force  of  the  Wind. 


In  1  hour. 


In  1  second. 


Pressure  on 
1  square  foot. 


Common  designations  of  the  force  of 
the  winds. 


Miles. 
1 
2 
3 
4 

5 

10 

15 
20 

25 
30 

35 

40 
45 

5(1 

so 

loi 


Feet. 

1  .17 

2.i»3 

1.  10 

5.8*7 

7.33 

l  i .  < ,  7 

22.00 

29.34 

86.67 

41.01 

61.34 

73.35 

88.02 

117.36 

1  10.70 


Lb 


005 
020  1 

Oil    i 

079  | 
,123  | 
,492  | 

,107  J 

,075  \ 
.420  I 
,027  f 

.306 
.715 

.  190 

.200 


Hardly  perceptible. 
Just  perceptible. 

Gentle,  pleaaanl  wind. 

Pleasant,  brisk  breeze. 

Very  l>n>k. 
High  wind. 
Very  high. 

A  storm  <>r  tempest. 
A  _  real  storm. 

A   lnirr  i 

A  hurricane  that  tear-  up  t  r. ■• 
nes  huildiu^x  In- lore  it.  etc. 


126 


CHAP.    XV. — MISCELLANEOUS    I  M  OKM  ATION. 


M  i     retneni  of  Weights  by  means  of  the  Barometer. 

1 .  A* .  .  60345.5]  [1  -f-  .001  mil  [T  +  F— 6 1 >] 

x  Lo?-  §*  r+:ooor(7=o  x  (1  +  ■009898  «* a  L-> 

A  is  the  required  difference  of  height,  in  feel  i 

T.  the  temperature  of  the  air,  in  degrees  of  Fahrenheit,'] 

t.  the  temperature  of  mercury,  >  at  the  lower  station. 

//.  the  height  of  mercury,  J 

T,  the  temperature  of  the  air. ") 

f'.  the  temperature  of  mercury,  /at  the  upper  station. 

//'  the  height  of  mercury.  J 

L.  the  latitude  of  the  place. 

•j.  Neglecting  the  corrections  for  the  latitude  of  the  place  and  for  the  difference 
between  the  temperature  of  the  air  and  that  of  the  mercury  in  the  barometers  at 
the  two  stations,  the   difference  of  height,  in    feet,  may  be   expressed   approxi- 

77 

mately  by  Z=  67.0505  (7*+  7*  +  836)  X  Log.  — -. 

3.  Approximate  rule:  For  a  mean  temperature  of  55°  the  difference  of  height 

II—  IV 
in  feet  is,  A"  =  55,000  X  //I   7/r     Add    1  -  140th  of  this    result    for   each    degree 

which  the  mean  temperature  of  the  air  at  the  two  stations  exceeds  55°,  and  de- 
duct a*  much  for  each  degree  below  55°. 

The  average  quantity  of  water  which  falls  in  rain  and  snow  at  Philadelphia  is 
36  inches  in  a  year 

Limit*  of  vegetation,  in  the  Temperate  Zone.  The  vine  ceases  to  grow  at  the 
height  of  about  2,300  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea;  Indian  corn,  2,800  ;  oak, 
3,350:  walnut,  3,600;  ash,  4,800;  yellow  pine,  6,200;  fir,  G.700. 

tual  Snow.     I  fader  the  equator,  at  1 5,800  feet  above  the  level  of  the  ses 
in  latitude  15°,  at  6,400;  in  latitude  05°,  at  5,000. 

Declination  of  the  MagnetM  Needle.    At  London in  15S0. .  .11°  5'  E. 

L657..  0      0 

L832..24"  17'  W. 

1844..  28°  15*  W. 

At  West  Point,  N.  Y.,  1837..  6°  44'  30"  W. 

1840..   7°  20'  39"  W. 

Dip  <>f  the  Needle.     London 1844 t'>°° 

West  Point 1849 73°  21' 


PHYSICAL    DATA.  427 


Force  of  Gravity. 

Motion  op  Falling  Bodies:  Let  t  be  the  time  of  descent  in  seconds,  of  a  body 
falling  freely,  in  vacuo;  h,  the  space  described  in  the  time  t;  v,  the  velocity 
acquired  at  the  end  of  that  time,  and  g  the  velocity  acquired  at  the  end  of  one 
second  of  time  ;  then  : 

h  =  lgti;  v  =  gt  =  \/  2g  h 

The  velocity  g,  which  is  the  measure  of  the  force  of  gravity,  varies  with  the 
latitude  iif  the  place,  and  with  its  altitude  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

The  force  of  gravity  at  the  latitude  of  45°  =  32.1803  feet;  at  any  other  lati- 
tude L  ;  g  =  32.1803  feet — 0.0S21  cos.  2  L.  If  g'  represents  the  force  of  gravity 
at  the  height  h  above  the  sea,  and  r  the  radius  of  the  earth,  the  force   of  gravity 

5  h 

at  the  level  ot  the  sea  will  be  g  =  g'  (1  -I ). 

4  r 

In  the  latitude  of  London,  at  the  level  of  the  sea,  g  =  32. 1 91  feet. 
Do.  Washington,         do.  do.,      g  =  32.155  feet. 


Pendulums. 

The  times  of  vibration  of  pendulums  are  proportional  to  the  square  roots  of 
their  lengths. 

g 

Therefore,  if  /be  the  length  of  a  pendulum  vibrating  seconds,  and  /'  the  length 
of  any  other  simple  pendulum,  or  the  distance  from  the  point  of  suspension  to 
the  centre  of  oscillation  of  a  compound  pendulum,  vibrating  in  the  time  t  at  the 
same  place,  then:  /'  =  It"1. 

The  length  of  a  pendulum  vibrating  seconds  is  in  a  constant  ratio  to  the  force 
of  gravity. 

j-  =  9.8696044 

Length  of  a  -pendulum  vibrating  seconds  at  the  level  of  the  sea,  in  various  latitudes. 

At  the  Equator 39.0159  inches. 

Washin-ton,  Lat.  38°  .r>3'  23" T.i.O'.CS       " 

NVw   York,     Lat.  40°  42'  40" 30.1017       " 

London,  Ut5l°31' 39.1393      " 

Lat.  iv  'to.1270      " 

Lat.  L 39.1270  in.— 0.09982  cos.  2  L. 


J-jx  CHAP     VT, — mi-i  i  i  i  \M  mi  >    INFORMATION. 

BALLISTICS. 

Met ly  projected  vertically  upward,  in  v<i<-uo. 

Let  r.   represent  any  lime  of  ascent,  in  seooods. 

/,.  the  height      [at  the  end  of  the  time  fc 
f,  the  velocity  j 

p.  the  relocily  acquired  by  a  falling  body  In  l  second. 

Pi  ii.i-  Initial  velocity  of  projection. 

//,  the  whole  height  of  :<>«>■  m . 

V,  the  whole  time  of  nsccnl. 

Then 

A=  Vt  —  i  gfi.  t>=  V—gt. 

ITS  V 

U  =  ^-.  TmmJL. 

2g  g 

Motion  of  a  Projectile  in  vacuo. 

The   trajectory  of  a  body  projected  obliquely,  in  vacuo,  is  a   parabola,  the  axis 
of  which  i>  vertical. 

The   formulae  for  the   parabolic  trajectory  apply,  also,  approximately,  to  the 
path   of  a  body  projected  in   the  air,  with    a  small    velocity;   SUch   a-  a  shell  lired 
with  a  light  charge  from  a  mortar,  or  the  ball  of  a  mortar  eprouvette. 
Let    7  represent  the  initial  Velocity  =  y  2g II 

m    the  angle  of  projection,  above  the  horizontal  plane. 

x,   y.  the  horizontal  and   vertical  coordinates  of  any  point  m  in  the  trajec- 
tory, from  the  point  of  departure  as  the  origin. 

v,    the  velocity  of  the  projectile,  al  the  point  in- 
t,     the  time-  of  flight,  to  the  same  point. 
A     the  inclination  of  the  tangent  at  that  point. 
A',  the  whole  horizontal  range. 

}'.  the  greatest  height  of  ascent. 

7',  the  whole  time  ol   flight,  lor  the  range  X. 
1.    Equation  of  tlti  trujtctury. 


y  =  x  tanj 


f>   All 


COS.  *<p 

y  =  V  t  sin.  m  —  i  g  i7.  x*  =  V  l  cos. 

2.  X  ■=  2  11  s  i  n .  J  ~  =  L  . 

)  11  s\n*  m  = 1-. 

T      2  ^sin-p 


BALLISTICS.  429 

3.  The  angle  of  greatest  range  is  qj  =  4.r)°. 

2  X 
In  that  case,  X««  II  =  4  Y;  Y  =  \  II;  V  =  VT^i  T  -  l/~^--. 

The  ranges  are  equal  at  angles  equidistant  from  45°. 

4.  Under  fl   given   anjrle   of  projection   the  initial  velocities  are  as  the  square 

roots  of  the  ranges. 
When  the  initial  velocities  are  equal,  the  ranges  are  proportional  to  the 
sines  of  double  the  angles  of  elevation. 

5.  t>.  =  ]/2  g  (H  —  yj. 

The   velocities   are  equal  in  the   two   branches  of  the  trajectory,  at  the 
same  height. 

The  least  velocity  is  at  the  summit,  and  is  =  Tcos.  <p. 

G.  Tang.4=.ang.9-2-1J^-7-. 

On    horizontal  ground,  the  angle  of  descent  is  equal  to  the  angle  of  pro- 
jection, and  the  final  velocity  is  equal  to  the  initial  velocity. 

tt 
7.  <== 


I    COS.  ^j 

When  q,=  45°,  «=- 1.4142  y  . 

8.    To  find  the  initial  velocity,  or  the  angle  of  projection,  necessary  for  striking  a 

given  point. 
Let  a  and   I  be  the  horizontal  and  vertical  co-ordinates  of  the  point,  and  £  its 

h 
angle  of  elevation,  making  tang,  g  =  — ;  then: 


"  cos£  ,r_     I         aS  cos,  g 

(?  —  e)    cosTqV  %2  *"»•  (y  —  e)  cos.  <p 

Tang,  o  =  —  (//  ±  ]/  (H(II-b)  —  Jo8 
T  a 

Mellon  of  a  Projectile  in  the  air. 

The  no'?/;    '  1   the  air  is  a  continuous  plane  curve,  which  can  he  cut 

by  a  riirh!  line  in   not  more  than  two  points;   it  has  two  asymptote-,  one   vertical, 

The  actual  trajector\   of  a   hall    is  generally  a    curve  of  double  curvature.      It 
flifl,  r.  •  Kequence  "i  the  deviations,  both  lateral 

nml    rertical    1  .       ■    •     entricity  of  the  ball,  its  position  in  tbegaa, 

llir  I,,"!  I  the   air,  and  Other  circumstance*,  which  cause  the  hall  to  revolve 

■bout    an   UOCertain  and    variable  axis,  and  to  depart  from  the  vertical  plane  of 
tioo. 


-1*0 


(  II  \I>.   XV.  —  MIS)   I  LLANBOVfl    INFORMATION. 


Tin'  equation  of  the  trajectory  ia  transcendental  .-ui<]  difficult  of  computation. 
Inn  then  an-  some  cases  which  admit  of  simplification,  giving  useful  approxi- 
mate results. 

/'    •>../, '.v  Equation  of  the  Trajectory  in  the  air. 


&c2//co«.i'(p  l 


2c  x  —  1) 


y  =  x  tang,  y 

y  is  the  ordinate  and  z  the  abscissa  of  the  curve;  m  the  angle  of  projection  ; 
II.  the  height  corresponding  to  the  initial  velocity  V -=  f/~2g  II;  «  =  2.7162818, 

the   number  whose  hyperbolic  logarithm  is  1;  r  = ,  in   which    a  is  the 

10RD 

density  of  the  air,  and  D  that  of  the  ball,  the  density  of  water  being  1,000; 
R,  the  radius  of  the  ball  ;  R,  a  coefficient  for  the  resistance  of  the  air,  the  value 
of  which,  for  different  velocities,  is  given  by  Ilution  as  follows  : 


VELOCITY 

IN     1    1.1. 


TY    \ 
IT.   J 


600    S00 


1000 


1100  1200 


1300 


1100 


lr.oo 


1(100 


1700 


1S00  1900 


•2000 


Value    of  m.  .  |l  .50|1  .&2\l  .77|1 .84]  1 .9l|l  .98!2.03|2.06|2.0s|2.07J2.06'2.03]2.00 

The  above  form  of  the  equation  supposes  that  the  resistance  of  the  air  is  pro- 
portional to  the  square  of  the  velocity,  and  that  the  ball  does  not  depart  very 
far  from  a  horizontal  line  drawn  through  the  muzzle  of  the  piece. 

By  developing  the  exponential  function, 

.    _         ,    4  c2  x2     ,    &  r3  3s 
e2«  =  1  -f-  2  ex  -\ — 1-  — — — 1-  etc., 


1.2 


1.2.3 


the  equation  becomes 

1  /l  c"-x2    ,    Sr>  x3    ,  \ 

«  =  x  tang,  m — r. I  zr  -  H \-  etc.      I 

*  c   *         ti  f -  II  cos.2  <p      V     1.2  1.2.3    T  / 

If  the  angle  of  projection   is  small  and  the  range  x  not  greater  than  2.000  feet, 

the  terms  of  tins  series  above  the  third   power  may  be  neglected,  and  we  may 

consider  cos.  m  =  1 ;  the  equation  will  then  take  the  form, 

1  /    t2      ,     ex3    \ 

v  1 

Substituting  for  2  //  its  value        .  and   putting  m  =  — ,  we  have, 

e  c 


X  tane. 


/     rf      (3  in  +  2  a-). 
6  m   7* 


In  this  form  the  equation  may  be   used  for  cases  of  firing  at  low  angles,  with 
ranges  not  exceeding  B50  yards. 


BALLISTICS. 


431 


Recent  experiments  in  France,  on  the  resistance  of  the  air  to  tlie  motion  of 
projectiles,  have  furnished  a  more  accurate  (hut  more  complicated)  expression 
for  the  relation  between  the  resistance  and  the  velocity,  than  that  given  by 
Hulton,  which  has  been  generally  used  heretofore.  This  expression  is  of  the 
form  : 


p  =  i***8**(n-^) 


in  which  R  is  the   radius  of  the    ball:  .4  and—    coefficients    depending  on   the 

density  and  diameter  of  the  ball,  and  the  density  of  the  air. 

Considering  the  mean  density  of  the  air  as  1-8281  h  part  of  that  of  water,  and 
expressing  the  dimensions  and  velocity  in  feet,  the  mean  value  of  A,  for  artillery 
projectile*,  may  be  taken  =  0.00S5. 

For  the  resistance  to  solid  shot,  r  =  1,427  feet ;  for  shells,  r  =  2,735  feet. 

The  loss  of  velocity,  by  the  resistance  of  the  air,  in  any  small  distance  x,  will 
be  expressed  by 


V—  v 


RV\^    r ) 


This  formula  may  be  used  in  experiments  with  the  ballistic  pendulum,  for 
computing  the  velocity  lost  by  the  ball  in  passing  from  the  gun  to  the  pendulum 
block. 


Final  velocity  of  descent  in  the  air. 

The  velocity  of  a  projectile  diminishes  from  the  commencement  of  its  flight  to 
a  point  a  little  beyond  the  summit  of  the  trajectory;  it  then  increases  to  a  certain 
limit,  dependent  on  the  diameter  and  density  of  the  ball.  The  final  velocity  is 
given  by  the  equation 


[*?]- 


4  RD 
3  A'' 


Shot 

SI, .'Ms. 

ii 

_r  — 

Calibre. . 

42  j  21    ,    18 

12 

6 

13-in. 

10-in.  |   B-in. 

24-pdr 

=  X 

3 

Final    velocity    ol  j 

it    in    feel  ,• 

per   second ....     J 

185 

455 

1 1 0 

145 

37.r. 

213 

l;hJ  CHAP.  XT. — mi-,  i  i.i.wi  <»i  -    i\  I  "i;M  \TI0N. 

g  .     nula  for  computing  Uu  Initial  Velocity  of  a  Ball. 


=  7\'- 


M  «      -  R* 


™  +    1  a     "    (J.  (  ' 

In  «  h  ■  ii  r.  i-  ihe  initial  retoeitf  "'  ibo  ball, 
C.  the  r  idiua  of  lh«  bora.  • 

/.'  the  radiua  of  i  he  ball. 

vi,  the  weight  of  the  hall,  with  the  wad,  >>r  aabi  i.  ate  ,  aaed  in  loading. 
/J-,  tin.  weight  of  the  charge  "i  powder. 

.V.  tin-  weight  >>f  powder  (loose )  which  would  fill  the  bore  of  the  gun. 
Lug.  the  common  logarithms. 

-.  and  A,  coefficient*,  depeoding  on  the  aatore  of  ordnance  and  tba 
quality  of  i li *-  powder  need  i  t"  be  determined  experimentally  l>y  mean*  of  tome 
known  relocily  and  ajivea  difference  <>f  windage. 

A  iiihv  probably,  without  sensible  error,  I"-  regarded  a*  oonstant  for  the  tama 
quality  of  powder,  thongh  ni-ed  in  different  kind-  of  ordnance;  hut  the  raloa 
of  7  ahonld  be  computed  from  tba  known  velocity  in  a  caaa  approaching  nearest 
to  that  to  which  t  li*-  formula  ia  to  l>e  applied. 

ri_  fit       -2(C—R)  W 

In  ordinary  cneea  of  windage  [W)t  we  may  consider      —  (, —  =  -— • 

According  to  the  experimenta  made  with  the  ballistic  pendulum  at  Washing- 
loo  Arsenal,  the  mean  valuea  of  the  coefficieoti  J  and  £  •  for  Dupoot'a  powder, 
in  guna  "i  varioua  calibres  |  from  B-pounder  i"  32-pounder),  are :  /  =  3,300  feel  j 

A  =  3.,'iki  feet 

The  above  formulas,  for  the  resistance  of  the  air  and  for  the  Initial  velocity, 
arc  obtained  from  ihe"Tr»ite'  da  Balistique,  par  Didion,  isi-."  ■  work  which 
may  l»e  oonsulied  for  a  full  disenaaton  of  the  theory  of  the  motion  of  projectiles, 
and  the  deviations  produced  by  tln-ir  eccentricity  and  other  oaoaes. 
MECHANICAL  POWERS. 

Conditions  of  Equilibrium  of  simple  Machines. 

Lkvkk.    The  effeetifn  arm  "I  a  lever  ia  the  perpendicular  distance  from  the  ful- 
crum to  the  line  "i  direction  of  the  power  or  weight 
•|  i,,.  now ,  r  fa  ibe  » i-i-l.t  inversely  aa  the  effective  .inns  ol  ih<-  lever 

/■  D  -   u>  </. 
The  pressure  on  the  fulcrum  la  the  resultant  of  the  power  and  weight 
Pixi  i,  I-,  ,  i  ,  ^      Xhe  power  i-  equal  t"  the  weight    The  preeaure  Q  on  the 
lo  the  power  or  weight  as  tin-  chord  <■  of  ii..-  arc  enveloped  i>y  the  mum 

Q  r 
le  to  the  radius  r  of  the  pulley.    P  =  w  = 


MECHANICAL   POWERS.  4M 

Movable  Pullet.      The  power  is  lo  the  weight  at  the  radius  of  the  pulley  is 
to  the  chord  of  the  arc  enveloped  by  the  rope. 

The  pressure  on  the  fixed  end  of  the  rope  is  equal  to  the  power  :   />=$= — . 

c 

In  a  system  of  >i  movable  pulleys,  the  power  is  to  the  weight  as  the  product 

of  the  radii  of  the   pulleys   is  to   the  product   of  the  chords  of  the  ares   eiivel- 

r  r'  r'1  •  .n 
oped  by  the  rope:   P=w 


c  c'  c"  ■  ■ » 

V 

If  the  ropes  are  parallel.  r=2r,  and  P=— — . 

*n 

Block  and  Tackle.  The  power  is  equal  to  the  weight  divided  by  the  number 
of  ropes  attached  to  the  lower  block,  or  by  twice  the  number  of  rising  pulleys. 

Wheel  and  Axle  The  power  is  to  the  weight,  as  the  radius  ;■,  of  the  axle,  is 
to  the  radius  R,  of  the  wheel. 

h  ' 
SrSTRM  of  WHEELS  and  Pinions.     The  power  is  to  the  weight,  as  the  product 
of  the  radii  (or  number  of  teeth),  r,  r'.  r",  etc.,  of  the  pinions  is  to  the  product  of 
the  radii  (or  number  of  teeth),  R,  R',  R",  etc..  of  the  wheels  : 

r  r'  r"  ■  ■  ■  ■ 
P=u> 


RR'R".... 
Inclined  Plane.     If  the  direction  of  the   power  is  horizontal,  the  power  is  to 

W  Jl 

the  weight,  as  the  height  of  the  plane  h  is  to  its  base  b.     P  = 

The  pressure  on  the  plane,  Q=        =         :  /  being  the  length  of  the  plane. 

h  h 

If  the   direction   of  the    power   is   parallel   to   the    plane,  the  power   is  to  the 

weight  as  the  height  of  the   plane  to  its  length.     F= — .     The   pressure  on   the 

/'/,        Hlb 
plane.  (J=  —  =  —  . 

'  h  I 

w.    The  power,  applied  perpendicular  to  the  axis,  is  to  the  weight,  as  the 
pitch  ol  the  screw  *.  of  the  distance  between  two  threads  is  to  the  circumlen 

•ibid    by  tin'    point    lo  which    the    power   is    applied.      Thus,  if  the    pOWl 
npplied  b)  I  1  I. 

r=  - ' 

- 

■  }..     Tin-  power  i«  to  the  resistance  acting  perpendicularly  ""  sod 
the  wedge,  as   the   thfckneSS   o|   the    bach   of  the   wedge    is   to   the    length  of  the 

25 


184  CRAP.  XI         Mi-<  ill  \M"is    i\i  ORM  s  : 

.11   J:il;i  m  •  vrr.  the   arms  of  which   are 

equal.      If  the   balance    ||  rale,  the   true  Weight  Of  I  1'iuly  mny  ! ■• 

by  taking  tin  the  product  of  the  weights  which  counter] 

le.     A  belter  tad  more  convenient  method  ofeliminat- 

.  rr    r  of  a  balance,  i>  In  |da>  g  t In-  body  io    One    scale   mid    i  uiinlcr 

by  tiiv  weights  in  1 1 » «.-  opposite  Mile;  then  remove  the  body  end  replsce  it  by 

weights,  until  the  equilibrium  Is  again  restored.    The  turn  of  t  ■ 
weights  will  be  that  «'i  the  body  required. 


Friction. 

In  th<  .  condition*  of  equilibrium  of  machines  do  account  is  taken  of 

the  resistaaoe  caused  l>\  friction,  and  by  the  stiffness  of  ropes,  chains,  ate. 

Niiiiicri.u-  experiments  on  friction  bare  been  made  in  Prance  by  M.  hforin 
from  whioh  the  following  general  results  are  obtained: 

l    The  friction  of  any  two  bodies  in  motion  is  proportional  to  the  pressure, 
whether  the  aurfat  as  are  dry  or  covered  with  unguent.    The  ratio  between  t  * i *- 
lure  end  tin-  friction  is  called  ihe  eo*fiei*mt  trf frietio*. 

2.  The  amounl  of  friction  is  indepeadant  ol  the  surface  <>i  oontacl  and  oi  the 
velocity  of  motion.     It  depends  only  on  tin-  pressure,  the  nature  ol  the  auri 
niact,  and  the  kind  of  unguent  interposed. 

In  general,  friction  is  less  between  bodies  of  different  kinds,  than  '■■ 
tbone  of  the  same  kind. 

i.  Whan  two  surfaces  have  been  long  in  oontacl    it  rant,  an  adhesion  takes 
•  between  them,  the  force  of  which  is  proportional  to  the  extent  of  the  sur- 
i  contact,  and  independent  of  the  pressure. 

ben  a  continuous  stratum  of  an  ongueal  la  constantly  Interposed  between 
the  surfaces  of  contact,  the  amount  of  friction  depends  on  tin-  nature  of  the  tin 
guent,  and  not  on  thai  oi  the  ■orfaces. 

ill  the  unguent,  hog's  lard  and  olive  oil  the  coefficient  of  friction  Is 
■early  the  lame  for  lurfaoes  ol  wood  moving  on   metals,  wood  on  wood,  metal 

on  wood,  and  iml.il  on  metal.  being  in  all  caSCR  between  0.07  and  0.08. 

The  ' Ilicient   lor  the  unguent  tallow   it  the  lame,  except   ill  the  ca-e  of  metal 

on  metal,  lor  winch  it  appears  to  be  lesi  mited  than  the  other.-,  giving  ;■  ooeffl 
Bleat  oi  about  0.10. 

l.  The  friction  of  axles  is  generally  a  little  leas  than  that  of  plane  aurfaoea, 

under  similar  circumstances.      The  amount  ol   Irii  lion    is    here   also   proportional 

to  the  pressure  and  Independent  of  the  velocity  of  the lion. 


MENSURATION.  435 

MATHEMATICAL  FORMULAE  AND  KATA. 

.1/.  figuration. 
Lines. 
Circle.     Rotio   of  n'ream/eremot  t>,  diameter,  t  =  3.14) 5936536  =  fff  nearly. 

a ft  r 

Leiir/th  of  nn  arr  = ;  r  being  the  radius  of  Ihe  circle,  arid  a  the  number 

LgQ 

Sc'  —  c 
of  degrees  in  the  arc;   or.  nearly  «= ;  r  being  the  chord  of  the  arc.   and 


and  c'  the  chord  of  half  the  arc,  which  is  =  y   |  rs  -f-  versine*. 
;h  of  1  degree  =  0.017-1533;  radius  being  1. 
'I,  of  1  rw'nttte  _  0.0002909. 
■h  ,,,   l  mcom*°=  0.OOO0O4& 
ELLIPSE.      I  cc         *00  *  V    I   (•*     +  £2J,  nearly  :  a  and  A  being  the 

(4  a2  \ 
T 1"   ^   '      / 

nearly  :  a  being  the  abscissa  and  &  the  ordinate. 

Surface  - 

Triangle.     Half  the  l>ase   X   the  height;  or  half  the  product  of  two  sides  X 

sin.  C  ■ 

the   >ine  of  the  included  angle,  (i  a  b  — — — ) ;  or,  J/    s  (*  —  a)  [i  —  b)  [»  —  c) ; 

a  -\-  h  -4-  c. 
a.  b.  r   being  the  sides,  and  *  = 

Parallelogram.     The  base  x  'he  height. 

•    Mim  of  the  parallel  side*   X  the  height. 
Ang    <,h",,lr'!"''  <"!-      Half   the    product   of   the   diagonal*     X     the   Mne   of   their 
angle. 

Avy  irrrgi/lsrr  plane  figure  bounded  by  curvet.     Divide  the  figure  into  anv  tven 
number  o4  parts  by  parallel  equidistant  ordinate*  ;  let  a  be  the  lum  of  the  first 
and  l.-i-i  ordinates,  b  the  sum  of  U>r  teen  ordinatea,  c  that  of  the  o<M  rmr<,  ex- 
cept   lh<"    lirM    and    last:    il    ihfl    l*OBHKM    diMame    between    them  .    then    will    the 
'  ■+■  1  '<  -+-  3  »).      /'*'"  ordinate*  will  generally  be  found  nidi 

"c  in  linear  measure 


136 


CHAP.    JCV. — MISCELLANEOUS    INFORMATION. 


The  difference  between  t he  sector,  and  the  mangle  formed 
by  the  cord  and  tbe  radii ;  >>r  — ■ —  ;  or  nearly  =  .4  v (c -f- 5  y  i  c*  -j-  »*) ; 

r  being  i l>e  cord  and  o  the  versed  sine. 

Ellipse.       7V"'I  ,1  b  ;  a  and  /)  being  the  iixi'v 

Parabola,    'i  a  b ;  a  being  the  abscissa,  and  b  the  double  ordinate. 

Rightpriem  or  cylinder.     Curved  surface        height  X  perimeter  of  base. 

Right  pyramid  or  cone.     Half  the  slant  height  x  perimeter  of  base. 

Frustum  <>/  a  right  prism  or  cylinder.  The  perimeter  ol  the  base  multiplied  by 
the  distance  from  the  centre  of  gravity  "i  the  upper  ^<-t  tion  to  the  base.  If  the 
prism  or  cylinder  i>  oblique,  multiply  this  product  by  the  sine  of  the  angle  of 
inclination. 

Frustum  of  ii  right  pyramid  or  cone.  The  slant  height  X  half  the  sum  of  the 
perimeters  of  the  two  end--. 

Sphere.     4  *  »'2;  or,  diam.   x  circum.j  or,  diam.1  x  3.1416. 
Spherical  mm  or  segment.    2*r  h;  or,  the  height  of  the  zone  or  segment  mul- 
tiplied by  the  circumference  of  the  sphere. 

Circular  */,iii</l>.  2  <f"  (  r  c  — a  \  ;'-'  —  }  cJ)  J  j  a  beinir  the  length  of  the  are. 
and  c  its  chord,  or  the  length  of  the  spindle. 

*  —  1 80° 
Spherical  triangle.     T  >'* ;  «  beinjr  the  sum  ol  the  three  angles. 

Any  surface  of  revolution.  2*  rl;  or,  the  length  of  the  generating  element 
multiplied  by  the  circumference  described  by  its  centre  of  gravity. 


Table  of  "Regular  Polygons. 


No.  of  sides. 

Name. 

A  rea. 

Radius  of  cir- 
cumscribing 

circle. 

Side  nf  inscrib- 
ed polygon. 

3 

Triangle. 

i).  1330127 

0.5773503 

1.732051 

1 

Square. 

1 .0000000 

0.7071068 

1  . 114214 

S 

Pentagon. 

1 ,720477<J 

0.8506508 

l . I  75570 

G 

Hexagon. 

2.5980762 

1  .iiiiiiiMiDi) 

I. 000000 

1 

1  leptagon. 

3.6330124 

1.1523824 

0.867767 

S 

<  tctagon. 

4.8284271 

1 .3065<  28 

0.765367 

9 

Nbnagon. 

6.1818242 

I . tri 19022 

0.684040 

10 

Decagon 

7.6942088 

1  .MMiipf 

0.618034 

1) 

I  Indecagon. 

9.3656399 

1.7747324 

0.563465 

\i 

Dodecagon. 

LI.  1961524 

1.9318517 

0.517038 

MENSURATION  487 

The  column  of  arras,  in  the  foregoing  table,  gives  the  number  by  which  the 
square  of  the  side  is  to  be  multiplied,  to  find  the  area  of  the  polygon. 

The  next  column  gives  the  multiplier  for  the  .tide,  of  a  polygon,  to  find  the  ra- 
dius of  the  circumscribing  circle. 

The  last  column  cives  the  multiplier  for  the  radii/*  of  a  circle,  to  find  the  side 
of  the  inscribed  polygon. 

Solids. 

Prism  or  cylinder.     Area  of  base  multiplied  by  the  height. 
Pyramid  or  cone.     Area  of  base  multiplied  by  one-third  of  the  height. 
Frustum   of  a  pyramid  or  cone.     A   It  (B  -f  b  -f-  ]      Bb)-,  h   being  the    height; 
B  and  b  the  areas  o(  the  two  ends.     Or,  for  n  conic,  frustum  : 

h  h.  X  •  7S54  X  I )  D   'W-\  ''  being  the  diameters  of  the  two  ends. 

\X>  —  d  J 

Frustum  of  a  right  triangular  prism.     The  base  X  i  (W-f-  J  I'  -\-  H"). 

Frustum  of  any  right  prism.  The  base  multiplied  by  its  distance  from  the 
centre  of  gravity  of  the  section. 

Cylindrical  segment,  contained  between  the  ba«e  and  an  oblique  plane  passing 
through  a  diameter  of  the  base:  two-thirds  of  the  height  multiplied  by  the  area 
of  the  great  triangular  section  ;  or  b  r  A2 ;  r  being  the  radius  of  the  base,  and  h 
the  height. 

4«r* 

Sphere.     — - —  ;  or,  .5236  d3  :  r  being  the  radius  and  d  the  diameter. 

if  "■ 
Spherical  tegment.     g  <~  h2  (3  r  —  h)  =  ——-  (3  b2  -\-  h2) ;    b  being  the   radius  of 

the  base,  /*,  the  height  of  the  segment,  and  r  the  radius  of  the  sphere. 

-  =  0.5236. 
6 

<!f  h 
Spherical  zone.     — — -  (3  B2  -f-  3  b'1  +  n2);  B,  b  being  the  radii  of  the  bases. 
6 

Spherical  rector.     J  r  X  the  surface  of  the  segment  or  zone,  or,  §  ^  r*  /(. 

<K    "2* 

Elliptoid.  ,   —  ;  a  being  the  revolving  diameter  and  b  the  axis  of  revolution. 

6 

Paraboloid.     Half  the  area  of  the  base  multiplied  by  the  height. 

Cin  ,i!,,r  ipindle.  T  'i  r*  —  2  .«  1  ;2  —  j  f *)  j  i  being  the  area  of  the  revolving 
segment  and  c  its  chord. 

Any  tolid  of  revolution,  2  ^  r  *;  or,  the  area  of  the  generating  surface  multi- 
plied by  the  circumference  described  by  its  centre  of  gravity. 

Any  irregular  valid,  bounded  hy  «  curved  turfaot  '  »<■  the  rule  for  finding  the 
area  of  an  irregular  plane  figure,  substituting  I  ordinatee. 


488  CHAP.   XV  MISCELLANEOUS    INFORMATION. 

Caek  ftmging,     1.  —  Hy  the  preceding  rule  : 

a? 
The  contents  oft  cask  =  ;    -  /  (>P  -\-  D-  +  1  AP) ;  /  being  the  length,  </,  Z>,  the 

head  and  bong  diameters,  and  M.  a  diameter  midway  between  them,  nil  measur 

•K 

ed  in  the  clear,  inside;  —  =  0.1309. 
24 

The  same  formula  may  be  thus  slated  :  J  /  (A  -f-  B  -f-  C) :  I  being  the  length  : 

A  and  B.  the  areas  of  the   head   and    bang  sections:  and  C,  that  of  the  section 

midway  between  them. 

ir 
2.  Contents  of  a  cask,  nearly,  =  —  /  (2  D*  -f-  d1) ;  or,  /  X   the  area  of  a  circle 

2  D  +  d 
whole  diameter  is  — — - 

Centres  of  Gravity. 
Lines. 

r  c 
Ci/'iilar  arr.     At  a  distance  from  the  centre  =  — .-:  r  being  the  radius,  r  the 

/ 

chord,  and  /  the  length  of  the  arc. 

Areas. 

Triangle.     On  a  line  drawn  from  any  angle  to  the  middle  of  the  opposite  side. 
at  two-thirds  of  the  distance  from  the  angle  to  the  side. 

Trapezoid.     On  a  line  a  joining  the  middle  points  of  the  two  parallel  sides.  B,  b  : 

i                  c                     a/B  +  Qb 
distance  from  B  =  —  f 


ff  /5-f24\ 
~3{~B  +  l)- 


I  r 
Semicircle.     Distance  from  the  centre  =  tt 

f3 
Circular  segment.     Distance  from  the  centre  =  -       ;  c  being  the   chord  of  the 

12.4 

segment,  and  A  its  area. 

2  r  c 

Circular  m:r(or.     Distance  from  the  centre  = —  i  c  being  the  chord,  and  /  the 

3  / 

length  of  the  arc. 

Parabulia  legment.     Distance  from  the  vertex  =  three-fifths  of  the  abscissa. 

Sur/aci  of  a  right  cylinder,  cone,  or  frustum  of  a  cone.  The  centre  of  grnvity  is 
at  the  •"Mine  distance  from  the  base  as  that  of  the  parallelogram,  triangle  or  trape- 
zoid, winch  i>  ;(  n'trlit  section  of  the  same. 

Smrfaet  of  a  ipherival  zone  or  segment.     At  the  middle  of  the  height. 


CENTRES    OF    GRAVITY.  439 


Solids. 

Priam  or  cylinder.  At  ihe  middle  of  the  line  joining  the  centres  of  gravity  of 
ibe  two  etuis. 

Pyramid  or  cone.  The  distance  from  the  base  is  one-fourlh  of  the  line  joining 
the  vertex  with  the  centre  of  gravity  of  the  base. 

Frustum  of  a  cone.      Distance   from   the  centre  of  the   smaller  end  = 

(R  4.  r)2  _i_  2  Ri  3  7?2  -f-  2  E  r  +  r2 

«  *  X    ,„T     ,       »       >  or^  i  h  X      g2T  „     ■     ,      i  *  heing  lh«  height,  J?  and  r 

the  radii  of  the  greater  and  less  ends. 

Distance  from  the    arge  end  =J  A— — 

°  y^  +  y/c+ra 

.,       .      ,  r.-  r  ,  3(r-}*)2         Tj2(r-14)! 

Spherical  segment.      Distance    Irom    the   centre  = = ! — ; 

3  r  —  h  S 

r  being  the  radius  of  the  sphere,  h  the  height  of  the  segment,  and  S  its  solid  con- 

iv  i  8r  —  3h 

tents.     Distance  from  the  vertex  =  h 


I2r— 4» 

Spherical  sector.     Distance  from  the  centre  =  |  (r  —  $  h). 

Distance  from  the  vertex  = 

8 

Hemisphere.  Distance  from  the  centre  =  §  r. 
Paraboloid.  Distance  from  the  vertex  =  §  h. 
Any  system  of  bodies.     Distance  of  the  common  centre  of  gravity  from  a  given 

BD+B'D"+B'D"+eie.     „   _,   „„  ,    . 

plane  = ;   II,  /?',  Is"  being  the  masses  or  solid  con- 

//  -\-  B'  -f-  li"  -f-  etc. 

tents  of  the  bodies,  and  D,  D',  D",  the  distances  of  their  respective  centres  of 
gravity  from  the  given  plane. 

Arithmetical  Progression. 

n,  the  first  term;  i,  the  common   difference  j  »,  the   number  of  terms  :  /,  the 
«th  term  ;  »,  the  sum  of  »  terms. 

l=sa  +  d(n—l);  •=   "(o  +  l) 

(l,  ometrical  Progression. 
r,  the  common  ratio;  the  real  at  above. 

,  .       .         _/r-<,  ,r«—  1) 

I  =  a  ?■•  —  1  :  *  = =  a 

r— 1  r  — 1 


1  10  CHAP.  XV.  —  KI8CBLLANEOU8    INFORMATION. 


Logarithms. 

x.  the  common  logarithm  of  the  number  aj  >.  the  base  of  i he  hyperbolic  loga- 
rithms =  2.7182818 ;  .- ■',  the  hyperbolic  lognrilhm  of  ". 
a  =  lOx  =  <x':  s  =  .r'  Log.ey  Log.  <•  =  0.4.T l^«J4-'"i. 


Plam   Trigonometry. 

\.  /;.  0,  the  three  angles  j  ".  >>.  c,  the  three  sides  respectively  opposite  to  them 
It.  the  tabular  radius :  8,  the  area  of  the  triangle ;  p  =  i  (<?  +  6  +  c). 
Right  angled  Triangles:   .1  being  the  right  angle. 

tang.  #  sin.  />' 


a=y  6I  +  e,.  ,_c— ^-a  — 
Obliqtu  angled  Triangles: 

a  b  r. 

sin.  .4       sin.  /?       sin.  (' 

Tang,  i  (A-B)  =  tang.  J  (.4  +  B)  X  °-^- 

f  ,  4  a  ft  sin.*  i  CI  .  f       ,   .,      3aocos.  C~| 

Cos.  J  A  =  Rv  *<?-a) ;  Sin.  J  A  =  It, /?-&>(*-«) 

sin.C  

N  =  |  a  &-£-  =  !    p  (,,_„)  (p_6)  (^_C) 

O'entrnl  Formula : 

It.  >in.  fa-j-6)  =  sin.  "  COS.  5  |  sin.  /,  [m«,  a. 
It.  ens.  (a  |  /. )  -  cos.  a  cos. /<  _J_  sin.  a  sin.  6. 
/(".  (sin.  n  -J-  sin.  &)  =  2  sin.  i  («  j-6)  cos.  J  (a  J-  6). 
J?,  (cos.  o  -j-  cos.  fc)  =  2  cos.  i  (a-}-'')  cos-  i  ("  —  &)■ 
It.  (cos.  a  —  cos.  b)  =  2  sin.  i  (r(  -f  //)  sin.  i  (u  —  b). 
sin.  -/  -f-  sin.  /<  tang.  A  [a  -\-  b)  cos.  '  (a  —  6). 
sin.  a  —  sin.  b  It'1 

r  ff*— £co«.  „■}  ,  f  II  — cos.  a~\ 

"■•*—!/ I a"    "Ji    t«ng.ia  =  J?v    [A>  +  <.osaJ 

•  lord  of  .1  =2  sin.  J.  .4 


NATURAL    SINES    AND    TANGENTS. 

Table  of  Natural  Sines  and  Tangents. 


\A\ 


Deg. 

.Mm. 

Sine. 

Tangent. 

Deg. 

Min. 

Sinu. 

Tan genu 

0 

10 

0029089 

002!  H 189 

12 

30 

2164396 

2216917 

IS 

0043633 

0043634 

45 

2206974 

2262769 

30 

00S7265 

0087269 

13 

00 

2249511 

230S6&2 

45 

0130890 

0130907 

15 

2292004 

2354687 

1 

00 

0174521 

0174551 

30 

2334  154 

2400788 

in 

02IS1  19 

0218201 

45 

237»i859 

2446984 

30 

0261769 

0261859 

14 

on 

2419219 

2493280 

45 

03053S5 

0305528 

15 

2461 

2539676 

2 

00 

03 IV  i'.i.'i 

0349208 

30 

25O3&U0 

25S6176 

15 

0392598 

0392901 

45 

2546  H9 

2632780 

30 

0436194 

0436609 

15 

00 

2588190 

2679492 

4.r> 

0479781 

0480334 

15 

2(131)312 

2726313 

3 

00 

0523360 

0524078 

30 

2672384 

2773243 

15 

0566928 

0567841  ' 

45 

271  IIOl 

2820292 

30 

0610485 

0611626 

16 

00 

2756374 

2867454 

45 

0654031 

0655435 

15 

2798290 

201 1731 

4 

00 

0697565 

0699268 

30 

2»40J53 

2962135 

15 

0741085 

0743128 

45 

2881963 

3009658 

30 

0784591 

0787017 

17 

00 

2923717 

3057307 

45 

0828082 

0S30936 

15 

2965416 

31050S3 

5 

00 

0871557 

0874887 

30 

3007058 

3152968 

15 

8915016 

0918871 

45 

3048643 

3201025 

30 

0958458 

0962890 

IS 

00 

3090170 

3219197 

45 

1001881 

1006947 

15 

3131638 

3297505 

0 

00 

1045285 

1051042 

30 

3173017 

3315953 

15 

1068669 

1095178 

45 

3214395 

3394543 

30 

1 1 3-2032 

1139356 

19 

00 

3255682 

31132"*; 

45 

1 1 75374 

] 183578 

15 

3296906 

3492156 

7 

00 

1218693 

1227846 

30 

3338069 

354 1 186 

15 

1261990 

12721(11 

45 

3379167 

35!  (0367 

30 

1305262 

1316525 

20 

(III 

3420201 

3639702 

45 

1348509 

1360940 

15 

3401 171 

3689195 

- 

00 

1391731 

1405408 

30 

3502074 

3738847 

15 

I  134926 

1449931 

45 

:::  ivnn 

378S661 

30 

1478094 

1  194510 

21 

0(1 

3583679 

3838640 

45 

1521234 

15391 17 

15 

3624380 

5787 

9 

00 

1564345 

1583844 

30 

3665012 

9103 

15 

16074  26 

1628603 

15 

3795574 

2969-'  95 

30 

1650476 

1673426 

22 

(HI 

3746066 

1040262 

15 

1693495 

1718314 

15 

6466 

1091108 

10 

00 

1736482 

17H3270 

30 

3821 

1142136 

15 

1779435 

1808 

4  5 

3867110 

4193348 

30 

I-:.':::.:. 

IS53390 

(10 

3W)7311 

1244748 

43 

1865240 

1898559 

15 

17439 

•  339 

11 

00 

1908090 

1  '.<  I 

57-191 

1348124 

15 

1950903 

1989124 

15 

'   "  167 

4400105 

30 

1993079 

2034 

24 

no 

4061 

145! 

•If) 

2036418 

2080003 

15 

4107189 

1504672 

12 

00 

20791 17 

2121 

30 

11  11 

1557 

15 

-'121777 

2171213 

13 

41S6397 

1610063 

142 


<li  \!\   IV.  — MISCELLANEOUS    INFORMATION. 


Min. 


Tangent        Deg.     Min. 


Sint 


Tangent. 


25 

no 

i  1183 

4663077 

00 

'III 

11917536 

30 

1305111 

4769' 

30 

7716246 

1217)0970 

26 

00 

-  (711 

4871 

51 

no 

7771 160 

12348972 

4461978 

$5816 

30 

15082 

1 257 1 723 

on 

15399  15 

5095254 

00 

7-MI1IIV 

12799416 

30 

1617486 

5205671 

30 

7933533 

13032254 

28 

00 

1694716 

5317094 

,  53 

00 

7986355 

13270449 

30 

1771*88 

5429557 

30 

8038 

(351  1224 

mi 

4848096 

5543091 

M 

00 

8090 170 

13763819 

so 

1924236 

'  728 

30 

81  11155 

1  10)9483 

00 

5000O0O 

5773503 

55 

00 

3191520 

1  1281  180 

30 

5075384 

5S90450 

30 

6241262 

!  1550090 

31 

00 

5150381 

6008606 

5G 

(10 

1376 

1 1825610 

5224986 

»U2800S 

::n 

=■858 

15108352 

32 

00 

5299193 

8248694 

57 

00 

6386706 

15398650 

30 

5372996 

6370703 

30 

-I  0914 

15696856 

33 

00 

544O390 

6494076 

58 

no 

8480481 

L6003345 

.■50 

5519370 

8618856 

30 

-  6402 

16313517 

34 

00 

5591929 

674  505! r> 

59 

00 

6571673 

16642795 

30 

5664062 

6872810 

30 

6616292 

16976631 

3.r) 

00 

5735764 

7002075 

60 

00 

6660254 

17320508 

30 

5807030 

7132931 

oi 

00 

S7HU97 

18040478 

36 

00 

5877853 

7265425 

62 

00 

6829476 

18807265 

30 

5948228 

73996 1 1 

03 

no 

8910065 

19626105 

37 

00 

6018150 

75355 1 1 

64 

00 

6987940 

20503038 

30 

6087614 

7673270 

or) 

00 

9063078 

21  145069 

3s 

00 

6156615 

7812856 

00 

00 

9135455 

22460368 

30 

551  16 

7954359 

•  17 

00 

9205049 

2351 

00 

1204 

8097840 

68 

00 

9271839 

24751 

30 

6360782 

6243364 

69 

00 

9335804 

26050891 

40 

110 

6427876 

6390996 

70 

00 

9396926 

•J  7  17  1771 

30 

6494480 

s:.  10$<>7 

71 

00 

9455186 

29042109 

•11 

00 

65B0590 

8692867 

7-J 

(III 

9510565 

30776635 

30 

F>626200 

8847263 

73 

00 

'...v,:to|s 

32708526 

12 

no 

6691306 

9004040 

71 

00 

9612617 

34874144 

30 

•5902 

9163312 

7.") 

no 

965! 

37320508 

•13 

00 

68190S4 

5151 

76 

00 

9702957 

40107809 

30 

6883546 

9489646 

77 

00 

'.i7i:(7Hl 

43314759 

11 

00 

6946564 

965988b 

78 

00 

9781  170 

47046301 

30 

7009093 

9826972 

79 

(10 

9818272 

51445540 

4.r) 

00 

70710OS 

LQ0O0OO0 

80 

00 

9848078 

56712818 

30 

7132504 

10176074 

81 

00 

9876883 

63137515 

40 

00 

7193398 

10355303 

82 

00 

99026S1 

71153697 

BO 

7253744 

10537801 

83 

no 

9925462 

61  143464 

17 

00 

7313537 

1072:i>>7 

84 

00 

9945219 

95143645 

30 

737-2773 

L 0913085 

65 

00 

9961H47 

114300520 

48 

00 

7431448 

LI  106125 

86 

00 

9W75041 

I  13006680 

80 

7489557 

11302944 

si 

00 

9986295 

190811370 

M 

00 

7547096 

11503684 

88 

00 

999391)8 

286362530 

30 

7<;uiogo 

1170849(3 

69 

00 

9998477 

572899620 

90 

00 

10000000 

Infinite. 

ARKAS    AND    CIRCUMFKRHNCKS    OF    CIRCLES. 


44:J 


1  >i;imeter. 

Area. 

Cireum. 

Diameter. 

Area. 

1 

Circum. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

6. 

28.274 

18.849 

.125 

.012 

.393 

.  1 25 

29.464 

19.212 

.25 

.049 

.785 

.25 

30.680 

19.635 

.375 

.110 

1.178 

.375 

31.019 

20.027 

.5 

.196 

1.571 

.5 

33.183 

20.420 

.625 

.307 

1 .963 

.025 

34.471 

20.813 

.75 

.442 

2.356 

.75 

35.785 

21.2(15 

.875 

.601 

2.749 

.875 

37 . 1 22 

21 .598 

I. 

.785 

3.142 

7. 

38.  184 

21.001 

k125 

.994 

3.534 

.125 

39.871 

22.383 

.25 

1.227 

3.927 

.2-r> 

41.282 

22.776 

.375 

1.4  85 

4.320 

.375 

42.713 

23 . 1 69 

.a 

1.767 

4.712 

.5 

44.179 

23.562 

.625 

2.074 

r..io.r) 

.625 

45.663 

23.954 

.75 

2.  105 

5.498 

.75 

47.17! 

21.317 

.875 

2.7G1 

5.891 

.875 

48.707 

21.740 

2. 

3.142 

6.2S3 

8. 

50.265 

25.132 

.125 

3.547 

6.676 

.125 

51 .848 

25.515 

.25 

3.976 

7.069 

.25 

53.456 

25.918 

.375 

4.430 

7.461 

.375 

55.088 

26.310 

.5 

4.909 

7.854 

.5 

56.745 

26.703 

.625 

5.412 

8.247 

.625 

58.426 

27.096 

.75 

5.940 

8.639 

.75 

60.132 

27.489 

.875 

6.492 

9.032 

.875 

61.862 

27.881 

3. 

7.069 

9.425 

9. 

63.617 

28.274 

.125 

7  J ',70 

9.818 

.125 

65.31m; 

28.662 

.25 

8.296 

10.210 

.25 

67.200 

29.060 

.375 

8.946 

10.602 

.375 

69.029 

20.452 

.5 

9.021 

10.995 

.5 

70.882 

29.845 

.625 

10.320 

1 1 . 388 

.625 

72.759 

30.237 

.75 

II  .045 

11.781 

.7-r) 

74.662 

30.630 

.675 

11.793 

12.173 

.875 

76.588 

31.023 

4. 

12.566 

12.566 

10. 

78.540 

31.416 

.125 

13.364 

12.959 

.  1 25 

80.515 

31.806 

.25 

14.186 

13.351 

.25 

82.516 

32.201 

.375 

15.033 

13.714 

.375 

84.540 

32.594 

.5 

15.9HI 

14.137 

.5 

86.59n 

32.987 

16.800 

1 1 .  529 

.625 

88.664 

33.379 

.75 

1 7 . 720 

14.922 

.75 

00.762 

33.772 

.875 

1-.' 

15.: 

.875 

.   85 

31.164 

5. 

19.635 

1 5 .  71 18 

It. 

95.033 

34.558 

.125 

20. 

16.100 

.125 

07.  205 

31.950 

2] .647 

16  493 

. 

99. 102 

.343 

.375 

.690 

16.886 

101  .< 

35.735 

.5 

17.278 

■ 

103.8 

38.1 

21." 

17.671 

106. 

36.521 

.75 

.967 

18.064 

108.434 

36.013 

.875 

.  LOS 

18.457 

110.753 

37.306 

in 


i  HAP.    XV.  —  Mix  I  11  wini-    INFORMATION. 


Diameter. 

Area. 

Circum. 

Di;imeter. 

Area. 

Circum. 

IV. 

113.097 

37.699 

IS. 

254.  17 

50.55 

.123 

115. 166 

38.091 

.125 

'J.'-.  02 

56.94 

.  25 

117.859 

38.  184 

.25 

21 1 1 .  59 

57.33 

.375 

120.276 

38.877 

..■17.'. 

205.18 

57.73 

...'> 

122.71s 

39.270 

.5 

268.60 

58 . 1 2 

.625 

125.184 

39.602 

.625    • 

272.4'' 

58.51 

.75 

127.876 

40.055 

.75 

276.12 

5*. 9  » 

.872 

130.192 

40.  148 

.87:') 

279.81 

59.30 

13. 

132.73 

40.84 

10. 

283.53 

50.1,0 

.125 

135.30 

41.23 

.125 

287.27 

60.0S 

.25 

137.89 

41.63 

.25 

•JO  1.0  1 

80.48 

.375 

1  ID.  5(1 

42.02 

.375 

•jo  1.83 

60.67 

.5 

143.1  1 

42.41 

.5 

298.65 

61.26 

.625 

145.80 

42.80 

.025 

302.10 

61 .65 

.75 

l  18.  19 

43.20 

.75 

300.35 

62.05 

>7-r. 

151.20 

43.59 

.875 

310.25 

62.  11 

14. 

15  1.94 

I  .'{.its 

20. 

311.10 

02.83 

.  1 25 

15G.70 

44.38 

.  125 

318.10 

03.22 

.25 

159.48 

44.77 

.25 

322.00 

63.62 

.  375 

162.29 

45.16 

.375 

320.05 

64.01 

.5 

165.13 

45.55 

.5 

330.06 

04.40 

.625 

167.99 

15.95 

.625 

334.10 

04.79 

.75 

170.87 

46.34 

.75 

33S.10 

65.19 

.S75 

173.78 

4(5.73 

.875 

342.25 

05.58 

15. 

176.71 

47.12 

21. 

310.30 

or..  07 

.125 

178.67 

47.52 

.125 

3.70.50 

00.37 

.25 

182.65 

47.01 

.25 

354.66 

00.70 

.375 

185.66 

18.30 

.375 

358.84 

07.15 

.5 

L8S.69 

48.09 

.5 

363.05 

67.54 

.625 

191.75 

40.00 

.025 

307.28 

67.94 

.75 

194.83 

10.  |s 

.75 

371.54 

68.33 

.875 

197.93 

49.87 

.875 

375. 5>3 

68.72 

16. 

•jni  .06 

50.27 

22. 

380.13 

69.12 

.  1 25 

20  1 .  22 

50.00 

.125 

384.46 

00.51 

.25 

207.39 

5 1 .  05 

.25 

388.82 

00.90 

.375 

210.60 

51.44 

.375 

393.20 

70.29 

.5 

213.82 

51. s| 

.5 

307.01 

70.00 

.625 

■J  17.  (is 

52.23 

.025 

402.01 

71.08 

.75 

22(1.35 

52.62 

.75 

100.  10 

71.47 

.s7.r> 

223.65 

53.01 

.875 

110.07 

71.86 

17. 

220. OS 

53.11 

23. 

415.  is 

72.26 

.125 

230.33 

53. si) 

.125 

■I20.0D 

72.05 

.25 

233.70 

51.10 

.25 

424.56 

73.04 

.375 

237.10 

51.50 

.305 

429.13 

73.43 

.5 

240.53 

54.98 

.5 

433.71 

73. 83 

.625 

243.98 

55.37 

.025 

138.36 

74.22 

.75 

217.15 

5.7.70 

.75 

1 13.01 

71.01 

250.95 

56.16 

.875 

447.70 

75.00 

AREAS    AND    CIRCUMFEK  KNCES    OF    CIRCLES. 


445 


Diameter. 

Area. 

Circum. 

I    Diameter. 

! 

Area. 

Circum. 

24, 

•152.30 

75.40 

30. 

706. B6 

P4.25 

.  1 25 

457.11 

75.79 

.  1 25 

712.71! 

91.64 

.25 

'liil  .86 

76.  IS 

.25 

718.69 

05.03 

.375 

■Kiii. i.l 

76.58 

.375 

724.61 

''.',.  13 

.5 

J7I.I1 

76.H7 

.5 

730.62 

95.82 

.(525 

476.26 

77.36 

.625 

736.62 

96.21 

.75 

481.11 

77.75 

.75 

742.64 

96.60 

.875 

485.98 

78.15 

.875 

745.69 

'.'7.00 

25. 

JD0.S7 

78.54 

31. 

751.77 

i'7.:;'.i 

.  1 25 

495.80 

78.93 

.  1 25 

360.87 

'.'7.7-s 

.25 

5l  III.  71 

7'.  1.33 

.25 

766.99 

'.'-.]  7 

.375 

505.71 

79. 72 

.375 

773.14 

98.57 

.5 

510.71 

Ml.  11 

.5 

779.31 

'.is.  97 

.625 

515.72 

80.50 

.625 

785.51 

99.33 

.75 

520.77 

bO.«H) 

.75 

791.73 

'.''.'.75 

.875 

525.84 

81.29 

.875 

797.98 

100.1 1 

26. 

530.93 

81  .68 

32. 

804.25 

100.53 

.  1 25 

536.05 

52.07 

.125 

810.51 

100.92 

.25 

5  J  1.1 9 

82.. 17 

.25 

816.86 

101.32 

.375 

546.36 

S2.S6 

.375 

823.21 

101 .71 

.5 

551.55 

83.25 

.5 

829.58 

102.10 

.625 

556.76 

83.64 

.625 

835.97 

102.49 

.75 

562.00 

S-1 .  04 

.75 

842.39 

102.98 

.875 

567.27 

84.43 

.875 

848.83 

103.25 

27. 

572.56 

84.82 

33. 

865. 30 

103.6,7 

.125 

577.87 

S5.21 

.125 

861.79 

104.06 

.  * 

5s3.2l 

65.61 

.25 

868.30 

101.  16 

.375 

5-1N.57 

86.00 

.375 

874.84 

104.85 

.5 

5H3. "6 

.5 

881.41 

105.24 

.625 

599.37 

86.79 

.625 

888.00 

105.64 

.75 

604.81 

67.18 

.75 

894.62 

106.03 

.875 

610.27 

57.57 

.-75 

901 .25 

106. 12 

28. 

615.75 

87.96 

34. 

907.92 

106.81 

.125 

621 .26 

S8.36 

.  1 25 

914.61 

107.21 

.25 

626.80 

88.75 

.25 

921 .32 

107.60 

.375 

632.36 

89.1  1 

.37.r. 

928.06 

107. 

.5 

637.94 

v.:  i 

.5 

934.62 

10-. 

613.55 

-'.'.'.<:: 

'.'11. GO 

108.78 

. 

649.18 

90.32 

.75 

948.42 

109.17 

.875 

654.84 

90.71 

.&75 

955.25 

109.56 

29. 

660.52 

91.11 

35. 

.11 

109.96 

.  1 25 

91.50 

.125 

!  .99 

! 10.35 

.25 

'■.71  .96 

91.69 

. 

975.91 

110.71 

.375 

677.71 

.375 

.-1 

111.13 

.5 

683. 19 

.5 

111  . 

■ 

93.07 

.78 

1 11 .92 

.',:< 

.13 

.7.'. 

1003.79 

112.31 

.-7.r, 

70'.. 

.-7.'. 

1010. Ml 

112.70 

in; 


ni  \r.  \v.  —  mis<  Ki.T.wnus    INFORM  \tion. 


]  liameter. 

A  rea. 

(  \rriiili. 

Diameter. 

Area. 

C  id' u  m. 

36. 

1017.63 

113.10 

42. 

1385.4 

131.9 

.125 

1024.95 

113.  19 

.  1 25 

1393.7 

132.3 

.25 

1032.00 

113.88 

.25 

1  1(12.0 

132.7 

.375 

1039.19 

111.  28 

.375 

1 110.3 

133.1 

.5 

1040.35 

114.67 

.5 

1418.H 

133.5 

1053.52 

115.06 

.625 

1  127.0 

133.9 

.75 

1060. 73 

115.15 

.7.'. 

1435.4 

131.3 

1007.95 

U5.8S 

.875 

1 1 13.8 

134.7 

37. 

KI75.2 

116.2 

43. 

1452.9 

135.1 

.  1 25 

1062.5 

116.6 

.125 

1 160.6 

135.5 

.25 

1089.8 

117.(1 

.25 

1469.1 

135.9 

.375 

1 397 . 1 

117.1 

.375 

1477.6 

136.3 

.5 

1104.5 

117.8 

.5 

1 186.2 

136.7 

.625 

1111.8 

118.2 

.625 

1494.7 

137.1 

.75 

1119.2 

I18.fi 

.75 

1503.3 

137.4 

.675 

1126.7 

119.0 

.875 

1511.9 

137.8 

3->. 

1 1 31 . 1 

119.  1 

II. 

1520.5 

138.2 

.125 

1141.6 

119.8 

.125 

1529.2 

138.6 

.25 

1149.1 

120.2 

.25 

1537.9 

139.0 

.375 

1156.6 

120.6 

.375 

1546.5 

139.4 

.5 

1164.2 

12]  .0 

.5 

1555.3 

139.8 

.625 

1171.7 

121.3 

.625 

1564.0 

110.2 

.75 

11 70. 3 

121.7 

.75 

1572.9 

110.6 

.875 

1186.9 

122.1 

.875 

1581.6 

141.0 

39. 

1194.6 

122.5 

45. 

1590.  1 

111.1 

.125 

1202.3 

122.9 

.125 

1599.3 

141.8 

.25 

1210.0 

123.3 

.  25 

1608. 2 

112.2 

.375 

1217.7 

123.7 

.375 

1617. (» 

112.6 

.5 

1225.4 

121.1 

.5 

1626.0 

142.9 

.625 

1233.2 

124 .  ■' 

.625 

1634.9 

143.3 

.ir, 

1241  .0 

124.9 

.75 

1643.9 

!  13.7 

.675 

1218.8 

125.3 

.875 

1652.9 

1  11. 1 

40. 

1256.6 

125.6 

46. 

1601.9 

111.5 

.125 

1264.5 

126.0 

.  1 25 

1671.0 

1  11.9 

.25 

1272.4 

126.4 

.25 

1680.0 

145.3 

.  375 

1280.3 

126.6 

.375 

1689.1 

145.7 

.5 

1288.2 

127.2 

.5 

1698.2 

1  16.1 

.625 

1296.2 

127.6 

.625 

1707.4 

)  16.5 

.:•'. 

1304.2 

128.0 

.75 

17K;.r» 

116.'.) 

.875 

13)2.2 

1 28 .  I 

.875 

1 725 . 7 

147.3 

41. 

1320.3 

128.8 

17. 

1734.9 

147.7 

.125 

1328.3 

129.2 

.125 

1711.2 

148.0 

.25 

1336.  I 

129.6 

.25 

1753.5 

148.4 

.t,:, 

1344.5 

130.0 

.375 

1762.7 

148.8 

.5 

1852.7 

130.  I 

.5 

1772.1 

149.2 

.825 

1360.8 

[30.8 

.625 

1781.1 

149.6 

.75 

1369.0 

131.2 

.75 

1790.8 

150.0 

.875 

1377.2 

131.6 

.875 

1800.1 

150.4 

AREAS    AND    CIRCUMFERENCES    OF    CIRCLES. 


447 


Diameter. 

Area. 

Circum. 

i 

1  liameter. 

Area. 

Circum. 

18. 

1809.6 

150.8 

54. 

2290.2 

169.6 

.12? 

1M9.0 

151.2 

.125 

2300.8 

170.0 

.25 

1828.5 

15  i.e. 

.25 

2311.5 

170.4 

.375 

1837.9 

152.0 

.375 

2322.1 

170.8 

,s 

1847.5 

152.4 

.5 

2332.8 

171.2 

.635 

1*57.0 

152.S 

.625 

2343.5 

171.6 

.7.-) 

1866.5 

153.2 

.75 

2354.3 

172.0 

.875 

187G.1 

153.5 

.S75 

2365.0 

172.3 

49. 

1885.7 

153.9 

55. 

2375.8 

172.8 

.125 

1*95.4 

1 54  . 3 

.  1 25 

2386.6 

173.1 

.25 

1905.0 

151.7 

.25 

2397.5 

173.6 

.375 

1914.7 

155.1 

.375 

2408.3 

173.9 

.5 

1924.4 

155.5 

.5 

2419.2 

174.4 

.625 

1934.1 

155.9 

.625 

2430.1 

174.7 

.75 

1943.9 

136.3 

.75 

2441.0 

175.1 

.875 

1953.7 

156.7 

.875 

2452.0 

175.5 

5U. 

19G3.5 

157.1 

56. 

2463.0 

175.9 

.125 

1973.3 

157.4 

.125 

2474.0 

176.3 

.25 

1983.2 

158.0 

.25 

2185.0 

176.7 

.375 

1993.0 

158.2 

.375 

2496.1 

177.1 

.5 

2003.0 

1 58  •  7 

.5 

2507.2 

177.5 

.625 

2012.8 

159.0 

.625 

2518.2 

177.8 

.75 

2022.8 

159.4 

.75 

2529.4 

178.3 

.875 

2032.  S 

159.8 

.875 

2540.5 

178.6 

51. 

204 2. S 

11,0.2 

57. 

2551 .8 

179.1 

.125 

2052.8 

160.6 

.125 

2562.9 

179.1 

.25 

2062.9 

161.0 

.25 

2571.2 

179.9 

.375 

2072.9 

161.3 

.375 

2585.4 

180.2 

.5 

2083.1 

161.8 

.5 

2596.7 

180.6 

.625 

2093.2 

162.1 

.625 

2608.0 

1^1  .0 

.75 

2103.3 

162.6 

.75 

2619.4 

18J  .4 

.873 

21! 3. 5 

L62.9 

.875 

2630.7 

I81.fi 

52. 

2123.7 

163.4 

58. 

2f  142.1 

182. 2 

.  1 25 

2133.9 

163.7 

.125 

;.  1 

182.6 

.25 

2144.2 

L64.1 

.25 

2664.9 

183.0 

.375 

2154.4 

164.5 

.375 

2676.3 

183.3 

.5 

2164.8 

164.9 

.a 

2687.8 

183.8 

.625 

2175.0 

165.3 

.625 

2699.3 

184.1 

.',:< 

2i8r..i 

161.7 

.75 

2710.9 

184.6 

.875 

2195.7 

166.1 

.875 

2722 .  1 

184.9 

53. 

2206.2 

166.5 

. 

14.0 

185.4 

.125 

2218.6 

166.8 

.125 

2745.5 

185.7 

.25 

2227.il 

167.3 

. 

275 

166.1 

2237.5 

169.6 

.  375 

8.8 

186.5 

.5 

2248.0 

1 68 . 1 

.:. 

278 

186.9 

2258 . 5 

1  6s .  1 

279   , 

1*7.3 

.75 

Ml 

168.9 

.75 

13.9 

1*7.7 

7U.6 

169.2 

.875 

2815.0 

188.1 

11- 


i  II  AT.    XV— MISCKULANEOUfi    INFORMATION. 


1  liameter. 

A  ri-.i. 

( Sircum. 

I  ij  a  meter. 

Area. 

Circa  m. 

.1 

188.5 

. 

3421.2 

. 

.  1 25 

(.2 

l^-.> 

.  1 25 

3434.1 

207.7 

.25 

2S51.0 

.25 

Ml  7. 'J 

208.1 

. 

. 

189.6 

. 

:<i<;ii.i 

.5 

1.8 

190.1 

.5 

3473.2 

208.9 

.625 

. 

190.  1 

..-.jr. 

3486.3 

209.3 

.75 

2b93.S 

- 

. 

3499.4 

,875 

29J0.U 

191.2 

.875 

351 

210.0 

81. 

29:42.5 

191.6 

G7. 

3521  . 

210.5 

.  1 25 

1. 1 

L92.0 

.  1 25 

:i.'»:ts .  s 

210.8 

.25 

2916.5 

192.4 

.25 

3552.0 

211.3 

.375 

29.rrt>.5 

L92.8 

.375 

■  5.2 

211.6 

.5 

297  1.6 

L93.2 

.5 

3.5 

212.1 

.625 

52.6 

193.6 

.625 

•I  .7 

212.  1 

.75 

14.8 

194.0 

-...(( 

•2\\!.^ 

.875 

16.9 

194.3 

.875 

3618.3 

■J  13.  2 

82. 

9.  J 

194.8 

3. 

3631.7 

213.6 

.125 

13]  .2 

1 95. 1 

.  1 25 

3645.0 

214.0 

.25 

3043.5 

195.6 

.25 

3658.  1 

21  l.l 

.37.r> 

5.7 

195.9 

.375 

3671 .H 

2]  1.8 

.5 

3  I6&.0 

196.3 

.5 

-.1.3 

215.2 

. 

196.7 

.r,^ 

3698.7 

215.5 

.7.r» 

3092.6 

197.1 

.75 

3712.2 

215.9 

.875 

3104.8 

l'.i7..r) 

.875 

3725.7 

216.3 

83. 

3117.2 

197.9 

GO. 

3739.3 

216.7 

.125 

3129.6 

l'JS.3 

.125 

3752.8 

21  ;.l 

.25 

:n  12.0 

111-.  7 

.-,'.-. 

3766.4 

217.5 

.375 

3154.4 

199.0 

.375 

3780.0 

,'17.'.' 

.:< 

3 1  <■.<..  '.♦ 

199.5 

.3 

1  ;.; 

.725 

3179. I 

199.8 

.625 

3807.3 

218.7 

. 

3191.9 

200.3 

.7.7 

3821.0 

219.1 

.875 

3204. 1 

200.6 

.875 

3834.7 

219.5 

64. 

3217.0 

201 .1 

7(1. 

3848.5 

.  1 25 

3229.5 

201.4 

.125 

3862.2 

220.3 

.25 

3242.2 

201.8 

.25 

3876.0 

220.7 

1.8 

202.2 

.375 

3889.8 

221.0 

.5 

87.5 

202.6 

.5 

3903.6 

221.5 

.625 

32S0.I 

3917.  I 

22 1  •  8 

.75 

203.4 

.7.r) 

3931  .  1 

,S75 

203.8 

.675 

3945.2 

-sjj\ 

65. 

331S.3 

204.2 

71. 

3959.2 

.  I  15 

3331.0 

204.5 

.ur> 

3973.1 

223.  1 

3343.9 

205.0 

. 

3987.1 

223.8 

.37.r> 

6.7 

205.3 

j«75 

1001. 1 

224.2 

.5 

3369.6 

205.8 

.r> 

4015.2 

224.6 

.625 

33S2.  1 

206.1 

.625 

1029.2 

.7.'. 

3395.3 

206.6 

.75 

1043.3 

225.4 

.875 

:i|ii-.-,' 

206.9 

.S70 

1057.4 

225.8 

AREAS    AND    CI"  Ct'MFKR  FACES    OF    CIRCLF.S. 


449 


Diameter. 

An-a. 

C  ire  um.     ! 

Diameter. 

Arm. 

C  ire  urn. 

72. 

4071.5 

226.2 

78. 

477s.  1 

21. -..ii 

.125 

4085. 6 

226..'. 

.125 

1793.7 

2I...1 

.25 

1099.8 

227.0 

.  25 

1809.0 

245.8 

.875 

4114.0 

227.3 

.3  7.-. 

4824.4 

246.2 

.5 

4128.2 

227.7 

.5 

I^:;'.i.n 

246.6 

.625 

4112. 5 

228.1 

.625 

1^55.2 

217.H 

.75 

4166.8 

228.5 

.75 

4870.8 

217.4 

.N7.'. 

4171.0 

228. 9 

.875 

1886. 1 

217.7 

78. 

4185.  t 

229.3 

79. 

4901.7 

248.2 

.125 

4 1 99  .  7 

229.7 

.  1 25 

r.'i7.2 

248.5 

.25 

4214.1 

280.1 

.25 

4982.7 

249.0 

.375 

4228.5 

230.5 

.875 

4'.  us.:; 

2  in.:; 

.5 

4242. 9 

230.9 

.5 

163.9 

249.8 

.625 

4267.3 

231.3 

.625 

4979.5 

250.1 

.75 

4271.8 

231.7 

.75 

4H95.2 

250.5 

.875 

4286.:; 

282.0 

.s:;, 

5U10.8 

260.9 

74. 

4300. S 

232.5 

80. 

502H.5 

251.:; 

.125 

4815.3 

232.8 

.125 

5042.2 

2. ,1.7 

.25 

4329.9 

233.3 

.25 

5068.0 

252.1 

,875 

4344.5 

2:',.". .  6 

..",75 

50  7:;.  7 

262.5 

.5 

'.1.2 

2:;  i.ii 

.5 

5089.6 

252.9 

.625 

1873.8 

231.1 

.625 

510...4 

253.3 

.75 

13s8.5 

23  1 .  s 

.75 

5121.2 

25::.  7 

.875 

4403.1 

235.2 

.875 

5137.1 

264:1 

75. 

4417 .9 

235.6 

81. 

515:'.  .0 

264.6 

.125 

4  132.6 

236 . 0 

.125 

5168.9 

I'M.'.' 

.25 

•11  17.1 

236.4 

.25 

6184.9 

.875 

1482.1 

236.7 

.875 

6200.8 

.5 

1177.il 

2:;7.2 

.:. 

6216.  £ 

.625 

1481.8 

2:;7.:> 

.625 

5282.8 

.78 

W06.7 

238.0 

.76 

15.9 

.875 

1.5 

288.3 

6264.9 

257.2 

76. 

82. 

6281.0 

.125 

1.  1 

239.1 

.125 

5297.1 

.25 

1866.4 

2:'.'.*.:, 

.28 

581 

.375 

i.:; 

239 . 9 

MM 

96.3 

240.3 

6845.6 

.625 

'I  .:; 

2  in.  7 

.625 

•  i  .- 

.1 

241.1 

■ 

6878.1 

.    1641.6 

211.  6 

■ 

266.4 

77. 

6.6 

241. 1 

6410.6 

.125 

1671.7 

.125 

.'.' 

261.1 

212.7 

1702.1 

243.0 

■ 

•0.6 

• 

1717..; 

6476.0 

2.6 

262.7 

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L768.0 

211. 8 

29 


}.-,() 


(  II  \l\    IV. — MISCELLANEOUS    INFORMATION. 


I'IMII    ' 

Girenm. 

I'i.in 

Clrenm. 

-) 

5541.8 

90. 

1.7 

.126 

5668 

.125 

'.I 

283.1 

.25 

5571.- 

264.7 

.25 

■7.1 

.:;7  5 

■1.:; 

265.0 

641  1.8 

283.9 

5601 

.5 

2.6 

284,3 

.iii'.-. 

14.6 

265.8 

6460.4 

6641.2 

266.2 

.7.'. 

846f 

286.1 

.876 

5657.- 

266.6 

.876 

6486,0 

286.6 

66. 

6674.5 

267.0 

91. 

6608.9 

.  1 28 

5681.2 

267.4 

.125 

1  1.7 

.25 

5707.'.' 

267.8 

.26 

9.1 

.375 

5721.'. 

268.2 

;.-■■ 

287.1 

.5 

5741.5 

268.6 

.5 

6576.8 

287.5 

.625 

5758.2 

•jr.-  '.' 

.625 

6693.6 

287.8 

.75 

5775.1 

269. 1 

.7.'. 

6611.6 

288.2 

.875 

5791.8 

269.7 

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662  ■ 

288.6 

86. 

5808.8 

270.2 

'.12. 

6647.6 

.125 

582...  7 

270.5 

.125 

6666.7 

.25 

5842.8 

271.0 

.25 

.375 

5859.5 

271.8 

.875 

6701.9 

290.2 

.5 

•-76.5 

271.7 

.5 

6720.1 

290.6 

5893.5 

272.1 

.625 

6738.2 

291.0 

.75 

5910.6 

272.5 

.75 

6766.4 

291.4 

.875 

5927.il 

272.9 

..-7:. 

6774.7 

L".M.s 

6944.7 

273.3 

93. 

6792.9 

292.2 

.125 

-1.7 

2  7:'..  7 

.  1 25 

6811.1 

.25 

6978.9 

274.1 

.25 

6829.5 

293.0 

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5996.0 

274.4 

.::7:. 

6847.8 

293. 1 

.5 

cm  3.2 

27  l.'.i 

.5 

68('.r,.l 

293.7 

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6080.4 

275.2 

.625 

68  i 

294.1 

.75 

6047.6 

275.7 

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6902.9 

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6064.8 

276.0 

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6921.3 

294.9 

88. 

6082.1 

276.6 

91. 

6989.8 

.126 

6099.4 

276.8 

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295.7 

.25 

6116.7 

277.2 

.25 

6978.7 

296.1 

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6184.0 

277.6 

6996.2 

296.6 

.:. 

6  L61.4 

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.5 

7018.8 

.625 

6168.6 

L'7>.  1 

.i'.2;. 

7082.8 

297.8 

.75 

6186.2 

27.-. s 

-•  ■ 

7061.0 

2'.I7.7 

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62o::.r. 

27H.2 

.876 

7iii'.'.i... 

L".'-.l 

Mi. 

6221.1 

279.6 

95. 

7ii--. 'J 

.I2.r> 

6288.6 

280.0 

.125 

7106.9 

.25 

6256.1 

280.4 

.25 

7125.8 

299.2 

6273. n 

.375 

7  1  II.:: 

299.6 

.5 

6291.2 

281.2 

.!, 

7168.0 

300.0 

.625 

630  s.s 

281.6 

.626 

7181.8 

800.4 

.75 

6826.4 

2-2. ii 

.75 

7200.6 

300.8 

.875 

6844.0 

2-2.:: 

.875 

7219.4 

301.2 

AHKAS    AND    CIRCUMFERENCES    OF    CHICLES. 


451 


Diameter. 

Area. 

C  ire  ii  in. 

Diameter. 

Area. 

Circnm. 

96. 

7238.2 

301.6 

98. 

7543.0 

307.9 

.  ]  25 

7257.1 

302.0 

.125 

7562.2 

308.3 

.23 

7276.0 

302.  1 

.25 

7581.5 

308.7 

.375 

7294.9 

302.8 

.37.r) 

7i  KID.  8 

3H!  (.11 

.0 

7313.S 

303.2 

..r) 

7680.1 

309.  1 

.t;2.r) 

7332.8 

Hi  (3.5 

.625 

7639.4 

309.S 

.7.') 

7351.8 

303.9 

.7-') 

7658.9 

310.2 

.-::> 

7370.7 

304.3 

.675 

7678.2 

310.6 

97. 

7389.8 

304.7 

99. 

7697.7 

311.0 

.125 

7408.8 

305.1 

.125 

7717.1 

311.4 

.25 

7428.0 

305.5 

.25 

7736.6 

311.8 

.37.r> 

7447.0 

305.9 

.  375 

7756.1 

312.2 

.5 

7466.2 

306.3 

.5 

7775.6 

312.6 

.625 

7485.3 

306.7 

.625 

7795.2 

313.0 

.7.". 

7504.5 

307.1 

.75 

7814.8 

313.4 

.873 

7523.7 

307.5 

.875 

7834.3 

313.8 

100. 

7354.0 

31  1.2 

TO  FIND  THE  AREA  OF  A  CIRCULAR  SEGMENT. 

Divide  the  height  of  the  segment  by  the  diameter  of  the  circle,  and  look  for 
the  quotient  in  the  column  II.  in  the  following  table,  opposite  to  which  will  he 
found  a  number  in  column  Area,  which  multiplied  by  the  square  of  the  diame- 
ter will  give  the  area  of  the  segment.  Should  the  height  of  the  segment  he 
greater  than  half  the  diameter,  lind  the  area  of  the  remaining  segment,  and  sub- 
slract  this  from  the  area  of  the  whole  circle. 


II 

Area. 

H. 

Area. 

II. 

Area. 

II. 

Area 

.10 

.0(11329 

.14 

.066* 

.27 

.1710-!' 

.  10 

. 

.00 

.15 

.073874 

.28 

.180019 

.41 

.30 

.ori 

.006865 

.ir, 

.081112 

.189 

.313041 

.04 

.010537 

.17 

.088535 

.198168 

. 

.01 1681 

.18 

.008134 

.31 

.207371") 

.11 

1843 

.01 

.103900 

.211  • 

.  16 

.31 

.07 

llttS 

.  1 1 1  ■ 

.10 

.21 

.119: 

.17 

.362717 

■ 

"■'III 

.  1 38 1 1 3 

.88 

.48 

.37 

.10 

.04 

.136465 

1550 

.49 

.11 

.01 

.1  14944 

.37 

.50 

.12 

.0 

.25 

. 

.273891 

.001 

.00 

.13 

10112 

I.vj 


<  hap.    \\  .  —  MISCELLAKKOUfl    INFORMATION. 
POWERS — ROOTS — «  [RCL1  3. 


Square. 

Cube. 

S<).  Root. 

Cu.  Root. 

Arm. 

Ciroiim. 

] 

1 

1 

1  ,000 

1.001) 

0.7854 

3.1416 

•J 

4 

S 

1.11 1 

1.280 

3.1 116 

-:t'J 

3 

•J  7 

1  .732 

l.l  Ij 

7.0686 

9.4948 

l 

16 

-'■I 

2.000 

19, 

1-J. 

r> 

25 

1 25 

. 

1.710 

19.1 

15.7080 

<•, 

36 

216 

2.449 

1.817 

—  .713 

18.8496 

- 

l" 

2.646 

1.913 

1846 

21.991 1 

- 

64 

5 1 2 

.-   - 

'J.  0(1(1 

. 

1391 

-1 

729 

3.000 

2.080 

17.-! 

28 .  . 

to 

100 

1000 

2.154 

-. 

31.4 

n 

121 

1331 

3.317 

34.! 

12 

111 

i:  » 

3.464 

2.239 

U3.I 

37.) 

13 

169 

2197 

2.351 

)  32 . " 

40.8409 

14 

196 

27 1 1 

3.742 

•J.  110 

13. 

IS 

225 

:!.-::: 

2.466 

176.1146 

47.1239 

16 

4096 

4.000 

2.520 

201 .0619 

50.9655 

17 

2S0 

4913 

4.123 

•j.r>7i 

226.9801 

53.4071 

18 

324 

4.243 

2.621 

25 1 .  : 

56.5487 

l'J 

361 

1.359 

2.668 

20 

400 

8000 

1.  172 

'.' .  7  1  1 

31  1.1593 

62.6 

21 

441 

9261 

4.58a 

346.: 

65.9734 

22 

184 

10648 

!.»'. hi 

2.802 

3S0. 

69.1150 

529 

12107 

1.796 

•,'.-11 

il    . 

7'-'. 

13824 

4.899 

2.884 

152. 

7-'> . ' 

2.r) 

15625 

5.1 

2.924 

490.S 

78. 

20 

676 

17576 

5.099 

81.681 1 

27 

729 

19663 

5.196 

.•(.nun 

572.5552 

84.3230 

28 

7-1 

21952 

615.7522 

87.9646 

■ 

Ml 

24389 

3.072 

660.5199 

91  . 

30 

900 

27000 

5.  177 

3.107 

7H'.- 

94.9478 

31 

961 

29791 

5.588 

3. 141 

7.7  1  . 

07.: 

1024 

32768 

5.657 

3.175 

804.2477 

100. 

33 

1089 

5.745 

3.208 

-     .2986 

103.1 

34 

1 1 56 

39304 

5.831 

3.240 

907. 

106.M  12 

33 

1225 

12875 

5.916 

3.271 

962.1 128 

109.9 

1296 

46656 

6.000 

1017.8760 

113.0973 

37 

1369 

50853 

6.063 

1075.2101 

116. 

1  111 

54872 

6.164 

1134.11  I'- 

119. 

• 

;s2i 

59319 

ll '.il. 

i  >  1.6221 

in 

1600 

04  000 

3.  120 

.6370 

1 25 .  ■ 

41 

1681 

68921 

C.  103 

3.448 

1320. 

128.6053 

12 

1 76 1 

74088 

6.481 

3.  176 

I. ■:-.''.  1424 

131.9469 

43 

1849 

79507 

6.557 

3.503" 

I  i 

135.0885 

II 

1930 

-.••l-l 

6.633 

1520.530a 

138.2301 

i:, 

2025 

91125 

6.708 

3.557 

i.  1313 

111. '17  17 

2116 

97336 

1661 .9025 

1  14.5133 

47 

2209 

103823 

6.856 

1734.9445 

1  17.0549 

l- 

110593 

3.634 

1809.5574 

1.7o.  791  i 

49 

2401 

117649 

7.001) 

3.659 

1— ."..7  110 

153.9380 

50 

2500 

185000 

7.071 

3.684 

1963.  1954 

157.0796 

POWF.RS ROOTS CIRCLES. 


458 


No. 

Square. 

Cube. 

Sq.  Root. 

C11.  Root. 

Area. 

Circuit). 

51 

2601 

L32651 

7. Ml 

3.708 

2042.8206 

100.2212 

52 

2704 

1 10606 

7.211 

3.733 

2123.7166 

163.: 

53 

2809 

148877 

7.280 

3.756 

.1634 

166.5044 

54 

2916 

157464 

7.348 

3.780 

2200.2210 

I 69.6460 

3025 

166 

7.416 

3.803 

2375.*294 

172. 

00 

3136 

17561H 

7.  183 

3.526 

2463.0066 

17f>.'. 1292 

57 

3249 

I8.r)193 

7.550 

3.649 

2551 .7586 

179.0708 

.-- 

195112 

7.616 

3.871 

2r.  12. H7'.i  I 

182.2121 

59 

3481 

2003 

7.681 

2733.^710 

[85.3540 

60 

3600 

216000 

7.746 

3.915 

-      .4334 

186. 1956 

61 

3721 

2269S1 

7.610 

3.936 

2922.4666 

101.6372 

82 

36  1 1 

238328 

7.674 

3.958 

3019.0705 

101.77-7 

250047 

7.937 

3.979 

3117.2453 

107. 

64 

ioy6 

2621 II 

8.000 

4.000 

3216.9909 

201.0619 

4220 

274620 

8.062 

4.021 

33  is.: 30  72 

204.2035 

6(3 

[356 

287496 

8 . 1 24 

4.041 

3421.1944 

207.3451 

67 

(488 

300"; 

8.165 

4.062 

3525.6524 

210.4867 

69 

1624 

31  1432 

8.246 

4.062 

3631.6811 

213.. 

69 

l"«ii 

3509 

8.307 

1.102 

37:  9.2807 

216. 

70 

4900 

3-1 3O00 

6.367 

4.121 

3848.4510 

210.01  if, 

71 

504 1 

357911 

4.111 

■.  1921 

223.0531 

72 

•'■1-1 

373248 

b.Ab'.) 

1.160 

4071.5041 

226.1947 

73 

5329 

389017 

8.544 

4.179 

4165.3868 

229.3363 

74 

5476 

IH.VJ2I 

6.602 

1.198 

1300.8403 

7:. 

5625 

421S75 

8. 660 

4.  2  17 

4417.6647 

235.6194 

76 

5776 

136976 

8.718 

4.236 

.  1096 

.7610 

77 

456533 

8.775 

211  .002i; 

76 

6084 

474552 

8.832 

1.273 

4778. 

245.0442 

8241 

493039 

6.686 

1.291 

4901 .6699 

248.165A 

BO 

cimi 

512000 

8.944 

5026. 

251.3274 

81 

6561 

531  111 

9.000 

1.327 

1090 

- 

'w-Jl 

551! 

1.344 

.0173 

257.6106 

571767 

9.110 

5410.6079 

1.7523 

64 

.7111 

9.165 

55 1 : . 

263  ■ i 

~ 

614125 

9.220 

5674.5017 

267.0354 

636 

'.'.271 

4.414 

370.1770 

9.327 

l.i:  ! 

5944.1 

Sb 

7711 

9.361 

4.448 

.1234 

7921 

7(1 :  1 

9.  134 

4.465 

.1889 

379.6017 

.Ml 

'.'.1-7 

1.481 

6361.7251  • 

7133 

'.'i 

753571 

92 

4 .514 

.6101 

.1681 

94 

9.747 

7('k--.-.'l-l 

1513 

-113 

:cii. 

'.'11 

1.610 

3117 .  - 

v-ni 

.111.0177 

loooo 

loooo 

In. 

311. 

154 


MIS)   i  LLANKOI  S    IM  nl^l  A  I  ION 


'• 


Cube. 


Sq.  Hoot. 


Arr.i. 


Ciroum. 


101 

10201 

1030301 

10.050 

6011.847 

.301 

10404 

1061201 

10.100 

1.672 

BI71  . 

320.442 

10a 

10(509 

.  727 

lo.l  19 

323.584 

LOS16 

U24h64 

10.198 

1.703 

.726 

105 

11025 

1157625 

10.-17 

1.718 

1.015 

1.687 

100 

11238 

1191016 

10.5 

1.734 

1.009 

107 

11449 

1225043 

10.! 

■1.717 

8.024 

.      1 

- 

11664 

1259712 

10.: 

9100.684 

116(81 

12950 

10.  no 

1.777 

9331.316 

.  134 

Ill) 

12100 

L0O0 

10.  |68 

4.791 

9503.318 

345.575 

111 

12321 

1367631 

10.5  1 

1.606 

.-'.'1 

.717 

112 

12!  11 

1  HI4928 

10. 

4.820 

.035 

.-   S 

113 

12769 

1  1 12897 

10.' 

10028. 

.000 

111 

1481544 

Ki.077 

4.849 

10207.035 

.  I  12 

115 

! 

1520875 

10.724 

10386.691 

361.283 

116 

13456 

1560896 

10.771 

1.877 

10568.318 

.  1  IS 

in 

1 3689 

1601613 

10.817 

1.891 

10751.315 

367. 

13924 

1643032 

10.8 

4.905 

10035.884 

370.708 

L19 

lin.l 

1 59 

10.909 

4.919 

11122.023 

1.649 

120 

1  1400 

1  728000 

10.954 

1.932 

11309.734 

.991 

121 

1  1641 

1771561 

11.000 

1.946 

11  199.01  5 

380.133 

1 1884 

1815848 

11.045 

4.960 

l 1669.868 

383.274 

15129 

1660667 

11.091 

4.973 

11882.289 

.418 

124 

15376 

1906624 

11.136 

1.987 

12076.282 

389. 

125 

15625 

3125 

11. ISO 

.7.000 

12271.846 

392.699 

15876 

2000371 

11.225 

3.013 

12468.981 

.841 

127 

16129 

2048383 

11.269 

12667.687 

.- 

16364 

2097152 

11.31  I 

.7.010 

12867.963 

402.123 

129 

16641 

■-'1  16669 

11. 

5.053 

13069.611 

105. 

1 30 

16900 

2197000 

1 1 .  102 

ins. io7 

131 

17101 

2248091 

11.446 

.7.070 

13478.218 

411.549 

17424 

2299968 

11.469 

5.092 

13684.778 

11  1.690 

17689 

2637 

11.533 

5.104 

13892.908 

417.832 

i:;i 

17956 

2406104 

11.: 770 

.7.117 

14102.609 

420.973 

135 

16225 

2460375 

11.619 

.7.1:10 

1  I31i  , 

124.113 

138 

16496 

2515456 

11.662 

5.143 

l  1526.724 

127.257 

137 

18769 

•,'.77  i:i.7:i 

11 .705 

.7.1.7:7 

1 1741.138 

130.398 

L39 

19044 

2628072 

11.747 

5.168 

1 1956.123 

133.540 

2685610 

11.790 

5.160 

15174.678 

8.681 

Hi) 

19600 

2744000 

11.832 

15393.804 

I39.( 

ill 

10881 

13221 

11.874 

1561  1.501 

442. 

142 

20164 

2863 

11.916 

.'..  '.'17 

1 16.106 

I  13 

20449 

2924207 

11.956 

5.229 

16060.607 

149.248 

HI 

'.'117:;.', 

2965984 

12.000 

5.241 

18  5(6.016 

152. 

145 

'.'in 'J  .7 

30481 

12.042 

16512.996 

455.531 

1  16 

21316 

3112136 

12.063 

5.266 

16741 .546 

158.673 

117 

21609 

3170523 

12.124 

5.278 

16971.669 

161 .61  1 

148 

3241 

12.168 

5.290 

17203.361 

464  • 

I  19 

3307949 

12.207 

5. 301 

17  1: 30.  (',.'.7 

468.097 

150 

...  00 

5000 

12.247 

0.313 

17671.459 

471.239 

POWERS ROOTS CIRCLES. 

4.r>5 

No. 

Square. 

Cube. 

Bq.  Hoot. 

Cu.  Root. 

Area. 

Circuin. 

151 

22801 

.",  1 1 

12.7 

5.325 

I7'."I7.H',1 

474.380 

152 

23104 

3511808 

12.. 

6.837 

lsi  16.839 

177.522 

153 

23409 

-1577 

1  2.369 

1 8385.386 

1  mi. 664 

15-1 

23716 

365 

12.410 

18626.503 

1-;;  805 

155 

8723* 

12.450 

6  872 

18869.191 

186.947 

1 56 

24336 

6416 

12.490 

5.383 

19113.450 

490.08! 

157 

24649 

S9893 

12.530 

19359.279 

193.230 

158 

24964 

3944312 

1  2.570 

5.406 

1961" 

196 

159 

25281 

1019679 

12.610 

5.418 

19865.651 

199  .  i 

160 

25600 

6000 

12.6 

5.429 

20106.193 

502  1 

161 

1173281 

12.689 

5.4  H» 

20858.306 

7 '.16 

162 

26244 

1251528 

11'.  7  28 

:,.  i  :,  l 

20611.989 

508.1 

1 63 

26569 

4830747 

12.767 

5.463 

20867.244 

612.080 

164 

26896 

1   1  III'.!  11 

12.806 

5.474 

21124.069 

515.221 

165 

27225 

1492125 

12.845 

5.485 

21382.465 

518.363 

166 

4574296 

12.884 

5.496 

21042.4:',2 

521.504 

167 

1657463 

12.923 

5.507 

21903.969 

624646 

1 68 

28224 

1741632 

12.961 

5.518 

22167.078 

527.: 

169 

28561 

6809 

13.000 

5.529 

22431.757 

530.929 

170 

4913000 

L3.0 

5.540 

2269s.i  107 

:.i)71 

171 

29241 

6000211 

13.077 

22965.824 

537.212 

172 

5088448 

13.116 

5.561 

0.219 

.Mo.:;.,  l 

178 

29929 

6177717 

13.158 

23506.182 

543.496 

174 

18024 

13.191 

2377N.7I.'. 

546.1 

175 

30625 

5359375 

13.229 

5.593 

24062.819 

549.779 

176 

1776 

13.226 

J.493 

120 

177 

31329 

18.804 

5.615 

..7:;'.i 

178 

19752 

13.342 

2488  1 

.203 

179 

5339 

13.379 

26164.943 

1.346 

180 

32400 

.  2000 

13.416 

25446.900 

665.487 

181 

■Til 

13.454 

5.657 

0.429 

182 

13.491 

2Cii  15.529 

:,71.77n 

183 

6128487 

13.528 

26302.199 

;    -11 

184 

.'.Mil 

10.440 

-.053 

186 

L625 

13.601 

1.252 

681.196 

186 

6434856 

:,.7"n 

27171 

1-7 

9203 

6.718 

27  1'  ■ 

178 

1  1672 

18.711 

277.V.U1:: 

.619 

is'.' 

1269 

13.748 

:<■.! 

190 

36100 

9000 

-71 

191 

7871 

13.820 

6.759 

.2.110 

600.044 

5.769 

2.  '.Ms 

186 

199 

71  - 

194 

19* 

7.1 1-::. 

611 

190 

1  1.000 

30171 

197 

D.617 

1 

77' 

14.071 

14.107 

81105 

177 

1  1.112 

3141 

;i9 

156 


CHAP.    XV.  —  MISCELLANEOUS    I  M  olt  MA  TION. 


N... 

Square. 

Cab*. 

-  |.  Hoot. 

in.  Hoot. 

Arrsi. 

Cirtram. 

201 

001 

11.177 

5.858 

31730.871 

C.ll.lOn 

202 

B24 

1  1.213 

32047. 

I  602 

208 

427 

1  4.248 

32365.473 

r.748 

204 

41616 

.'064 

1  I.2S3 

32685.129 

640 

205 

8615125 

1  1.318 

5.896 

38006.858 

644.026 

206 

8741816 

1  L363 

33329.156 

647.168 

128  19 

8869743 

14387 

5.916 

33663.526 

1.310 

208 

13264 

8998912 

11.422 

5.925 

33979.468 

152 

209 

13681 

9123329 

1  1.1. -.7 

5.934 

6.977 

6.593 

210 

•l  noo 

9261000 

1  1.491 

5.944 

34631 

659.734 

I'll 

44521 

9393931 

1  L526 

5.953 

34966.7 12 

J.876 

2 1 2 

44944 

9528128 

1  1.560 

5.963 

35298.936 

666.018 

218 

45369 

9663 

14.595 

5.9T2 

12.729 

669.159 

21  l 

45796 

9800344 

14.629 

5.981 

35968 

672.300 

215 

16225 

9938375 

14.663 

5.991 

36305.030 

675.4  12 

216 

16656 

10077696 

14.697 

6.000 

36643.6  B 

678.584 

217 

47089 

IU218813 

l  1.731 

6.009 

36983.61  I 

681.726 

218 

47524 

L0360232 

14.765 

6.018 

37325.264 

684.868 

2 1 9 

17961 

L0503459 

14.799 

6.028 

37668.480 

688.008 

220 

484Q0 

L0648000 

l  1.832 

6.037 

88013.271 

691.160 

22] 

18841 

L0793861 

l  1.866 

6.046 

38359.632 

694.292 

222 

19284 

urn  mils 

14.900 

6.055 

38707.564 

697.434 

223 

19729 

L1089567 

l  1.983 

6.064 

39057.069 

700.576 

224 

50176 

L1239424 

L4.967 

0.(17:: 

39408.1  10 

703.718 

225 

50625 

l L390625 

15.  (Kill 

6.082 

39760.782 

708.8  i8 

226 

51(170 

l L543176 

15.033 

6.091 

4011  U996 

710.000 

227 

51529 

L1697083 

15.067 

6.100 

10470.782 

718.141 

228 

;  198  ! 

1 L852352 

15.100 

6.109 

40828.140 

716.284 

229 

52  1 1 1 

12008989 

16.138 

6. 1 1  s 

41187.065 

719.424 

230 

52900 

L2167000 

16.166 

0.127 

41547.563 

722. ..00 

231 

63361 

L2326391 

15.199 

6.136 

41909  631 

725.707 

232 

5382  1 

12487168 

15.232 

6.145 

■1227: 1.272 

728.850 

233 

54289 

12649337 

15.264 

6.153 

42688.481 

781.99] 

23  1 

54756 

12812904 

15.297 

0.102 

43005.260 

735.182 

236 

:,y>'i:> 

12977875 

15.330 

0.17  1 

13873.61  1 

788.274 

236 

55696 

131  14256 

16.362 

0. 1  80 

43743.536 

741.416 

237 

56169 

13812053 

15.395 

6.188 

44115.029 

7  14.557 

238 

5664  l 

L3481272 

15.427 

6.197 

II  188.092 

747.898 

230 

57121 

13651019 

15.460 

6.206 

1 1862.728 

760.8  1 1 

2Ki 

57600 

L3824000 

15.492 

6.21  I 

45238.934 

763.982 

241 

58081 

13007621 

15.524 

0.22:; 

46616.710 

757.124 

242 

5856 1 

14172488 

1 5.556 

0.2.12 

45991 

70(1.200 

243 

59049 

I  1348907 

15.588 

6.240 

(6376.976 

70."..  Ii'7 

I'll 

59536 

14526784 

15.620 

6.249 

46759.465 

766.548 

245 

60025 

i  1706125 

15.652 

0.2. .7 

17  1  13.525 

769.890 

246 

60516 

i  1886936 

6.266 

17629.165 

772.882 

217 

61009 

15069223 

16.716 

0.27  1 

17911 

776.978 

248 

61504 

.2992 

15.748 

6.283 

48305.129 

779.1  L5 

249 

6200] 

I  1438249 

15.780 

6.291 

18695.7  H 

7S2.257 

250 

62500 

1  15625000 

15.81 1 

6.300 

19067.886 

785.398 

POWERS — ROOTS CIRCLES. 


457 


No. 

Square. 

Cube, 

Sq.  Root. 

Cu.  Root. 

Area. 

Circum. 

251 

63001 

L5813251 

15.843 

6.808 

49480.870 

788.540 

252 

63504 

L60O8008 

15.875 

6.318 

49875.925 

7111. G81 

258 

64009 

Kil  'JI27  7 

15.906 

6.325 

.'.027:'..  60 

794.823 

254 

64516 

L6387064 

15.937 

6.333 

50670.748 

7ii7.mil 

255 

6502  i 

16581375 

15.960 

6.341 

51070.516 

801.106 

256 

65536 

16777216 

16.000 

6.360 

51471.854 

mi  1.248 

257 

66049 

16974593 

16.031 

6.358 

51874. 

807.389 

258 

66564 

17173612 

16.062 

6.366 

522711.  21.", 

810.581 

259 

67081 

17373979 

16.093 

6.374 

62686.294 

813.672 

260 

67600 

L7576000 

16.125 

6.383 

53092.916 

816.81  1 

261 

681 21 

17779681 

16.165 

6.391 

53502.109 

819.956 

262 

68644 

17984728 

16.188 

6.399 

53912.872 

823.097 

263 

69169 

L8191  117 

16.217 

6.  107 

64325.205 

826.239 

264 

69696 

L8399744 

16.248 

6.  115 

54789.1  in 

829.380 

265 

70225 

18609625 

16.279 

6.  123 

55164.586 

832.522 

268 

70756 

18821096 

16.810 

6.431 

55571 .632 

5.664 

267 

71289 

19034163 

16.340 

6.439 

56990.250 

.806 

268 

71824 

L9248832 

16.371 

6.447 

56410.  188 

841  !»47 

269 

72861 

19465109 

16.  ml 

6. 155 

56882.196 

i  15.088 

27(1 

72900 

19683000 

16.432 

6.  163 

57255.520 

848.230 

271 

73441 

1990261 1 

16.462 

6.471 

57680.  126 

851.  .172 

272 

20123648 

16.492 

6.  179 

58106.898 

854.513 

27:; 

74529 

20346417 

16.623 

6.  187 

58534.940 

857.655 

271 

75076 

20570!  24 

16.653 

6. 195 

68964.652 

860.797 

275 

76625 

20796875 

16.583 

6.503 

59395.736 

B63.938 

276 

76176 

21024576 

16.613 

6.511 

69824. 190 

867.080 

27  7 

76729 

21253933 

16.643 

6.519 

(1(12(1(1. SI  5 

870.221 

278 

77284 

21  184952 

16.673 

6.527 

(Kir.iis.7ll 

873.363 

2711 

77841 

21717639 

16.703 

6.584 

61186.178 

876.484 

280 

78400 

21955 0 

16.788 

6.542 

61575.216 

879.646 

281 

78961 

22188041 

16.763 

6.650 

62015.824 

B82.1 

79524 

22425768 

16.793 

62458.003 

885.929 

22665187 

16.823 

6.565 

62901 .753 

889.071 

284 

80656 

22906304 

16.862 

6.573 

63347.074 

1.212 

81225 

2:;l  1 

16.882 

6.681 

63793.966 

.364 

286 

81796 

23393656 

16.912 

6.689 

64242. 128 

898.495 

287 

82869 

23639903 

16.941 

6.596 

64692.  nil 

901.637 

288 

16.971 

6.604 

6514  1.065 

904779 

■ 

2  il: S7669 

17.000 

6 .611 

65597.240 

907.920 

290 

39000 

I7.n2'.i 

6.619 

911.062 

291 

84681 

2K.I217I 

17.069 

6.827 

91  1.203 

2489' 

17.088 

66966. 189 

917.346 

2<X.i 

26163767 

17.117 

6.642 

(.7  125.  (11  7 

920.466 

29 1 

86436 

26412184 

17.110 

. 

923 

17.170 

6.667 

926.770 

87616 

17.206 

6.664 

1 .  445 

1.911 

297 

17.284 

1 

2646 

17.. 

1 96 

299 

2873 

17.2H2 

7H2I     . 

91 

094)0 

17.381 

15H 


CHAP.  XV.  —  MISCELLANEOUS    INFORMATION. 


No. 

Square 

Cube. 

Sq.  Root. 

Cu.  Root. 

Area. 

Circum. 

301 

27270901 

17.849 

6.702 

71157.859 

0  1. '..010 

302 

in -.mm 

27543608 

17.8 

71631.454 

948.761 

303 

91809 

27818127 

17.1H7 

0.717 

72106.620 

951.908 

304 

92416 

ii.'.l 

17.436 

6.724 

72583.356 

055.0 1 1 

305 

93025 

28372625 

17.464 

6.731 

73061.664 

958.186 

28662616 

17.493 

6.739 

73541.542 

961.327 

94249 

i  143 

17.521 

6  746 

74022.991 

00  1.100 

94864 

29218112 

17. .-..mi 

74506.008 

967.610 

96481 

29503629 

17.578 

6.761 

74990.602 

970.752 

310 

96100 

29791000 

17.607 

6.768 

75476.764 

973.894 

311 

96721 

30080231 

17.635 

6.775 

75964.496 

977.085 

312 

97344 

30371^28 

17.664 

701. 

980.m 

313 

97969 

30664297 

17. 001' 

n  Ton 

70'.M  L678 

■.  B3.418 

314 

30959144 

17.720 

6.797 

77437.117 

160 

316 

99225 

31255875 

17.7  is 

6.804 

77931.133 

989.602 

316 

31554496 

17.77«', 

6.811 

78426.719 

992.743 

317 

L00489 

31855013 

17.704 

0.S1S 

78923.876 

995.885 

318 

101124 

32157432 

17.833 

6.826 

79422.604 

999.026 

3 1 '.) 

10176] 

32461759 

17. 861 

6.833 

79922.902 

L002.168 

320 

102400 

32768000 

17.S89 

6.840 

80424.772 

L005.310 

32] 

10304] 

33076161 

17.916 

0.SI7 

80928.212 

1008.451 

322 

103684 

33386248 

]  7.0  11 

6.854 

si  133.223 

101 1.593 

323 

104329 

33698267 

17.972 

6.861 

81939.805 

L01  1.734 

324 

L04976 

:;  UH2224 

18.000 

0  SOS 

17.958 

1017.876 

S25 

105625 

34328125 

L8.028 

6  B7  i 

82957.681 

1021.018 

326 

106276 

34645976 

18.055 

0.SS1! 

83468.975 

L024.159 

327 

106929 

34965783 

is.  083 

6.889 

83981.840 

L027.303 

328 

107584 

35287552 

is. Ill 

6.896 

84  196.276 

1030.442 

.  29 

L0824] 

35611289 

18.138 

6.903 

85012.282 

L038.584 

330 

108900 

35937000 

L8.166 

6.910 

85529.860 

1036.726 

33] 

10956] 

36264691 

18.193 

0.017 

86049.008 

L039.867 

332 

110224 

36594368 

L8.221 

0.0121 

86569.727 

1043.009 

333 

L10889 

36926037 

18.248 

6:931 

87092.016 

L046.150 

334 

111556 

37259704 

18.276 

6.938 

876 1 5.877 

1049.292 

335 

112225 

37595375 

L8.303 

6.945 

ssi  H.309 

L052.434 

336 

112896 

37933056 

18.330 

6.952 

88668.311 

L065.575 

:  37 

l 13569 

38272753 

18.358 

6.959 

89196.884 

1058.717 

338 

1 14244 

3861  1472 

1 8.385 

6.966 

89727.028 

L061.858 

330 

11  1921 

38958219 

IS.  111! 

6.973 

90258.742 

l  no;,. ooo 

340 

1 15600 

39304000 

L8.439 

6.980 

90792.028 

1068.142 

341 

1 L6281 

39651821 

13.466 

6.986 

91326.884 

1071.283 

342 

116964 

10001688 

18.493 

6.993 

91863.311 

io7i.iL':. 

343 

117649 

10353607. 

18.520 

7. (Mill 

92401.308 

1077. 

344 

1  L8336 

10707584 

18.547 

7.007 

92940.877 

L080.708 

345 

1 L9025 

H063625 

18.574 

7.01  1 

93482.016 

[083.849 

1 19716 

il  121736 

L8.601 

7.020 

94024.726 

1086.991 

847 

12 

U781923 

18.628 

7.027 

94569.007 

L090.132 

348 

121104 

121  14192 

18.655 

7.034 

9511  1.859 

L093.274 

340 

121801 

12508549 

18.682 

7.011 

95662  282 

L096.418 

L22500 

42875000 

18.708 

7.017 

96211.275 

L099.567 

POWERS ROOTS CIRCLES. 


459 


No. 

Square.  1 

Cube. 

Sq.  Root. 

Cube  Root. 

Area. 

Circum. 

:;.,! 

123201 

43243551 

ls.7:i5 

7.051 

9070 LSI 

1102.099 

352 

123904 

436]  1208 

is. 7(52 

7.001 

97313.97 

[101 

353 

124609 

43986977 

is.  788 

7.007 

97867.16 

11  OS. 072 

354 

14361864 

18.815 

7.07  1 

98422.96 

1112.121 

L26025 

44738875 

18.84] 

7.081 

98979.80 

1115.205 

35fi 

126736 

45118016 

[8.868 

7.087 

99538.22 

Ills. Iii7 

357 

1274  19 

45499293 

18.894 

7.094 

100098.21 

1121.5  IS 

358 

1 28 1 0 1 

45882712 

18.921 

7.101 

100659.37 

1121.090 

359 

128881 

46268279 

18.947 

7.107 

101222.90 

1127.832 

360 

1 29600 

16656000 

18.974 

7.11  1 

101787.60 

I  130.973 

361 

[30321 

47045881 

1 '.i.OOO 

7.120 

102353.87 

1134.115 

362 

131044 

47437928 

19.026 

7.127 

102921.72 

[137.256 

363 

131769 

478321  17 

L9.053 

7.133 

103491.13 

1140.398 

36 1 

132496 

48228544 

19.079 

7.140 

104062.11 

1143.540 

365 

133225 

48627125 

19.105 

7.117 

104634.67 

1146.681 

366 

133056 

49027896 

19.131 

7.153 

10520S.79 

1149.823 

367 

134689 

19430863 

19.157 

7.100 

105784.49 

1152.964 

368 

135424 

49836032 

19.183 

7.100 

106361.76 

1  150.1110 

369 

136161 

50243409 

19209 

7.173 

106940.60 

1159.248 

370 

1361 

50653000 

19.235 

7.170 

107521.nl 

1  [62.389 

371 

L37641 

51064811 

19.261 

7.  ISO 

[08102.99 

1165.531 

372 

51478848 

19.287 

7.102 

108696.54 

1168.672 

139129 

51895117 

19.313 

7.198 

10927  L0<: 

1171.sl  1 

374 

[39876 

52313624 

19.339 

7.205 

109858.35 

1171.950 

375 

1  10625 

52734375 

in.  :;<;.-> 

7.211 

110446.62 

1178.097 

376 

1  U376 

53157376 

19.391 

7.218 

111036.45 

1181.238 

377 

142129 

53582633 

19.416 

7.221 

111027.86 

1  1  s  1.380 

378 

54010152 

19.442 

7.230 

1 12220.83 

1187.  l 2 

379 

1  13641 

54439939 

19.468 

7.237 

112815.3S 

1190.00:; 

1  14400 

54872000 

L9.494 

7.243 

113111.19 

1193.805 

381 

1  15161 

06341 

19.519 

7.250 

114009.28 

1190.9  17 

1 15924 

557  i    1 

19.545 

7.256 

114608.44 

1200.088 

383 

1 16689 

56181887 

L9.570 

7.202 

115209.27 

[203.230 

384 

1  17 1  .•; 

56623104 

19.596 

7.268 

115811.67 

[206.372 

1  18225 

57066625 

19.621 

7.275 

11  04  1...  01 

1209.513 

386 

i  18996 

57512456 

19.647 

7.2s  I 

117021.18 

1212.654 

149769 

57960603 

19.672 

7.287 

117628.30 

1215.796 

150544 

58411072 

L9.698 

7.20  1 

113236.98 

12L 

389 

58861 

19.723 

7.300 

1 18847.24 

1222.079 

390 

152100 

59319000 

19.748 

7. •".HO 

119459.06 

1225.221 

391 

59776471 

15.774 

7.312 

1211(172.10 

122- 

392 

602:  1 

7.319 

7.(2 

[231 

154449 

-  157 

7.325 

12131 

12"  l.o  10 

394 

61 162984 

19.849 

7.831 

121922.07 

1237.788 

1561  25 

616! 

19.875 

U.75 

1241 

156810 

[1  8.00 

1211.071 

7.S50 

1237C 

12  17.212 

398 

:  17V  J 

L9.950 

7.356 

121110.21 

1251 

21199 

lv.'.  75 

[25036.17 

1.495 

LOO 

ooooo 

12..' 

4(50 


CHAP.    XV. —  MISCKLLA.NEOU9     INFORMATION". 


No 

Square. 

Cube. 

Sq.  Hoot. 

Co.  Root. 

Area. 

Circuit). 

101 

L6OS0I 

64481201 

20.025 

7.371 

126292.81 

1259.778 

■40-2 

161604 

64964808 

20.050 

7.360 

126923.48 

1202.920 

(03 

162409 

65450827 

20.075 

7.386 

12755.7.73 

1266.062 

mi 

163216 

65939264 

20.100 

[28139.54 

1269.204 

103 

164025 

664  10125 

20.125 

7.3H9 

128824.93 

1272,315 

[06 

[64836 

66923416 

20.1  19 

7,105 

429461.89 

1275.486 

M'7 

165649 

•574191  4  3 

20.171 

7.111 

130100.12 

1278.628 

408 

166464 

67911312 

20.199 

7.117 

130740.52 

1281.770 

409 

jr,72M 

68417929 

20.22 1 

7.423 

131362.19 

12s4.911 

410 

[68100 

66921000 

20.248 

7.129 

132025.43 

1288  053 

411 

166921 

«942653l 

20.273 

7.435 

132070  21 

1291.191 

412 

169744 

69934528 

20.298 

7.441 

133316.62 

1294.336 

413 

170569 

70114997 

20.322 

7.117 

133964.58 

1297.478 

11  1 

171396 

70951944 

20.317 

7,153 

134014.10 

1300.020 

1 1 5 

1 72225 

71473375 

20.372 

7,159 

135265.20 

1 30.3.71'.  1 

410 

173056 

719yi296 

20.390 

7,105 

135917.87 

1300.902 

417 

173889 

72511713 

20.421 

7.471 

130572.10 

1310.043 

118 

174724 

73034632 

20,115 

7.477 

137227.91 

1313.186 

419 

175561 

73560059 

90  469 

7,1  s3 

137885.29 

1310.327 

420 

176400 

74088000 

20.494 

7.4S9 

138544.24 

1319.10,9 

421 

177241 

74616461 

20.5  IS 

7.495 

13920  1 70 

1322.010 

4  22 

178084 

75151446 

20.543 

7.501 

139666.85 

1325.752 

423 

178929 

75686967 

20.567 

7.507 

1  10530.51 

132S.S95 

424 

179796 

76225024 

20.5111 

7513 

141195.74 

1332.030 

425 

180625 

76765625 

20.616 

7.518 

141862.54 

1335.177 

426 

1M  [76 

77308776 

20.010 

7.521 

142530.91 

1338.318 

427 

162329 

77&54483 

20.664 

7.530 

143200.86 

1311,159 

428 

163184 

78402752 

20.689 

7.530 

1  [3872;38 

1344.000 

429 

184041 

7^953589 

20.712 

7.542 

144545.46 

1347.711 

430 

[84900 

79507000 

20.736 

7.548 

145220.12 

1350.885 

431 

is.5701 

8  1062991 

20.701 

7.551 

145896.35 

1351.027 

432 

186624 

80621568 

20.7S5 

7.  M,0 

110571.1  1 

1357.10.8 

433 

1^71^.1 

61162737 

20.809 

7.565 

147253.51 

1300.310 

134 

158356 

81746504 

20.833 

7.571 

147931,10 

1363.452 

130 

189255 

82312875 

20.857 

7.577 

1486 10.97 

l: 366. 593 

136 

L90096 

82681856 

20.68 1 

7.5s3 

1  19301.00 

1309.730 

437 

1(10909 

83453453 

20.905 

7.589 

149986.71 

1 372.877 

138 

191844 

84027672 

20.928 

7.591 

150073.92 

1376.019 

139 

19  2721 

84604519 

20.0.72 

7.600 

151302.72 

1379.100 

4  10 

193600 

85184000 

20.071'' 

7.000 

1520."::. os 

1382.301 

111 

191  IM 

85766121 

21.000 

7.012 

152715.02 

1385.442 

142 

[95364 

86350888 

21.024 

7.617 

153438.53 

1388.564 

143 

196249 

86936307 

21.048 

7.623 

151135.18 

1391.720 

414 

197136 

87528384 

21.071 

7.629 

154630.26 

1391. SOS 

145 

[9S025 

88121125 

21.095 

7.635 

155518.47 

1398.009 

lie 

198916 

887L6536 

21.119 

7.010 

1 5622h.28 

1401.150 

117 

199809 

8931 1023 

21.142 

7.04G 

156929.63 

1  10  1.291 

lls 

800704 

t>99  15.392 

21.100 

7.052 

157032  50 

1407,132 

140 

•.'  11603 

90518849 

21.190 

7.057 

156337.06 

1  110.571 

450 

202000 

91125000 

21.213 

7.003 

159043.13 

1  113.717 

POWERS ROOTS — CIRCLES. 


4()l 


No. 

Square. 

Cube. 

Sq.  Root. 

Cu.  Root. 

Area. 

Circum. 

451 

203401 

B178385] 

21.2::7 

7.0,09 

159760.78 

1 116.858 

452 

204304 

92345408 

21 .200 

7.  07  1 

L60459.98 

1  120.000 

453 

205209 

92959677 

21.284 

7 .  6S0 

161170.78 

1  12:;.  140 

454 

2061  Ki 

98576664 

21.307 

7.  oso 

161883.13 

1  120.282 

455 

207025 

94190:;:.' 

21.331 

7.091 

162597.05 

1  129.  125 

456 

207936 

94818816 

21.354 

7.097 

163312.56 

1  1:12. 568 

457 

208849 

95443993 

21 -.378 

7 .  70.", 

164029.03 

1  135.710 

458 

2097(11 

9(1071912 

21.401 

7.70S 

1647  is. 20 

1  138.848 

459 

210681 

96702579 

21.424 

7.711 

165468.47 

llll.  992 

4(1(1 

211(100 

97386000 

21.448 

7.719 

100190.25 

1  I  15.133 

461 

21252] 

97972181 

21.171 

7.725 

100913.61 

1  lis. 271 

462 

21344  1 

'.(Sill  112S 

21.494 

7.731 

167638.52 

1  151 .  lid 

463 

21  1369 

99252847 

21.517 

7.736 

168365.02 

1  154.558 

4(14 

215296 

99897344 

21.541 

7.712 

10909:;.  09 

1467.700 

465 

216225 

10054  1625 

21.564 

7.747 

L69822.72 

1 160.841 

466 

217156 

L01194696 

21.587 

7.7.--: 

17055:;.  02 

1  163.982 

4(17 

218089 

101847563 

21.(110 

7.758 

171286.70 

1  107.123 

468 

219H21 

102503232 

21.638 

7.70I 

172021.01 

1  170.20  1 

469 

2199(11 

1031 01 700 

21.656 

7.700 

172750.9(1 

1473.  106 

470 

220900 

103823000 

21.070 

7.775 

173494.45 

1470.5  19 

471 

22 1  s  1 1 

104487111 

21.703 

7.780 

174233. 51 

14  79.090 

472 

222784 

105154048 

21  .726 

7.786 

171074.14 

l  182.832 

473 

223729 

105828817 

21.710 

7.701 

175716.34 

lis:,. 07:; 

4  74 

221(170 

106490  121 

21.772 

7.797 

170100.11 

1489.114 

475 

225625 

107171875 

21.79  1 

7.so2 

177205.46 

1492.257 

476 

226676 

167850176 

21.817 

7. sos 

177952.37 

1  195.398 

477 

227."'29 

L08531333 

21.840 

7 .  s  1 8 

17870" -so 

1 198.639 

17  B 

228484 

109215352 

21.863 

7.S19 

179150.91 

1501.882 

479 

229441 

109902239 

21.886 

7.824 

180202.54 

1504.828 

480 

230400 

110592000 

21.909 

7.830 

180955.74 

1507.964 

48] 

231361 

111284641 

21 .9:12 

7.835 

181710.51 

1511.100 

482 

28232 1 

111980168 

21.954 

7.sii 

182466.84 

151  1.2  IS 

483 

233289 

112678587 

21. 077 

7.S4  0 

183224.75 

1617.388 

4  si 

234256 

113379904 

22.(0)0 

7.861 

183984.24 

1520.532 

is;, 

235225 

11  1084125 

22.02.", 

7.857 

184745.28 

1523.672 

486 

236196 

114791256 

22.045 

7.862 

185507.90 

1526.814 

487 

2.'17  111'.! 

115501303 

22.068 

7.  sos 

186272.09 

15  2  '.1. 9  5  5 

488 

2381  •  1 

11621 1272 

22.091 

7.873 

187087.86 

1633.096 

489 

239121 

116930161 

22.11.", 

7.878 

187806.20 

1636.240 

490 

240100 

1 17649000 

22.136 

7.884 

188674.10 

1539.380 

19] 

241081 

1 18870771 

22.159 

7.889 

189844.68 

1542.522 

492 

2421  64 

119095488 

22 .1-1 

7 .  89 1 

1 '.HI  110.02 

1545.664 

493 

243049 

119823157 

22.20  1 

7.800 

190690.24 

1648.802 

194 

244036 

120553784 

22.220 

7.905 

19100...  12 

1651.946 

195 

245025 

12128737* 

22.210 

7.'.il(i 

192442.18 

156 

496 

246016 

122023936 

22.271 

7 .91 6 

193220.61 

165 

4  97 

247009 

1227ti::l7: 

22.20:; 

7. 921 

193998.62 

1661.372 

498 

248004 

123505992 

22.816 

7. '.(20 

194781 .88 

1564.514 

499 

24900] 

124251  191 

22.338 

7.932 

195664.92 

1661 

5(in 

2 1 

125000001 

22.361 

7.9:;7 

196349.54 

.796 

162 


I  HAP.    XV. MISCEL1   iNEOOS    INFORMATION. 


'■ 

S 

Cube. 

Sq.  Root. 

('m.  1; 

Area. 

Circuin. 

SOI 

251001 

125751501 

22.; 

7.942 

107135.72 

1-773.938 

I26J 

22.405 

7.948 

19795 

1577.080 

503 

127:.' 

22.428 

7.'.'.v: 

198712.61 

1580.221 

504 

128024064 

22.450 

7.958 

199503.70 

1563. 

505 

12876 

:..  172 

7.963 

200296.17 

1586.504 

506 

129554216 

22.494 

7.969 

201053 

1589.646 

257049 

1303 

22.517 

7. '.'71 

385.81 

15P2.787 

131096512 

22 .  ■ 

7.070 

82.99 

1595.928 

500 

2590S 1 

131872229 

22.561 

7.984 

180.96 

L 599. 070 

510 

260100 

132651000 

22. 

7.990 

204282.06 

1602.212 

Ml 

261121 

L33432831 

22.605 

7.995 

183.95 

1605.354 

512 

2621 11 

134217728 

22.627 

8.000 

205887. 12 

1606.  196 

013 

135005697 

22.650 

8.005 

206692. 16 

1611.637 

51  1 

264196 

135796744 

22.672 

8.010 

207499.05 

L61 I.77S 

515 

265525 

L36590875 

22.694 

8.0IC 

.  17.23 

1017.920 

516 

266256 

L373SS096 

22.716 

8.021 

2091 16.97 

1021 .002 

517 

138188413 

22.738 

8.026 

20992*. 29 

1624.203 

518 

268324 

138991S32 

22.760 

8.031 

210711.1* 

1027.:>' II 

519 

119798359 

22 .  782 

8.036 

211555.64 

1630. 188 

270400 

140608000 

22.804 

8.041 

212371.66 

1633.628 

521 

271441 

141420761 

22.S25 

8.047 

213189.26 

1636.770 

272464 

1  12236648 

22.847 

8.052 

21  1008.44 

1639.912 

- 

273529 

143055667 

22.669 

8.057 

214S29.18 

1643.053 

52 1 

274576 

1 13877824 

22.891 

B.062 

215651.  19 

L646.194 

144703125 

22.913 

8.067 

210  175.37 

1649.336 

276676 

145315576 

22.035 

8.032 

217300.62 

1652.  178 

527 

l 

1 16383163 

22.956 

8.077 

218127.85 

1655.619 

278754 

147197952 

22.973 

8.082 

218956.44 

[658.760 

529 

279S41 

1  16035889 

23.(100 

8.088 

219766.61 

1661 .902 

530 

148877000 

23.022 

5.093 

220618.34 

1665.044 

531 

281961 

149721291 

23.043 

8.098 

221451.65 

1668.186 

15056* 

23.065 

8.103 

222266.53 

1671 .328 

533 

284089 

1511111137 

23.087 

8.108 

223122.98 

1674. loo 

534 

285156 

L&2273304 

23.103 

6.113 

22.l'.»r,  1.1  III 

1677.610 

153130375 

23. 130 

8.118 

221  Mil  1.50 

1680.752 

287296 

153'.»90656 

23.152 

S.123 

225641.75 

1683.894 

288369 

154854153 

23.173 

8 . 1 28 

226484.  18 

I6S7.035 

53a 

289444 

L 55720*72 

23.165 

8.133 

227326.73 

1690.176 

290521 

L56590819 

23.216 

8. 138 

226174.66 

L 693. 318 

540 

29)600 

157464000 

23.238 

8.143 

229022.10 

Lb96. loo 

541 

292681 

140421 

23.259 

--.1  18 

229*70.33 

1699.602 

293764 

159220088 

23.281 

8.153 

230721.70 

1702.744 

543 

294849 

16010300'; 

23.302 

B.158 

231573.66 

1705.884 

544 

L60989184 

23.324 

8.163 

232427.59 

1709.026 

297025 

161678625 

23.315 

8.168 

233232.89 

1712.168 

546 

2981  L6 

L62771336 

23.307 

8.1  ;3 

234339.76 

1715.310 

547 

299209 

163667323 

23.38S 

6.178 

234996.20 

171-:.  I  T>  1 

300304 

164566592 

23.409 

S.183 

235658.21 

1721 .592 

540 

301  (01 

165469149 

23.  131 

S.|s*j 

236719.79 

1 72 1 . 733 

550 

166375000 

23.452 

8.193 

2375*2.94 

L727.876 

POWERS ROOTS — CIRCLES. 


40:i 


No. 

Square. 

Cube. 

Sq.  Root. 

Cu.Root. 

Area. 

Circum. 

551 

303601 

167284151 

23.4  73 

8.19S 

238447.67 

1731.018 

552 

3(1)70  1 

168196608 

23.  195 

8.203 

97.96 

1734.100 

305809 

169112377 

23.516 

8.208 

210107. S3 

1737.301 

554 

30691  ti 

170031  164 

23.537 

8.213 

211013.20 

1710.442 

555 

308025 

170953875 

23.558 

S.2IS 

241922.27 

1743.084 

556 

309136 

171819616 

23.580 

8.223 

242794.84 

1746.726 

557 

310249 

172*308693 

23.601 

8.228 

243668.99 

1749.867 

OSS 

31 1364 

173741112 

23.622 

8.233 

244544.71 

1702.908 

559 

3I24SI 

174676*79 

23.643 

8.238 

245442.00 

1700.110 

560 

313000 

175616000 

23.664 

8.243 

246300.86 

L 759.292 

561 

31  17:21 

1 765584b 1 

23.685 

8.248 

247181.29 

1702.131 

5l  2 

31534  1 

177504328 

23.707 

8-203 

248063.30 

1  70.').  576 

563 

316969 

178153547 

23.728 

8.208 

248946.87 

Hiis. 717 

564 

318096 

17940614 1 

23.749 

8.262 

249832.01 

1771.858 

565 

3 1 9225 

100362125 

'23.770 

8.267 

250718.73 

1770.000 

566 

320356 

181321 196 

23.701 

8.272 

251607.01 

177s. 142 

567 

321  189 

IS2284263 

23.  M  2 

8.277 

252496.87 

17-1 .283 

00S 

322*24 

183250432 

23.833 

8.282 

253388.30 

L  784.424 

509 

323761 

181220009 

23.854 

8.286 

254281.30 

1787.000 

570 

324900 

185193000 

23.875 

8.291 

255175.86 

1700. 70s 

571 

326041 

18616911  1 

23.896 

8.296 

256072.00 

L 793.849 

572 

327184 

187149248 

23.017 

8.301 

256969.71 

170H.000 

573 

328329 

188132517 

23.937 

8-306 

257868.99 

1800.132 

574 

329476 

189119224 

23.958 

8-311 

258769.84 

1803.274 

575 

190109375 

.979 

8.316 

259672.27 

1806.  U6 

576 

331770 

191102976 

21.000 

8.320 

i76.26 

1809.558 

577 

332929 

192100033 

2  1.021 

8.325 

261 181.33 

1812.699 

578 

334084 

193100552 

21.012 

8-330 

262388.96 

1  "M0. 840 

579 

335241 

I94104.r>39 

24.062 

8.335 

263297.60 

1818.981 

580 

336400 

195112000 

24.083 

&.340 

264207.94 

1  B22 . 1 24 

581 

337.701 

196122941 

24.104 

s.::il 

19.79 

1825.265 

582 

197137368 

21.1  2.") 

8-349 

266033.21 

-.406 

5b3 

339889 

L981552S7 

•J  1.1  15 

bf.354 

l&. 20 

1831  .548 

584 

341056 

[99176704 

24. 1  •••'•. 

8.309 

267864.76 

1832.690 

2'>0201625 

21.1 s7 

8-303 

268782.89 

1837.832 

586 

31330(1 

201230056 

21.207 

8.368 

269702.59 

1840.933 

344569 

202262003 

24.228 

8-373 

270623.87 

1844.074 

31:7711 

203297472 

24.249 

271.7  0i.7O 

1847.256 

346921 

204336469 

.  J69 

8-382 

170.33 

1 851  ■ 

348100 

205379000 

2  1.200 

8-387 

17.10 

Is;,:;.  :,i(i 

591 

349281 

206425071 

21.310 

J4.65 

.683 

350464 

2074746S8 

2  1.331 

27525 

1859. 

59.1 

351649 

24.352 

8-401 

34.48 

1862.964 

594 

34584 

24.372 

8.406 

27711.1.71 

1866.106 

210614875 

21. 

8.4J1 

278050.58 

1869.248 

355216 

21 1708736 

.  i  1  3 

8.416 

27896 

1872 

356409 

70173 

21.131 

52.98 

1875.531 

357604 

2138491 92 

21.  IM 

. 

1878. 

21  1921799 

.  171 

281801  .'11 

1881  .sii 

21600 

24.495 

8.434 

1  1.34 

1884.956 

Hi  I 


C'!IAI>.   XV.  —  MISCELLANEOUS    INFORMATION. 


No. 

Square. 

Cube. 

Sq.  Root. 

Cu.  Root. 

Area. 

Circum. 

601 

361201 

217081801 

24.515 

8.439 

186.61 

1888.097 

802 

218167208 

24..' 

R.444 

284631. II 

1891.238 

003 

219256227 

24.556 

8.448 

285577.84 

1894.380 

604 

148864 

24.576 

S.453 

25.82 

1597.522 

60S 

221  1 15125 

24.597 

8.  158 

287475.36 

1900.664 

608 

367236 

222545016 

24.617 

8.  162 

288426.  18 

1903.S 

007 

3684  19 

223048543 

24.637 

v.  167 

2&379.17 

1906.947 

60S 

369004 

224755712 

24.658 

8.  172 

290333. 12 

1910.088 

600 

3708S1 

225866529 

24.678 

8.476 

291289.26 

1913. 

610 

372100 

226981000 

24.698 

8. 181 

292246.66 

L916.372 

till 

373321 

228099131 

24.718 

6.  186 

>:<jva 

1919.513 

612 

374544 

229220928 

24.739 

6.  190 

294166.17 

L922.654 

613 

23  1346397 

24.759 

8.  195 

295129.86 

1925.796 

614 

231  175544 

24.779 

6. 199 

291 1091  .96 

1928.938 

615 

378225 

232608375 

24.799 

8.504 

297057.22 

1932.079 

616 

379456 

233744896 

24.819 

8.509 

298024.05 

1935.221 

017 

380689 

231885113 

24.839 

8.513 

2!  iv.  i!  i2. 15 

1938.362 

618 

381924 

236029032 

24.860 

8.518 

299962.40 

1911.504 

019 

383161 

237176659 

24.S80 

8.522 

300933.94 

1944.645 

620 

384400 

238328000 

24.900 

8.527 

301907.05 

1947.787 

021 

385641 

239483061 

24.920 

b.532 

302881.73 

[950.928 

622 

3S6S84 

240641848 

24.940 

8.536 

303857.9a 

195  1.070 

023 

388129 

241804367 

24.960 

B .  54 1 

304837:16 

1957.211 

021 

389370 

242970624 

24.980 

S.545 

305M5.19 

1960.353 

025 

390625 

2441  10625 

25.000 

8.550 

300790.10 

1963. 195 

626 

391876 

245314376 

25.020 

8 .  55 1 

307778.69 

L966.636 

627 

393129 

246491883 

25.040 

8.559 

308762.79 

1969.778 

626 

394384 

247673152 

25.060 

8.564 

309748.47 

1972.919 

629 

39  641 

248858189 

25.0s0 

8.568 

310735.72 

1976.061 

030 

3969u0 

250047000 

25.100 

8.573 

311724.53 

1979.203 

031 

398161 

251239591 

25.120 

8.577 

312714.92 

1982.344 

032 

252435968 

25.140 

S .  582 

313706.87 

1935.  186 

83.1 

4006&9 

253636137 

25.  Hill 

8.586 

31  1700.41 

1988.628 

034 

101956 

254840104 

25.  ls() 

S.59I 

315695.50 

1991.71.9 

63d 

103225 

256047875 

25.200 

8.595 

316692.17 

199  1.911 

030 

404496 

257259456 

25 . 220 

8.600 

317690.42 

199s. 052 

037 

10576  1 

258474>:53 

25.239 

8.604 

318690.24 

2001 .19  1 

638 

W704  l 

259694072 

25.2511 

8.609 

319691 .61 

2004.335 

839 

108321 

260917119 

25.278 

8.613 

320694.56 

20n7. 177 

640 

40960  i 

26214  1000 

25.298 

8.618 

321699.09 

2010.619 

641 

410881 

263374721 

25.318 

8.6  22 

322705  19 

2013.760 

642 

112161 

928S 

25.:::  IS 

8.627 

323712.85 

2010.902 

643 

4134  19 

265847707 

25.357 

8.631 

324720.58 

2020.043 

644 

II 1736 

207089984 

25.377 

8.636 

325732.89 

2023.185 

848 

416025 

268336125 

25.397 

8.640 

326715.27 

2026.327 

64(3 

417316 

269586136 

25.417 

8.645 

327759.22 

2029.  Pis 

017 

1     Mi  19 

270840023 

25.  136 

8.649 

328774.74 

2032.010 

648 

419904 

272097792 

25.456 

8.653 

329791.82 

2035.751 

640 

121201 

273359449 

25. 175 

S.658 

330810.48 

2038.893 

650 

422500 

271925000 

25.495 

8.662 

331830.72 

2012.035 

I'OW  Kits ROOTS CIRCLES. 


405 


No. 

Square. 

Cube. 

Sq.  Root. 

Cu.  Root. 

Area. 

Ctrcum. 

651 

123801 

275S94451 

35.515 

8.667 

332852.53  • 

'JO  If,.  177 

652 

425104 

27716780a 

25.534 

8.671 

333875.90 

2048.318 

653 

426409 

2784 15077 

25.554 

8.676 

334900.85 

2o51 .460 

654 

427716 

279726264 

25.573 

8.660 

3  15927.38 

2054.602 

655 

429025 

281011375 

25.593 

8.685 

336955.45 

2057.743 

656 

430336 

282300416 

25.612 

8.659 

337985.10 

2060.865 

057 

131649 

9  1393 

25.632 

8.693 

339016.32 

2064.026 

132964 

284S90312 

25.652 

8.698 

340049.13 

2067.167 

659 

434281 

2*6191179 

25.671 

8.702 

341083.50 

2070. 309 

66U 

435600 

267496000 

25.690 

8.707 

342119. 11 

2073.151 

661 

13692] 

288804 781 

'-'■'■.710 

8.711    * 

343156.95 

2076.592 

662 

138244 

2901 17528 

2.'). 720 

8.71 5 

334196.03 

•-'0  70.734 

663 

291  131247 

25.749 

8.720 

345236.69 

2082.876 

664 

140896 

29275494  1 

25.768 

8 .  72  1 

346278.91 

2086.017 

665 

442J25 

294076269 

26 .  788 

8.729 

347322.70 

2089.159 

666 

14  3056 

291  108296 

25.807 

8.733 

348368.05 

2092.300 

667 

11  1889 

296740963 

25.826 

s.7:;7 

349415.02 

2095.  1 12 

66a 

446224 

298077632 

25.646 

S.742 

350463.51 

2098.563 

669 

147561 

299416309 

25.665 

8.746 

351513.62 

2101 .725 

670 

445900 

300703000 

25.884 

8.750 

65.24 

2104.667 

671 

450241 

3021 11711 

25.904 

8.755 

353618.46 

2108.006 

451554 

303464445 

25.923 

8.759 

354  61 

2111.150 

673 

304821217 

25.942 

8.763 

355729.62 

211  1.291 

671 

454276 

306182024 

25.962 

6.768 

356787.54 

2117. 

675 

455625 

307546875 

25.981 

8.772 

357847.04 

2120.575 

676 

456976 

306915776 

26.000 

8.776 

356908.11 

2123.716 

677 

458329 

310288733 

26.019 

8.781 

359970.76 

2126.858 

67b 

159684 

311665752 

•-'.',.038 

8 .  785 

361034.96 

2130.000 

679 

161041 

313046839 

26.058 

8.7S9 

362100.75 

2133.1  11 

680 

462400 

3144! 

26.077 

8.794 

363168.11 

2136.283 

163761 

315821241 

26.096 

8.798 

364237.04 

2139.  125 

68  2 

31721 1568 

.  i  1  .r) 

8.802 

365307.54 

21  12.566 

6S3 

466489 

31861 1961 

26.134 

8.807 

366384.56 

'-'1  15.708 

('-I 

167856 

013504 

26.153 

-.-11 

367453.18 

21  18.849 

685 

469225 

321  119125 

.  i  73 

8.815 

.'-.15 

2151.991 

68tj 

470596 

52SS56 

1,  [92 

8.819 

36960 

2155.133 

6-57 

171969 

324242703 

26.211 

8-824 

683.59 

2158.274 

688 

173344 

32561 

v .  &2S 

37I7( 

2161 .416 

689 

47472] 

32706«2769 

26.249 

8.832 

15.00 

2164.557 

176100 

32850! 0 

26. 

8.837 

-.07 

2167.699 

691 

1771-1 

-.-11 

112.71  ■ 

■-'170. -10 

331373888 

.  306 

6.645 

376098.91 

2173.982 

480249 

26.; 

8.849 

377186.68 

2177.124 

481636 

334255384 

.344 

6.854 

378276.03 

2180.265 

695 

3351 

26. 

'Ji-:!.  107 

484416 

3371 

380459. 11 

2186.548 

185809 

08873 

26.  loi 

8.866 

361553.50 

2189.600 

340066392 

.  1 20 

-.-71 

19.13 

219 

488601 

341i 

.  139 

-.-75 

16.33 

210. 

70(1 

490000 

100000 

384845.10 

2100.115 

30 


466 


CHAP     XV, — MISCELLANEOUS    IMoKMATION. 


Square 

Cube. 

Sq.  Root. 

Cm.  I; 

.\  rea. 

Circum. 

701 

191  ni 

344472101 

.  176 

45.45 

1 .  25G 

1 92804 

3459 

.   .  I  15 

8. 887 

:.::i 

220!  . 

; 

.51  1 

388150.83 

704 

3664 

. 

8.896 

. 

2211  • 

3504 

26.; 

8.900 

.    - 

22 1  : . 

700 

35189581 < 

26.571 

391  r 

2217.964 

707 

35339 

26.589 

2221.106 

70S 

501264 

14912 

26.1    • 

6.913 

91.82 

1.248 

502681 

i  I0S29 

-    . 

394804.73 

2227.389 

710 

504100 

357911000 

.646 

119.21 

1.531 

711 

:  25431 

26.665 

3.    . 

. 

. 

111  2t) 

-    . 

2.88 

2236.81 1 

713 

3024 

.  702 

8.934 

72.07 

. 

711 

1434  I 

.721 

6.938 

2.83 

. 

715 

5 l l 225 

I25&75 

26.739 

8.942 

101515.18 

2241  . 

710 

11696 

26.*;   - 

S.946 

. 

2249.38  ' 

717 

51  1089 

368601813 

-    .777 

8.950 

103764.55 

225  I  - 

719 

515524 

3701  L6232 

26.796 

8.955 

404891.60 

719 

51090! 

371694959 

26.814 

8.959 

1060 

2258.805 

248000 

26.833 

8.963 

407150. 11 

2261  .'.'17 

721 

519S4I 

374fc 

26.851 

8.967 

108282.17 

2265. 

722 

521284 

376367048 

26.6 

-.'.171 

40941    - 

-  .2  o 

3779 

26.889 

8.975 

410550.39 

2271.371 

724 

524170 

13424 

26.907 

6.979 

1 1  'i  36.86 

. 

725 

381078125 

26.926 

8.9»4 

(12824.91 

2277. 

720 

527076 

3826( 

26.944 

6.988 

113964.54 

. 

727 

384240583 

26.963 

415105.72 

3.938 

728 

-  28352 

21  .931 

8.996 

416248. 16 

2287.079 

729 

531  l  II 

387420489 

27. <miii 

9.000 

1173 

730 

3*9017000 

27.01'.) 

9.004 

U8536 

. 

731 

534361 

39  1617891 

27.037 

9.008 

419684.58 

- 

535824 

392223169 

•.'7.0.7.7 

9.012 

120835.18 

1.646 

733 

537269 

393832837 

27.074 

9.016 

421985.79 

2.787 

734 

538756 

3954  16904 

27.092 

9.021 

4231! 

540225 

39700 

27  .III 

9.025 

424291 .72 

2309.071 

730 

541696 

398688256 

27.129 

9.029 

4254  17.04 

2312.212 

737 

543169 

100315553 

27.1  18 

9.033 

12660 

2315. 

7  18 

544644 

401947272 

27.166 

9.03" 

62.  10 

•-':!|-.  195 

546121 

103583419 

27.185 

9.041 

428922. 13 

.637 

740 

547000 

105224000 

27.203 

9.045 

430084.03 

2324.779 

711 

549  181 

106869321 

27.221 

9.049 

131  247.20 

2321 . 

74  - 

550564 

408516  186 

27.240 

9.053 

43241 1 .95 

2331.062 

743 

110172407 

27.258 

'.1.0:77 

70.70 

•::;'.:  . 

711 

II 183  1784 

27.276 

9.061 

434746.16 

7.345 

7!-"' 

555025 

413493625 

27. 

. 

115.62 

2340.  187 

556510 

115160936 

27.313 

9.069 

437066.65 

3.628 

558009 

116832723 

27.331 

9.073 

138259.24 

2346.769 

749 

U 8508992 

27.350 

9.078 

439433. II 

2349.910 

749 

561001 

120189749 

27.368 

9.082 

1 10609.05 

•..'.'i:.: :.  0.7 2 

7.7' I 

562500 

121875000 

27.386 

9.088 

441786.47 

POWERS ROOTS CIRCLES. 

407 

No. 

Square. 

Cube. 

SM.  Root. 

Cu.  Knot. 

Area. 

Circum. 

751 

.  04001 

12  1564751 

27.  mi 

14291 

2359.335 

752 

G    04 

12025900S 

27.  123 

9.094 

144145.81 

.  177 

753 

567009 

126957777 

27.441 

9.098 

44-'«327.83 

2365.619 

754 

568516 

428661064 

■.'7.  159 

9.102 

14651  l  •  12 

2368.760 

755 

570025 

430368875 

27.177 

9.106 

1 17696.59 

2371.902 

756 

571536 

081216 

27.495 

0.110 

448883.33 

2375.044 

757 

573  149 

133795093 

27.514 

9.114 

45001 

2378.165 

758 

574504 

435519512 

27.532 

9.118 

151261.51 

2381 .327 

759 

576081 

437245479 

27.550 

9.122 

452453.05 

•J3-1.  169 

760 

577600 

438976000 

27.568 

'.•.1   6 

153645.98 

2387,610 

761 

579121 

440711081 

27.586 

9.130 

454840.57 

2390. 

762 

580644 

1  12450728 

27.604 

9.134 

456036.73 

239  1.893 

763 

582169 

444194947 

27.622 

9.138 

457234.46 

2397.035 

764 

083696 

445943744 

27.641 

'.'.1  12 

45843 

2400.176 

765 

585225 

147697125 

27.659 

9.1  ir, 

459634.64 

2403.318 

586756 

l  194{ 

27.677 

9.150 

160637.08 

2406.  159 

7'i  7 

451217663 

27.695 

9.154 

462041 .09 

2409.601 

7G5i 

589S2 1 

152!  - 

27.713 

9.158 

L63246.69 

2 112. 

769 

59136] 

154756609 

27.731 

9.162 

164  153.84 

2415.884 

770 

592900 

4565 

27.749 

9.166 

465662.57 

2419. 

771 

594441 

11  mil 

27.7H7 

9.170 

466872.87 

2422.167 

772 

595984 

460099648 

27.785 

9.174 

168084.74 

2425.309 

461889917 

27.803 

9.178 

96.61 

2428.  I.'l 

771 

84824 

27.821 

9.182 

470513.19 

2431  ■ 

77.7 

165484375 

27.839 

9.165 

471729.77 

2434.734 

776 

467288576 

27.857 

9.189 

472947.92 

2437.876 

777 

197433 

27.875 

9.193 

474167.65 

2441  -'in 

778 

170910952 

27.893 

9.197 

175388.94 

2444.159 

779 

606841 

472729139 

27. '.Ml 

9.201 

47661 1 .80 

•J  II 7.. ■Kin 

7S0 

474552000 

27.9 

9.205 

4776; 

2450.442 

7-! 

609961 

176379541 

27.946 

47901     , 

2453.583 

It 

611524 

17821170b 

27.964 

9.213 

480269.83 

.~'j.r) 

613»69 

148687 

27.9 

'.'.'.'17 

181."  18.98 

1.867 

7-1 

61  1656 

1816 

28.000 

9.221 

482749.70 

1.009 

.018 

163981.98 

2466.150 

1855S 

28.036 

5.85 

2469. 

l 

1-71  : 

.054 

486451  .27 

:.  133 

7  — 

489 

28.071 

187688.27 

2475.575 

19IK 

28. 

1889 

-.7i<; 

139000 

28.107 

. 

2481 

791 

19491 

•  125 

1961 

•  1  12 

492651  .98 

2468.131 

. 

193S 

2491  .272 

794 

66184 

.178 

1951  ■ 

1.414 

10.85 

'.711- 

i 

I'.'-- 

: 

5081 

800 

168 


CHAP.   XV. —  MISCELLANEOUS    INFORMATION. 


Square. 

Cube. 

Sq.  Root. 

Cu.  B 

Area. 

Hill. 

641001 

122401 

. 

9.287 

.416 

515&496  18 

28. 

9.291 

505171.24 

2519. 

.r.i7:- 

28. 

. 

500431 .80 

646416 

5197I&464 

28. 

.■-lit 

52161 

28.: 

9.302 

508957.04 

. 

lOOlfi 

28. 

. 

. .  1 23 

651249 

5255! 

28.  108 

9.310 

511489.76 

2535. 

bOS 

14112 

.425 

9.31  1 

512758.18 

j.  100 

654  181 

28.  143 

9.318 

51  1028.18 

2541.548 

6561O0 

531  141000 

.-.  160 

9.322 

515299.74 

1.690 

811 

<i  >77-Jl 

r,:;.i  1 1 1 7."{i 

28. 178 

510572.87 

1.831 

812 

; 

28.  196 

517&4 

.973 

813 

537306797 

28.513 

5I91S 

1.115 

81  1 

- 

1531  11 

28.531 

9.337 

:  II  .69 

2557. - 

664225 

54 134 

28.548 

9.341 

521081 .10 

bl6 

IB496 

28.566 

9.345 

02.08 

1.540 

s!7 

667 189 

545338513 

28.583 

9.348 

524244.64 

2560.081 

669124 

547343432 

28.601 

9.352 

26.77 

2509.823 

549353259 

28.018 

51  1.46 

2.904 

672400 

51308600 

28.6  16 

9.360 

528101.73 

1.106 

VJl 

674041 

187661 

28.653 

9.364 

529390.51 

2579.241 

822 

555412248 

28.671 

2.3»8 

823 

557441707 

28.668 

9.371 

531972.95 

,.530 

824 

559476224 

2S.705 

9.375 

533266.50 

2588.672 

6a0625 

561515625 

2S.723 

534561 .62 

2591.81 1 

59976 

28.740 

535858.32 

2594  • 

627 

609283 

28.758 

9.386 

537150.58 

2598.097 

567663552 

28.775 

538456.42 

2»i01  ■ 

6&7241 

i69722769 

28.792 

9.394 

57.81 

2604.360 

830 

I  6&900 

571787000 

28.810 

9.398 

541060.79 

831 

573850191 

28.82"; 

9.  102 

542347.34 

2610.663 

632 

69222  1 

y  (0368 

28.844 

9.405 

543671  .  19 

2613.805 

333 

693889 

28.862 

9.  109 

544979.15 

► 2616. 946 

S34 

560093704 

28.879 

9.413 

546288. 10 

1.088 

697225 

582l62S7.r 

'.'.117 

.  2S0 

5842 

■^.'Jl  1 

9.  120 

54891]  .63 

2626.371 

837 

700569 

586376253 

28.931 

9.  124 

550225.00 

2629.513 

w38 

70224  1 

558460472 

28.948 

9.  128 

551541.1 1 

12.654 

89719 

28.965 

1.432 

-  8.26 

2635.796 

840 

705600 

i  704001 

28.983 

9.  135 

554176.94 

18.938 

641 

.V.M  - 

29.000 

9.  l  19 

555497.19 

2642.079 

B42 

708904 

596947686 

29.017 

9.  1  13 

556819.02 

2645.221 

643 

599077107 

29.034 

9.447 

5581  12.  12 

2646.363 

644 

712336 

60121  L584 

29.052 

9.  150 

55946 

2651.504 

603351 I2S 

29.069 

9.454 

93.92 

2654.646 

646 

-157  Hi 

6054 

29.086 

9.  158 

562122.03 

2057.787 

647 

717409 

645423 

29.103 

9.  102 

56:1451.71 

2060.929 

848 

609800192 

29.120 

9.405 

564762.98 

2664.071 

-  19 

61 1960049 

29.138 

9.409 

566115.78 

2667.212 

722500 

61  1125000 

29.155 

9.  173 

567450.17 

1.354 

POWERS ROOTS CIRCLES. 


4(H) 


No. 

Square. 

Cube. 

Sq.  Hoot. 

Cm.   Root. 

Area. 

Circum. 

B5I 

120] 

616295051 

29.172 

9.  176 

568786. 13 

;.  195 

852 

725904 

6184702U8 

29.189 

9.  180 

570123.66 

267«'..637 

6fi3 

727609 

620650477 

l,  206 

9.  184 

271  162.77 

79.778 

854 

1316 

622S35864 

20.  - 

9.  188 

572803.  15 

>. 920 

855 

731025 

625026375 

29.240 

9.  19] 

5741 15.69 

2  181  - 

856 

736 

627222016 

29.2 

9.  195 

575489.54 

2689.203 

857 

7:;  1111.! 

6294 

29.275 

9.  199 

576834.89 

2692.345 

858 

1616-1 

631628712 

29.  . 

578181  .85 

2695. 186 

859 

737681 

633839779 

29.309 

579530.39 

2H93. 

860 

739600 

636056000 

29.326 

9.510 

580S80. 18 

1  .7  71/ 

861 

741321 

638277381 

,343 

J32.15 

2704.911 

743044 

6405 

-  u.3tj(j 

9.517 

27  - 

744769 

642735647 

'2H.377 

584940.20 

2711.194 

864 

746496 

644972544 

29.394 

16.58 

271  1.336 

865 

74S225 

64721  1625 

29.411 

5871 

2717.478 

866 

749956 

649461896 

29.428 

9.532 

5890]  1.06 

.619 

861 

75ll 

651714363 

29.  145 

9.535 

1.700 

868 

753424 

29.462 

9.539 

737.82 

2726.902 

161 

>34909 

29.  17' 

593102.06 

27:111.011 

870 

6900 

658503000 

,  196 

9.546 

594467.87 

2733.186 

871 

758641 

76311 

29.5 

9.550 

591  635.25 

2736.327 

1384 

154848 

29. .'»3U 

9.554 

.nl.22 

^7:; 

J129 

665338617 

.547 

. 

i  1  .  72 

2742.610 

674 

667627624 

29 .  • 

9.561 

146.81 

27  1     . 

-7:'. 

76!  I 

'.'is  75 

29.1 

9.565 

601320. 17 

2748.894 

B76 

767376 

672221376 

29.1 

95.70 

>.035 

769129 

674526133 

£9.61 l 

604072.51 

.177 

584 

-  16152 

29.631 

61  5450.88 

- 

772641 

6791 

29.648 

27''.;  .  160 

774400 

681  172000 

29.665 

I  .602 

881 

776161 

683797841 

.682 

95.43 

2767  . 

777. 

6861 

29.698 

9.590 

610980.08 

2770 

Bs 

779689 

165367 

.715 

9.594 

66.31 

1.026 

684 

761  156 

307104 

.732 

613754.12 

277 

54125 

.749 

9.601 

13.48 

784  l 

06456 

29.766 

616534.  12 

769 

364103 

6179 

2  7-'   . 

8S8 

II 

7002 

29.799 

9.612 

121.02 

.731 

1321 

1.816 

9.615 

716.66 

L00 

704969000 

9.619 

13.89 

2796.017 

891 

881 

707347971 

29.850 

9.623 

12.6.7 

1.159 

113.10 

-  1 19 

7121 

29.  i 

11  1.96 

714516984 

29.900 

627718.48 

117375 

.917 

2811.725 

719  ■ 

'.'.'■11 

7217 

9.644 

631 

3.009 

104 

7241 

.  967 

1  .150 

9.651 

.noil 

17<> 

CHAP.    W.  —  MISCELLANEOUS    INFORMATION. 

.ire. 

Root 

Cu.  i; 

t'inuiii. 

00] 

81180] 

781  1 

30.017 

i87.01 

2830.676 

902 

613604 

7338' 

30.038 

639003.08 

1.718 

815409 

I  1327 

30.050 

9.666 

640420.78 

904 

B17216 

738763264 

30.067 

9.669 

641839.94 

2840.000 

B19025 

741217625 

,083 

9.673 

643260.73 

2843.1  n 

821 

743677416 

30.100 

9.676 

644683.09 

2841  , 

907 

822649 

r  ir,i  htm:: 

30.116 

9.680 

646107.01 

1.  I'Ji 

824464 

748613312 

30.133 

9.683 

6475 

2852 . 

909 

B26281 

751069429 

30. L50 

9.687 

6489 

.7117 

910 

3100 

753571000 

30.166 

9.691 

650388.22 

2858.849 

'.Ml 

921 

158031 

30.183 

9.694 

651818.  18 

2861.990 

9 1 2 

,  II 

>0528 

30.199 

9.698 

i0.20 

i.132 

913 

833569 

761048497 

30.216 

9.701 

654683.56 

i.273 

9]  l 

396 

763551944 

30.232 

9.705 

656118. is 

2871 .418 

915 

B37225 

766060875 

30.249 

9.708 

657554 .98 

2874.557 

9 1 6 

839056 

768575296 

30.265 

8 .  7  1 2 

658993.04 

2877.698 

917 

0889 

771095213 

30.282 

9.715 

660 ! 

.sill 

918 

842724 

773620632 

30.299 

'■  .719 

6618' 

2883.982 

9 1 9 

844561 

776151559 

30.315 

9.722 

663316.66 

2887.123 

920 

sum  on 

778688000 

30.332 

9.726 

664761.01 

2890.265 

92] 

B48241 

781229961 

30.348 

9.729 

66621 

1.  107 

922 

B50084 

783777448 

30.364 

667654.  12 

2896.548 

923 

851929 

786330467 

30.381 

9.736 

669103.47 

2899.690 

'Jl>4 

853776 

788889024 

30.397 

9.740 

670554.07 

2902.832 

925 

625 

791  153125 

30.  ll  I 

9.743 

67201 

2905.973 

926 

B57476 

794022776 

30.430 

9. 747 

673460.07 

2909.115 

927 

329 

796597983 

30.447 

9.750 

674915.  12 

2915.256 

861184 

799178752 

30.  163 

9.754 

676372.35 

2915.398 

929 

863041 

801765089 

30.  180 

9.758 

10.82 

2918.639 

930 

864900 

804357000 

30.  196 

9.761 

679290.87 

2921.681 

931 

866761 

806954  I'.H 

30.512 

9.764 

680752.  19 

2924.822 

932 

5624 

8095 

30.529 

9.768 

682215.70 

2927.964 

933 

870489 

812166237 

30. 

'.'.771 

683680.  16 

2931.  H"'' 

93 1 

872356 

si  1780504 

30.561 

'.1.77.'- 

6851  16.80 

2934.247 

935 

874225 

817400375 

80.578 

9.778 

68661  1-71 

2937.389 

936 

876096 

SUlMC'JSiili 

30.594 

9.783 

688084. is 

2940.531 

937 

8778 

30.610 

9.785 

689555.24 

2948.672 

938 

879844 

825293672 

30.627 

9.789 

691027.86 

2946.81 l 

939 

B81721 

827936019 

30.648 

9.792 

692502.06 

9.956 

940 

883600 

B30584000 

30.659 

9.796 

693977.82 

2953.097 

'.Ml 

s.s.Ms  1 

B33237621 

30.676 

9.799 

695  !■'■'•  1 5 

2966.238 

942 

887364 

835896888 

30.692 

9.803 

696934.05 

9.380 

943 

889249 

838561807 

80.708 

9.806 

69841  1.58 

2962.521 

944 

891136 

841232384 

30.72  ■ 

9.810 

699896.58 

2965.663 

945 

693025 

843908625 

30.741 

9.813 

701380.19 

2968.805 

9 1 6 

B94916 

8465! 

30.757 

9 .  s  1 7 

7Q2865.38 

2971.946 

947 

896809 

849278123 

80.778 

9.820 

7043J M  .36 

1.O88 

948 

B98704 

71392 

30.790 

9.824 

705840.47 

2978.230 

949 

900601 

854670349 

30.806 

9.827 

707330.37 

2981.371 

950 

902500 

175000 

30.822 

9.830 

2 1 .  s  1 

2984.618 

POWERS — ROOT?; CIRCLES. 


171 


No.     Square. 


Cube. 


Sq.  Root.  |  Cm.  Hoot. 


A  rea, 


Circum. 


951 

904401 

952 

906304 

908209 

95 1 

910116 

912025 

956 

913936 

957 

915849 

958 

917764 

919681 

960 

921600 

961 

923521 

9<  a 

925444 

927369 

964 

931225 

966 

933156 

967 

935089 

968 

969 

970 

940900 

971 

942841 

972 

944784 

973 

946729 

974 

948676 

975 

950625 

978 

952576 

'.'77 

978 

956484 

979 

958441 

980 

960400 

981 

966289 

984 

968256 

987 

974169 

9761  II 

978121 

980100 

991 

9820SI 

992 

994064 

99.1 

986049 

99 1 

994009 

1000000 

l-.™.r)l 
862901  108 
865523177 
S6S250664 
870983^75 
873722816 
876467403 
879217912 
881974079 
884736000 
887503681 
890277128 
893056347 
895911344 
898632125 
901  l 

31063 
90703! 
909853209 
P12673000 
'91549961 l 
9183300-18 
921167317 
924010424 
926859375 

71  U76 

>74833 
935441352 
938313739 
P41192OO0 
9440761 1! 

(66168 
949862087 
952763904 

958585256 
96150490 : 
96443 

970299000 
9732  : 
976191 188 

07784 
174875 

9910 

•i  1992 

oopoo 


30.838 
30.854 
30.871 
30.837 

30.903 
30.919 

30.952 
30.968 
30.984 
3] .000 
31.016 
31.032 
31.048 
31.064 
111  .081 
31 .097 
1 1 3 


,129 
,1  15 
,161 

,177 


31.193 
31  .209 
31.225 
31.241 
31 .2f)7 
31.273 
31 .289 
31  .305 
31  .321 
31  .337 

31.369 
31 .385 

31  .  I'll 
::i .  117 

31 •  11^ 
31  •  164 
31  180 
31  .  196 

31.544 
31 .560 
31.575 
31  .591 
31.007 


9.834 
9.837 
9.841 
9.844 
9.848 
9.851 

9.858 
9.861 
9.865 
9.808 
9.872 
9.875 
9.879 
9.882 
9.885 
9.8&9 
9.892 
9.896 
9.899 
9.902 
9.906 
9.909 
9.913 
9.916 
9.919 

9.926 

9.940 
9.943 
9.946 

. 

P.956 

9.967 
9.970 

9.9S7 

'.'.'.'''7 

10.000 


71031  I, 
711809, 
713305. 
7  1 1803, 
716302, 
717803, 
7193  16, 
720810, 

725331 

728353 
729867 
731382 
732b99 
73 1117 
735936 
737453 
738981 
740505 
742031 

746619 
748151 
749685 

754296 

757378 

760466 
762012 

765109 
774411 


2!  187. 655 
2990.796 
2993.938 
2997.079 
3000.221 
3003.362 
3006.504 
3009.645 
3012.787 
3015.929 
3019.070 
3022.212 
3025.353 
3028.  195 
3031 .637 
3034.778 
3037.920 
3041  .Hill 
3044.203 
3047.345 
3050.  186 
3053. 62S 
3056.769 
3059.911 
3063.053 
3066.194 

3072.478 

3078.76] 
3081 .902 
30S5.044 
3088.185 

I  " 
3094. 169 
3097.610 

31  (10. 7.7  2 

3110.177 
3113.318 
3116. 160 
3119.601 


I7~  CHAP.  XV.  —  MI8CELLANK0US    INFORMATION. 


List  of  usi  ful  Books  of  rt  fi  n  i 

BStidor,  Bombardier  Franc/ais 17.1 

.  M<  moires  d'artillerie 1 7  l."> 

■  :ii  Mir  L'usage  de  I'artillerie  <\nu<  la  guerre  '!'•  oampagne  a(  oelle 

1771 

Saint  Auban,  Memoires  Bar  lea  oouveaux  aystemes  d'artillerie 177  1 

Mali-   .  Treatise  on  Artillery 1780 

./...,,..  Artificial  Fireworks 

\ard,  Tables  de  til  17^7 

Antoni,  <  in  Gunpowder 1789 

•  ;.  \,,,i,,  <-.  Recherchee  sur  I'artillerie  <-n  general 1792 

jcription  de  I'art  de  fabriquer  lea  oanone 179! 

snr  la  fabrication  des  armea  blanohea 

Durtitbu  .  Manuel  de  I'artillenr 1796 

Lombard,  Traite  dn  mouyement  des  projectiles 1798 

Schet  I.  Treatise  "ii  Artillery  i  Translated  from  the  Qerman) 1  -••|<| 

Won  K  Traite  pratique  dts  feus  d'artifice 

>'■'  rt,  Manuel  dn  oanonnier  marin 1800 

Janiea,  Military   Dictionary 1802 

Robin*,  New  principlea  of  gunner] 1805 

Cotty,  Memoires  sur  la  fabrication  des  armea  portatirea 1806 

i,ii/.  Recherchee  but  la  pondre Is'1 7 

fdt  '     Supplement 1808 

•■</.  Fabrication  de  la  poudre 1  s<|s 

■  ii 'i.  American  Artillerist' a  Companion 

Cornibt  rt,  Tablea  des  port£ea  •!  -  oanona  el  carronadea  de  la  marine 1 809 

Bigot,  Traite  d'artifioea  de  gu<  rre 181 

Dai  ■    ■■  Traite  elementaire  de  la  fabrication  des  bouehea  ;i  Fen lvlo 

Until.  .1  Riffault,  Traite  de  I'arl  de  fabriquer  la  poudre  ;t  oanoi 1811 

Bottii  .t  Riffault,  L'arl  du  Salpetrier 1812 

Hoyi  r.  Dictionary  of  Artillery  (German) 1812 

Hut  inn.  New  experimenta  in  gunnery  i  Button'e  Tracts) 1812 

//■■'in  dt  Hallen,  Des  bois  propres  au  servici  nana I    L3 

1 1  ii  I  nt.  instruction  sur  le  servioe  de  I'artillerie 1813 

I )n a, i ■ .  Military  Dictionary I si :; 

Bigot,  Ma uvres  de  force l  ~  l  I 

1  >'<)/. i  „ In  ,',,t,  Baliatique 181  I 

Soharnho  it,  Treatisi Irtillery,  Qerman  [translated  into  French,   1840]...  1814 

I 'mi i.i.  •    \ .  -ai  sur  l'art  de  pointer ' s  l 6 

D  I     .i .  on   Military  Bridges 1816 

l.itmiirtiUii ',■• ,  Reflexions  sur  la  fabrioa  tion  dec  bouehea  a  feu I  sl  7 


HOOK?    OF    REFERENCE. 


473 


/)'(>/,, ,./,. :.,..  Memoire  sur  la  planohette  du  caoonnier 1818 

Memoirs 1819 

rvationa  on  the  aae  of  Artillery,  ;it  the  sieges  of  Badajoa,  St.  Bebas- 

tian,  etc 1818 

Dupin,  !'•"•'  «•  Militaire  de  la  Grande  Bretagne Is 2D 

Lallemaiid,  Treatif Irtillerj 1820 

Rvggu  i  i.  Blemens  de  Pjrotechnie 1821 

Paixhans,  Nouvelle  force  maritime 1822 

( '"iii/,  Dictionaire  d'artillerie 1822 

I  .  rgnaud,  Poadrea  fulminantes Is-1 1 

( 'ni Hi  'in,  Manuel  de  hi  metallurgie  du  fer 1824 

I'vr shnie  Militaire,  traduil  de  PAllemand  par  1!.  de  Peretsdorff 1^24 

Journal  dee  -               Militaireaj  commence  en 1828 

CiUbush,  Pyrotechny 1825 

.  Traite  elementaire  d'artillerie 1 825 

Montgery,  Fusees  'i>'  guerre 1828 

lb  ni,  Docpmena  Bur  la  matiere  a  canons 1827 

Allix,  '  >bsei  rations  Bur  le  bom  eau  system  e  d'arl  illerie 1827 

.1  iii .  Systeme  d'artillerie  de  campagne '^27 

P  cket  Gunner 's27 

0    tin'  Rocket  system ' -27 

:ii  Bar  I'arl  des  fontea 1827 

Promt,  Receuil  de  Memoirea  sur  la  poudre  a  canon 1  B27-*28 

Mirln  i,  Memorial  de  1'artilleur  marin  1828 

Pounu  i .  >  A                   snr  le  nouVeau  Byste I'artillcrie l  B28 

Memorial  de  I'artillerie,  6  parties 1872,  '28,  '30,  '37,  '42 

•mil.  British  Gunner 

Montgery,  Regies  de  pointage  a  bord  d<                  :  i I  v2~- 

Douglatu,  Naval  Qnnnery 1 B29 

Kantcn,  Metallurgie  du  fer,  traduit  <l<-  l'Allemand  par  Caiman 1 B80 

Traite  de  ('organisation  «-t  <lr  la  taotique  de  1'artilli  rie,  traduil 

l'Allemand  par  Peretsdorff '  s::l 

Cotty,  Supplement  au  dictionnaire  d'artillerie 

Braddoek,  Memoir  on  Gunpowder 

I', hi, .     I  l  inn  l  ilf  l'armurier 

begun  in  1834 

.  Experience  -  - nr  la  fabrication  el  la  duree  d 

cm  bi                                                                   '"ill 18    I 

1884 

1 834 



rd- 



171  CHAP.   XV. — kUSCELLANHOUfl    INFORMATION. 

■  rienoes  sur  let  prinoipes  da  tir.  faites  a  Met/,  en  I  B3  i ; 

Piobert,  Traite  d'artillerie  theorique  el  pratique;   Partie  elementaire 

\  Lout*),  Manuel  d'artillerie  ;'t  1'uaage  des  offioiers  de  la 

ftepublique  Belv£tique 1836 

/.•   Bourg,  Bssai  Bur  ('organisation  de  l'artillerie,  2  parties 1836  '37 

Experiences  < paratives  entre  des  bouches  a  fen  en  fonte  de  I'«t.  d'origine 

Franchise,  Anglaise,  el  Suedoise;  faites  a  Garros  en  L836 1837 

Experiences  faites  d  Brest  en  ls"l  Buries  canons  Paixhans 1837 

riencea  sur  des  projectiles  croux,  faites  en  1829,  '30,  '31  1  v-7 

/'         .  [nstruction  pratique  sur  l'emploi  des  projectiles,  traduit  de  I'Alle- 

mand  p;ir  Peretsdorff 1837 

Simmons,  Effects  of  heavy  ordnance  as  applied  t<>  Bhips  of  war b 37 

Maguin,  Experiences  Bar  lea  poudres  de  guerre,  faites  a  Esquerdes  en  ly:'.J, 

'  ':;:;.  '34,  --■:> L837 

Thiroux,  [nstruction  theorique  el  pratique  d'artillerie,  a  I'usage  < 

de  St.  c.vr 1837 

Coura  Bur  le  Bervice  dea  ofiiciere  d'artillerie  dana  lea  forges L887 

Meyer,  Manuel   Historique  de  la   technologic  des  urines  ;'i  feu;    traduil  de 

'  l'Allemand  par  M.  aieffel,  2  parties L837-'38 

Poi  ton,  Formulas  relatives  anx  effets  du  tir  sur  I'affut I 

M,i,  in.  Aide-Memoire  de  meeanique  pratique l  ^:'s 

Vergnaud,  Manuel  de  l'artificier 1838 

Jan  >bi,  Etal  actuel  de  l'artillerie  de  campagne  de  toutes  lea  puissances  de 
I'Europe  :  traduil  par  Maze : 

ArtUlerie  Anglaise 

Franchise 

'!i!V!,1l'"ir. 

"  Meerlannaise  .... 

"         Wurtembergeoise. 

"         Suedoise 

(Other  par ta  ha\  e  been  published  in  German.) 

Coura  sur  le  sen  Lee  des  offioiers  d'arl  illerie  dans  les  fonderiee L889 

ffugui       -  Des   ription  de  la  fabrication  desbouobea  a  feu  a  la  fonderie  royale 

de  Liege L889 

Tinmu  r  hat  is,  Poudre  I  Canon •  •      I  s:;;l 

Zeni  et  des  Hays,  !;>  Dseignements  sur  le  materiel  de  l'artillerie  navale  de  la 

Grande  Bretagne... L840 

Migoui  it  Bergery,  Theorie  des  affutsel  des  roitures  de  l'artillerie lsin 

Qaudbucb  fur  die  K.  K.  Oesterreichisohe  artillerie-offiziere, 

[Manual /or  th<  .  I  ustrian  artillery  officers'] 1840 

Saamlung  von  Bteindruckzeichuungen  der  Preussiseben   irtillerie,  mil  erlfiu- 

i «- 1- 1 1  ii  lt«-i  i  —  1  Collection  of  plates  of  the  Prussian  artil    ry,  with  explanatory 

.' ' '. 1837  i"  1840 

Collection  de  plans  des  fonderie  de  Etuella  el  St  Gervais 

Correard,  Histoire  des  fusees  de  gaerr — Tome  Lre  (a  reprint  ofMontgery'a 

work  | 1841 


BOOKS    OF    REFERENCE.  475 

Timmerhatu,  Const  met  ion  dee  bouches  a  feu Is  1 1 

Lent  I',',  Aide-M6moire  des  officicrs  du  Genie is  hi 

Aide-Memoire  d'Artillerie 1844 

Aide-Memoire  to  the  Military  Sciences  (English) begun  in  1845 

Experiments  on  gunpowder  at  Washington  Arsenal;  First  Report 1845 

Griffith,  Artillerist's  Manual ]S)- 

Ptobert,   Traite  d'artilleric — Partie  tbeorique  el   experimentale  (Poudres  et 

g«erre). mr 

/>' ckt  r.  Experiences  Bur  les  shrapnels ].;- 

Marion,  Receuil  des  bouches  U  feu  les  plus  remarquables 1847 

I > i<li mi,  Traite  de  B&listique id  iq 

Cavalli,  Memoire  sur  les  canons  se  chargeans  par  la  culasse 1849 

Cours  sur  les  armes  a  feu  partatives,  par  l'instructeur  a  I'ecole  de  St.  Omer. .  1849 

Experiments  on  gunpowder  at  Washington  Arsenal;  Second  Report 1849 

Gregory's  Mathematics  for  Practical  Men 
Weah  'e  Engineer's  pocket  book. 


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